Psychology Unit 4
Transcript of Psychology Unit 4
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PsychologyUnit 4: Learning and MemoryChapters 5 & 6
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Unit Outline
Theories of Learning
Theories of Memory
Biological Bases of Memory
Forgetting
Memory Distortion
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Theories of Learning
Learning: "A relatively permanent change in behavioror mental processes caused by experience."
Classical Conditioning: Modifies involuntary behaviorby linking the response to a new (conditioned) stimulus
Operant Conditioning: Modifies voluntary behavior bya system of reinforcement or punishment
Social-cognitive learning: Consists of insight/intuition,latent behavior and modeling ( copying observedbehaviors)
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Classical Conditioning
The unconditioned stimulus (something to which there isalready an un-learned or unconditioned response)
The unconditioned response ( an involuntary behavior thatoccurs in response to a stimulus without any conditioning orexternal motivations
The neutral stimulus (an external -often artificial- stimulus thatthe conditioning aims to link with the unconditioned response
When linked, these produce a conditioned response (thebehavior of the unconditioned response occurring due to thepreviously neutral, now conditioned, stimulus).
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Classical Conditioning
An experiment is conducted by a popular radio station do determinewhether ad placement following particular music types wouldincrease the effectiveness of the ad. They chose to always play In TheGarden of Eden at the lunch hour, along with ads for local restaurants
which described the specials of the day. Over a period of two months,the individuals in the experiment (already regular listeners to thestation) listened to the radio station at the same time each day, duringtheir lunch hour, and always heard the same song. After the end ofthe experiment, the station collected statistics from various restaurantsthat showed that whenever the song was played in subsequent
months, there would be a slight increase in business, always fromregular listeners. By six months after the end of the experiment, theincreased business effect had dwindled to nothing. Identify: UR, US,NS, CR, CS, and which of the six theories mentioned in your textbookexplains the change in response.
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Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement: Is always aimed an increasing abehavior. Positive reinforcement involves addinga 'positive' stimulus (reward) while negative
reinforcement involves removing a 'negative'stimulus (an irritant)
Punishment: Is always aimed at decreasing a
behavior. Positive punishment involves adding a'negative' stimulus (such as pain) while negativepunishment involves removing a 'positive'stimulus (such as the aforementioned reward)
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Theories of Memory
Memory: "an internal record or
representation of some prior event orexperience."
Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval Model
Three-Stage Memory Model
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Three Stage Memory
ModelSensory Memory: 1/4 to a few seconds durationrecord of sensory input
Short Term Memory: active memory- theconscious, useful information storage forprocessing
Long Term Memory: the long term storage of allnecessary information. Practically infinite storagecapacity, and long duration (years or decades)
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Biological Bases of Memory
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Forgetting
Decay
Interference
Motivated Forgetting
Encoding Failure
Retrieval Failure
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Memory Distortion
False Memories
Encoding Failure