PSYC4030 6.0DCBT Chapter 8 Chapter 8: Token Economy, Contingency Contract, Behavioural Child...

PSYC4030 6.0DPSYC4030 6.0D CBT Chapter 8CBT Chapter 8

Chapter 8:Chapter 8:Token Economy,Token Economy,

Contingency Contract,Contingency Contract,Behavioural Child Behavioural Child

Management TrainingManagement Training


Token EconomyToken Economy

• Takes place within an enclosed Takes place within an enclosed environmentenvironment— ““you want to live here you play by my you want to live here you play by my

rules”rules”

• Usually implemented for groups, not Usually implemented for groups, not individualsindividuals

• Use of tokens as symbolic reinforcersUse of tokens as symbolic reinforcers


Token EconomyToken Economy

• Reinforcement: Obtaining tokens for Reinforcement: Obtaining tokens for desirable behavioiursdesirable behavioiurs

• Punishment: Losing tokens for Punishment: Losing tokens for undesirable ones undesirable ones

• Tokens are exchanged for Tokens are exchanged for backup backup (actual) reinforcers(actual) reinforcers— Generalized reinforcersGeneralized reinforcers


Token Economy: Token Economy: Basic ElementsBasic Elements1.1. List of behaviours and the number of List of behaviours and the number of

tokens earned or lost for eachtokens earned or lost for each

2.2. List of backup reinforcers and the List of backup reinforcers and the token cost of eachtoken cost of each

3.3. Type of tokenType of token

4.4. Procedures for the operation of the Procedures for the operation of the token economytoken economy


Token Economy: Token Economy: IndividualizationIndividualization• Possible to Possible to temporarilytemporarily modify benefits modify benefits

and costs for particular individualsand costs for particular individuals• Those with particular behavioral deficitsThose with particular behavioral deficits• New members to the economyNew members to the economy

• Eventual integration into the group Eventual integration into the group system system


Evaluating Token EconomiesEvaluating Token Economies1.1. Appropriate for adults and children with Appropriate for adults and children with

varying intellectual capacitiesvarying intellectual capacities

2.2. Appropriate for a wide range of behaviours Appropriate for a wide range of behaviours in many different environmentsin many different environments

3.3. Increases the dignity and self-esteem of Increases the dignity and self-esteem of participantsparticipants

4.4. Often rapid loss of treatment gainsOften rapid loss of treatment gains• Importance of shifting to a “natural” type of Importance of shifting to a “natural” type of

reinforcerreinforcer


Contingency ContractContingency Contract

• Written agreement specifying the relationship Written agreement specifying the relationship between behaviours and their consequencesbetween behaviours and their consequences— Signed by the clientSigned by the client— Includes reinforcement and punishmentIncludes reinforcement and punishment

• Client is an active participant in its draftingClient is an active participant in its drafting• Contract provides structure for interactions, Contract provides structure for interactions,

opportunities to practice negotiating and opportunities to practice negotiating and cooperationcooperation

• Strangely, not a lot of research on this topic…Strangely, not a lot of research on this topic…


Behavioural Child Behavioural Child Management TrainingManagement Training• Recognizes that the individual (the Recognizes that the individual (the

child) may not be the appropriate unit of child) may not be the appropriate unit of measurementmeasurement

• Rather there are maladaptive parent-Rather there are maladaptive parent-child interactionschild interactions

• Teaching parents new, more adaptive Teaching parents new, more adaptive skillsskills


Behavioural Child Behavioural Child Management TrainingManagement TrainingTypical parental problems:Typical parental problems:1.1. Vague or inconsistent instructionsVague or inconsistent instructions2.2. Overuse of punishments (threats, Overuse of punishments (threats,

anger)anger)3.3. Inconsistent or ineffective application Inconsistent or ineffective application

of punishmentof punishment4.4. Little reinforcment for prosocial, Little reinforcment for prosocial,

desirable behavioursdesirable behaviours


Behavioural Child Behavioural Child Management Training 2Management Training 2• Parents are taught to implement behavior Parents are taught to implement behavior

modification principles (reinforcement)modification principles (reinforcement)• Parents as therapistsParents as therapists

• Includes planned activity scheduling Includes planned activity scheduling (differential reinforcement)(differential reinforcement)

• Can be taught to single families or to groupsCan be taught to single families or to groups• Long term maintenance of training benefitsLong term maintenance of training benefits


Maintaining Behaviours in Maintaining Behaviours in Changing EnvironmentsChanging Environments• Maintaining behaviours is often difficult Maintaining behaviours is often difficult

with major environmental changes with major environmental changes What can help?What can help?1.1. Shifting the reinforcement from an Shifting the reinforcement from an

external to an internal locus external to an internal locus 2.2. Broadening the subject of treatment Broadening the subject of treatment

from an individual unitfrom an individual unit

PSYC4030 6.0DCBT Chapter 8 Chapter 8: Token Economy, Contingency Contract, Behavioural Child...

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