Pueblo & Plains CulturesMain Idea: Native American people

of Pueblo and Plains Cultures developed different ways of life based on their environment and

needs.

Pueblo CulturePueblo Culture JumanoJumano-lived in -lived in

permanent houses permanent houses made of adobe along made of adobe along the Rio Grande. They the Rio Grande. They were able to grow corn were able to grow corn and other crops and other crops because they settled because they settled near the river. They near the river. They also hunted buffalo and also hunted buffalo and gathered wild plants for gathered wild plants for food. food.

The The JumanoJumano lived in lived in large villages. They large villages. They used bows and arrows used bows and arrows and carried heavy clubs and carried heavy clubs into battles.into battles.

Pueblo houses near the Rio Grande

The Jumanos and TiguasThe Jumanos and Tiguas

a.a. The The JumanosJumanos lived as a lived as a tradingtrading and and buffalo-huntingbuffalo-hunting people people along the Rio Grande in West Texas.along the Rio Grande in West Texas.

b.b. They had striped They had striped tattoostattoos on their faces, which clearly on their faces, which clearly identified them as identified them as peacefulpeaceful traders. traders.

The Jumanos and TiguasThe Jumanos and Tiguas

c. Other Jumanos were farmers raising corn, squash, beans, and other vegetables

d. They lived in houses with large, flat roofs made of poles and branches covered with adobe (sun-dried brick).

e. The Tiguas were a Puebloan people who moved to Ysleta, near present-day El Paso, in 1680.

f. Texas recently recognized the Tigua descendants as Texas Native Americans and established a reservation for them.

Plains Culture Plains Culture The Great Plains The Great Plains

stretch from stretch from Canada into Canada into southern Texas. southern Texas. When the When the Spanish arrived Spanish arrived in the 1500s, they in the 1500s, they brought back the brought back the horse. Many horse. Many plains Indians plains Indians became excellent became excellent horsemen. Most horsemen. Most lived in tepeeslived in tepees.. Most tepees were made of 18 buffalo

hides, and 20-30 poles.

Buffalo-some weighed up Buffalo-some weighed up to 1,600 pounds and were to 1,600 pounds and were 6 feet tall at the shoulder 6 feet tall at the shoulder and 10 feet long. Indians and 10 feet long. Indians used a variety of used a variety of techniques to hunt buffalo. techniques to hunt buffalo.

Plains Indians HuntingPlains Indians HuntingIt would usually take several arrows to bring down one buffalo because of their large size.

The Plains CulturesThe Plains Culturesa.a. The The SpaniardsSpaniards reintroduced reintroduced horseshorses to to

the Americas around A.D. the Americas around A.D. 15001500, , changing the way of life on the plains.changing the way of life on the plains.

b.b. From the 1600s to 1800s, the plains From the 1600s to 1800s, the plains cultures used cultures used horseshorses to hunt and kill to hunt and kill millionsmillions of of buffalobuffalo, one of their main , one of their main sources of food.sources of food.

The TonkawasThe Tonkawasa.a. Most Most TonkawasTonkawas lived along the lived along the

southeastern edge of the southeastern edge of the EdwardsEdwards PlateauPlateau near present-day Austin. near present-day Austin.

b.b. The Tonkawas, who were in The Tonkawas, who were in conflictconflict for for buffalobuffalo with other native peoples, with other native peoples, were forced to seek different food, were forced to seek different food, such as such as deerdeer, , rabbitsrabbits, and other game., and other game.

The TonkawaThe Tonkawa Lived on the north and Lived on the north and

central plains and on the central plains and on the southeastern edge of the southeastern edge of the Edwards Plateau. They Edwards Plateau. They depended on the buffalo for depended on the buffalo for food, clothing and shelter. food, clothing and shelter. They were considered They were considered hunters-gatherers. The hunters-gatherers. The

Tonkawa Tonkawa were driven from were driven from their hunting grounds by the their hunting grounds by the

ApacheApache..

Tonkawa children

The ApachesThe Apachesa.a. The The MescaleroMescalero Apaches made their Apaches made their

homes in the homes in the mountainsmountains from New from New Mexico through West Texas and into Mexico through West Texas and into northern Mexico.northern Mexico.

b.b. The The LipanLipan Apaches lived in the Apaches lived in the HillHill CountryCountry and often fought with the and often fought with the SpanishSpanish in the South and the in the South and the ComanchesComanches in the North. in the North.

The ApacheThe Apache The The ApacheApache culture originated culture originated

in Canada, but migrated to the in Canada, but migrated to the Great Plains . Two Great Plains . Two Apache Apache groups settled in Texas. These groups settled in Texas. These are the are the LipanLipan and and MescaleroMescalero. . ApachesApaches were organized into were organized into bands that traveled, hunted and bands that traveled, hunted and fought together. The fought together. The ApachesApaches were skilled horsemen and often were skilled horsemen and often teamed up when hunting buffalo. teamed up when hunting buffalo. Lipan ApachesLipan Apaches were also were also farmers which was very unusual farmers which was very unusual for for ApachesApaches. .

Apache men tied feathers and other decorations to Apache men tied feathers and other decorations to their hair. The men had no facial hair and the their hair. The men had no facial hair and the women wore earrings. women wore earrings. ApachesApaches were feared were feared throughout Texas. The Comanches took control of throughout Texas. The Comanches took control of the Apache’s territory so they were mortal enemies.the Apache’s territory so they were mortal enemies.

Apache chief

Apache girl about 12 years old

The ComanchesThe Comanchesa.a. The The ComanchesComanches lived on the lived on the

prairies, plateaus, and plains of prairies, plateaus, and plains of western Texas from the early western Texas from the early 1700s1700s to the late to the late 1800s1800s..

b.b. Their territory, Their territory, ComancheriaComancheria, , covered parts of Mexico, Texas, covered parts of Mexico, Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and New Mexico.New Mexico.

The ComanchesThe Comanchesc.c. Comanches life centered on two Comanches life centered on two

activities—activities—huntinghunting and and warwar..

d.d. They fought They fought fiercelyfiercely to keep to keep control of their territory, when control of their territory, when Apaches, Wichitas, Tonkawas, Apaches, Wichitas, Tonkawas, and white settlers and white settlers threatenedthreatened from all sides.from all sides.

ComancheComanche The The ComancheComanche originally originally lived in the western United lived in the western United States. They eventually States. They eventually moved into the Great Plains moved into the Great Plains once they acquired horses. once they acquired horses. The The ComancheComanche lived in lived in bands headed by a peace bands headed by a peace chief. If you were the best chief. If you were the best fighter and rider you were fighter and rider you were the war chief. The the war chief. The ComancheComanche were skilled were skilled buffalo hunters. Because of buffalo hunters. Because of the their skills they soon the their skills they soon controlled much of the plains controlled much of the plains including west and northern including west and northern Texas. Texas.

Quanah Parker-last Comanche chief. Mother was Cynthia Ann Parker.

The KiowasThe Kiowasa.a. The The KiowasKiowas were the Comanches’ were the Comanches’

alliesallies and shared the plains of and shared the plains of Texas with them.Texas with them.

b.b. They lived in They lived in tepeestepees made of made of tanned buffalo tanned buffalo hideshides that were that were easy to move.easy to move.

The KiowasThe Kiowasc.c. The Kiowas prized The Kiowas prized traditiontradition and and

ceremonyceremony, and they kept alive the , and they kept alive the stories of their travels.stories of their travels.

d.d. The most important Kiowa The most important Kiowa festival was the annual festival was the annual sunsun dancedance..

KiowaKiowa The The KiowaKiowa were the last were the last

plains group to arrive in plains group to arrive in Texas. They hunted buffalo, Texas. They hunted buffalo, and gathered berries, fruits and gathered berries, fruits and nuts. They traded with and nuts. They traded with other groups for what they other groups for what they did not have. The hair of the did not have. The hair of the KiowaKiowa men was long but men was long but over the right ear it was over the right ear it was short. The short. The KiowaKiowa and the and the ComancheComanche were allies. were allies.