Psychology Chapter 1 Why study psychology. Objectives section 1 Identify the goals of psychology and...
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Transcript of Psychology Chapter 1 Why study psychology. Objectives section 1 Identify the goals of psychology and...
Objectives Objectives section 1section 1
Identify the goals of psychology and Identify the goals of psychology and explain how psychology is a science.explain how psychology is a science.
A Day in the LifeA Day in the Life
Read page 3 for class discussionRead page 3 for class discussion
In-class assignmentIn-class assignment
Write the 18 vocabulary words on page 3Write the 18 vocabulary words on page 3
Due when timer goes off. (25 minutes)Due when timer goes off. (25 minutes)
Why study Psychology?Why study Psychology?
To understand yourself, and othersTo understand yourself, and others To learn about feelings, thoughts, and To learn about feelings, thoughts, and
stressstress To learn why people behave the way To learn why people behave the way
they dothey do
The goals of psychologyThe goals of psychology
To observe and describe behavior and To observe and describe behavior and mental processes and to better understand mental processes and to better understand themthem
To be able to explain, predict, and control To be able to explain, predict, and control behaviorbehavior
What are behaviors?What are behaviors?
Actions that you can observe.Actions that you can observe.
Actions you can controlActions you can control
Actions you can not controlActions you can not control
Controllable BehaviorsControllable Behaviors
WalkingWalking TalkingTalking EatingEating DrinkingDrinking DancingDancing
Non-controllable BehaviorsNon-controllable Behaviors
Heart rateHeart rate Blood pressureBlood pressure DigestionDigestion Brain activityBrain activity
Emotions affect behavior and Emotions affect behavior and mental (cognitive) processesmental (cognitive) processes
SleeplessnessSleeplessness AngerAnger DepressionDepression A faster heart rateA faster heart rate RestlessnessRestlessness Cause stressCause stress PerformancePerformance
Mental ProcessesMental Processes
Cognitive ActivityCognitive Activity DreamsDreams PerceptionPerception ThoughtsThoughts MemoriesMemories
ExamplesExamples
Performance anxietyPerformance anxiety Place KickerPlace Kicker Last chance to win Last chance to win
gamegame Misses field goalMisses field goal
Test anxietyTest anxiety Placement test for Placement test for
collegecollege Stress to score highStress to score high
In both examples psychologists In both examples psychologists could teach them ways to deal with could teach them ways to deal with anxietyanxiety
How do you cope with your anxieties?How do you cope with your anxieties?– VisualizationVisualization
– Breathing exercisesBreathing exercises
Psychology as a Natural SciencePsychology as a Natural Science Social SciencesSocial Sciences
– HistoryHistory– AnthropologyAnthropology– EconomicsEconomics– Political sciencePolitical science– SociologySociology– PsychologyPsychology
These deal with the structure of the human These deal with the structure of the human society and the nature of the individualssociety and the nature of the individuals
Psychology focuses on the behavior Psychology focuses on the behavior and mental processes of the and mental processes of the individualindividual The working of the brain and total human The working of the brain and total human
bodybody– BiologyBiology– ChemistryChemistry– PhysicsPhysics
Psychology uses the same scientific Psychology uses the same scientific methodmethod Conducting experiments, collection and Conducting experiments, collection and
analyzing data and drawing conclusionsanalyzing data and drawing conclusions
Widely used research methodsWidely used research methods1.1. Surveys- collecting data involves asking Surveys- collecting data involves asking
questions of a particular groupquestions of a particular group
2.2. Experiments- research usually done in a labExperiments- research usually done in a lab
Psychological TheoriesPsychological Theories
Organized ideas about behavior and mental Organized ideas about behavior and mental processesprocesses
TheoryTheory – Is a statement that attempts to explain why Is a statement that attempts to explain why
things are the way they are and happen the way things are the way they are and happen the way they dothey do
Psychological theories discuss principles that Psychological theories discuss principles that govern behavior and mental processes.govern behavior and mental processes.
Such as:Such as: BehaviorBehavior (sleeping, aggression) (sleeping, aggression) Mental processesMental processes ( memories, mental ( memories, mental
images)images) BiologicalBiological ( effect of chemicals in the brain) ( effect of chemicals in the brain)
These theories help psychologist predict These theories help psychologist predict behavior and mental processesbehavior and mental processes
ObjectiveObjectivesection 2section 2
Describe the work done by psychologists Describe the work done by psychologists according to their areas of according to their areas of specialization.specialization.
Break into a group of 2Break into a group of 2
You will need to know the different You will need to know the different specializations in Psychology for your test.specializations in Psychology for your test.
complete the graphic organizer Handout complete the graphic organizer Handout
““Psychologist’ s specializations in Psychology”Psychologist’ s specializations in Psychology”
This is a in-class assignment due when the timer This is a in-class assignment due when the timer goes off.goes off.
ObjectiveObjectivesection 3section 3
Explain the historical background of the Explain the historical background of the study of psychologystudy of psychology
Roots of psychologyRoots of psychology
Ancient Greece ( 428-347)Ancient Greece ( 428-347) Plato Student of SocratesPlato Student of Socrates
– Know thy self Know thy self – Examine your own thoughts and feelingsExamine your own thoughts and feelings
AristotleAristotle– About the mind (scientific approach)About the mind (scientific approach)– Ancient Greece believed the Gods got mad Ancient Greece believed the Gods got mad
and punished peopleand punished people
Middle ages / Mental illnessMiddle ages / Mental illness
Possession by demonsPossession by demons Punished for sins and making deals with the Punished for sins and making deals with the
devils or witchesdevils or witches TestTest
– Water float testWater float test– Float found guilty and executedFloat found guilty and executed– Sink and drown found to be innocenceSink and drown found to be innocence
Scientific approach lead to the Birth Scientific approach lead to the Birth of Modern Scienceof Modern Science
Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton John LockeJohn Locke 1800’s first psychological labs established in 1800’s first psychological labs established in
Europe and the United StatesEurope and the United States
Wilhelm WundtWilhelm Wundt
Founder of Founder of StructuralismStructuralism Discovering the basic elements of conscious Discovering the basic elements of conscious
experienceexperience 2 separate categories2 separate categories
– Objective- sight and taste reflect the outside Objective- sight and taste reflect the outside worldworld
– Subjective- thoughts, emotional responses and Subjective- thoughts, emotional responses and mental imagesmental images
– Ex: What an apple tastes and feels like to bite itEx: What an apple tastes and feels like to bite it
William JamesWilliam James
Founder of Founder of FunctionalismFunctionalism Experience Experience can notcan not be broken down it is be broken down it is
continuouscontinuous Wrote first Modern day Psychology BookWrote first Modern day Psychology Book
– The Principles of PsychologyThe Principles of Psychology
Mental processes help organisms adapt to Mental processes help organisms adapt to their environmenttheir environment
DifferencesDifferences
StructuralismStructuralism– Relied only on introspectionRelied only on introspection– What are the elements (structures) of What are the elements (structures) of
Psychological processes?Psychological processes?
differencesdifferences
FunctionalismFunctionalism Includes behavior, observation in the laboratory Includes behavior, observation in the laboratory
and introspectionand introspection What are the purposes (functions) of behavior and What are the purposes (functions) of behavior and
mental processes?mental processes? Adaptive behavior are habits learned and Adaptive behavior are habits learned and
maintained because they are successfulmaintained because they are successful– Studying leads to good gradesStudying leads to good grades– Learning to read and writeLearning to read and write
John WatsonJohn WatsonFounder of BehaviorismFounder of Behaviorism
BehaviorismBehaviorism– Scientific study of observable behaviorScientific study of observable behavior
unscientific to study consciousunscientific to study conscious Conscious is a private event know only to Conscious is a private event know only to
the individual.the individual. Psychology is a science-Psychology is a science- limited to limited to
observable, measurable events which are observable, measurable events which are behavior.behavior.
B. F. SkinnerB. F. SkinnerBehavior + reinforcementBehavior + reinforcement
Reinforcement or rewardingReinforcement or rewarding– Learn by being rewarded (repeat of behavior)Learn by being rewarded (repeat of behavior)
Used in animals and humans a likeUsed in animals and humans a like
The Gestalt SchoolThe Gestalt School
Based on the idea that perceptions are more Based on the idea that perceptions are more than the sums of their partsthan the sums of their parts
Perceptions are wholes that give shape or Perceptions are wholes that give shape or meaning to the partsmeaning to the parts
Learning (problem solving) is accomplished Learning (problem solving) is accomplished by insight, not mechanical repetition.by insight, not mechanical repetition.
Insight is the reorganization of perceptions Insight is the reorganization of perceptions that enables a person to solve a problem.that enables a person to solve a problem.
Kenneth ClarkKenneth Clark
Black PsychologistBlack Psychologist Studied negative effect of segregation on the self Studied negative effect of segregation on the self
esteem of African American Childrenesteem of African American Children White dolls White dolls
– pretty and goodpretty and good
Brown dolls Brown dolls – ugly and badugly and bad
Proved the negative effects of a racist society on Proved the negative effects of a racist society on the young mind of childrenthe young mind of children
Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud
Founder of psychoanalysisFounder of psychoanalysis Emphasizes the importance of the Emphasizes the importance of the
unconscious motives and internal conflicts in unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behaviordetermining human behavior
First to bring out the couchFirst to bring out the couch
continuedcontinued
People are driven by hidden impulse, verbal People are driven by hidden impulse, verbal slips and the belief that dreams represent slips and the belief that dreams represent their unconscious wishes.their unconscious wishes.
Believed that the sexual and aggressive Believed that the sexual and aggressive urges are more important than conscious urges are more important than conscious experience in governing people’s behavior experience in governing people’s behavior and feelings and feelings
ObjectiveObjectivesection 4section 4
Describe the 6 main contemporary Describe the 6 main contemporary perspectives in psychology.perspectives in psychology.
Today Psychologists do not Today Psychologists do not describe themselves as describe themselves as
Structuralists or FunctionalistStructuralists or Functionalist
Contemporary PerspectivesContemporary Perspectives
Biological PerspectiveBiological Perspective
Study the influence of biology on our Study the influence of biology on our behaviorbehavior– the influences of hormones and genesthe influences of hormones and genes– Personality, intellect, and artistic talentPersonality, intellect, and artistic talent
Looks for connection between events in the Looks for connection between events in the brain (brain cell activity) and behaviorbrain (brain cell activity) and behavior
Techniques UsedTechniques Used
CATCAT (Computed Axial Tomography) (Computed Axial Tomography)– Computer generates 3 dimensional imageComputer generates 3 dimensional image
PETPET (Position Emission Tomography) (Position Emission Tomography)– Measures abnormal molecular cell activityMeasures abnormal molecular cell activity
Cognitive PerspectiveCognitive Perspective
Role thoughts play in determining behaviorRole thoughts play in determining behavior Rooted in Socrates Rooted in Socrates (Know thy self)(Know thy self) Process, storage, retrievalProcess, storage, retrieval Short or long term memoryShort or long term memory People’s behavior is influenced by their People’s behavior is influenced by their
values, their interpretations and their values, their interpretations and their choiceschoices– Remark = insult or not Remark = insult or not
Humanistic PerspectiveHumanistic Perspective
Stresses man’s capacity for self-fulfillment, Stresses man’s capacity for self-fulfillment, the importance of consciousness, self the importance of consciousness, self awareness and the capacity to make awareness and the capacity to make choiceschoices
Consciousness- the force that shapes Consciousness- the force that shapes people’s personalitiespeople’s personalities
Personal experiences most importantPersonal experiences most important
Continued……..Continued……..
Self-awareness, experience and choice Self-awareness, experience and choice permit us to permit us to “Invent ourselves”“Invent ourselves”
View people basically good and helpfulView people basically good and helpful Help people to get in touch with their Help people to get in touch with their
feelings, manage their negative impulses feelings, manage their negative impulses and realize their potentialand realize their potential
Psychoanalytic PerspectivePsychoanalytic Perspective
Rooted in Freud’s theoriesRooted in Freud’s theories Influences of the unconscious on human Influences of the unconscious on human
behaviorbehavior People driven by the Unconscious sexual People driven by the Unconscious sexual
and aggressive impulseand aggressive impulse Still feel the impact of Freud in current Still feel the impact of Freud in current
psychologypsychology
Learning PerspectiveLearning Perspective
Emphasizes the effect of experience on Emphasizes the effect of experience on behaviorbehavior
Learning is the essential factor in observing, Learning is the essential factor in observing, describing, explaining, predicting, and describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behaviorcontrolling behavior
Social learning theorySocial learning theory
People can change their environment or People can change their environment or create new onescreate new ones
Believe that people learn by direct Believe that people learn by direct experience or by observing other peopleexperience or by observing other people
Socio-cultural perspectiveSocio-cultural perspectiveeffects on human behavior and mental processeseffects on human behavior and mental processes
Addresses issues of ethnicity, gender, culture and socio-Addresses issues of ethnicity, gender, culture and socio-economic statuseconomic status
These have a significant impact on human behavior and These have a significant impact on human behavior and mental processesmental processes
– BilingualismBilingualism– PrejudicePrejudice– Ethnic differencesEthnic differences ( physical and psychological)( physical and psychological)– Multicultural issuesMulticultural issues ( Psychotherapy and treatment)( Psychotherapy and treatment)– PrejudicePrejudice– Gender Gender
Roles, careers, educationRoles, careers, education