PSYC 550 Biological Bases of Behavior Emotions and Learning.
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Transcript of PSYC 550 Biological Bases of Behavior Emotions and Learning.
PSYC 550Biological Bases of
BehaviorEmotions and Learning
Emotions as Response Pattern
• medial nucleus– A group of subuclei of the amygdala that receives sensory
input, including information about the presence of odors and pheromones, and relays it to the medial basal forebrain and hypothalamus.
• lateral nucleus (LA)– A nucleus of the amygdala that receives sensory information
from the neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus and send projections to the basal, accessory basal, and central nucleus of the amygdala.
• central nucleus (CE)– The region of the amygdala that receives information from
the basal, lateral, and accessory basal nuclei and sends projections to a wide variety of regions in the brain; involved in emotional responses.
Emotions as Response Pattern
• conditioned emotional response– A classically conditioned response that occurs when a
neutral stimulus is followed by an aversive stimulus; usually includes autonomic, behavioral, and endocrine components such as changes in heart rate, freezing, and secretion of stress-related hormones.
• threat behavior– A stereotypical species-typical behavior that warns another
animal that it may be attacked if it does not flee or show a submissive behavior.
• defensive behavior– A species-typical behavior by which an animal defends
itself against the threat of another animal.
Emotions as Response Pattern
• submissive behavior– A stereotypical behavior show by an
animal in response to threat behavior by another animal; serves to prevent an attack.
• predation– Attack of one animal directed at an
individual of another species on which the attacking animal normally preys.
Emotions as Response Pattern
• orbitofrontal cortex– The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base
of the anterior frontal lobes, just above the orbits of the eyes.
• ventromedial prefrontal cortex– The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base
of the anterior frontal lobes, adjacent to the midline.
Communication of Emotions
• volitional facial paresis– Difficulty in moving the facial muscles voluntarily;
caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its subcortical connections.
• emotional facial paresis– Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to
emotions in people who have no difficulty moving these muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex, subcortical white matter of the frontal lobe, or parts of the thalamus.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Learning
The Nature of Learning
• perceptual learning– Learning to recognize a particular stimulus.
• stimulus-response learning– Learning to automatically make a particular
response in the presence of a particular stimulus; includes classical and instrumental conditioning.
The Nature of Learning
• classical conditioning• Hebb rule
– The hypothesis proposed by Donald Hebb that the cellular basis of learning involves strengthening of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the postsynaptic neuron fires.
The Nature of Learning
• instrumental conditioning– A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular
behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior; also called operant conditioning.
• reinforcing stimulus– An appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and
thus makes the behavior become more frequent.• punishing stimulus
– An aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become less frequent.
• motor learning– Learning to make a new response.
Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term
Potentiation and Long-Term Depression• long-term potentiation (LTP)
– A long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high-frequency activity.
• hippocampal formation– A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting
an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper (Ammon’s horn), dentate gyrus, and subiculum.
• entorhinal cortex– A region of the limbic cortex that provides the major
source of input to the hippocampal formation.
Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term
Potentiation and Long-Term Depression• dentate gyrus
– Part of the hippocampal formation; receives inputs from the entorhinal cortex and projects to the filed CA3 of the hippocampus.
• perforant path– The system of axons that travel from cells in the entorhinal
cortex to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation.• field CA3
– Part of the hippocampus; receives input from the dentate gyrus and projects to the field CA1.
• pyramidal cell– A category of large neurons with a pyramid shape; found in
the cerebral cortex and Ammon’s horn of the hippocampal formation.
Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression
• field CA1– Part of the hippocampus; receives inputs from field CA3 and
projects out of the hippocampal formation via the subiculum.• population EPSP
– An evoked potential that represents the EPSPs of a population of neurons.
• associative long-term potentiation– A long-term potentiation in which concurrent stimulation of
weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones.
• NMDA receptor– A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a
calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; involved in long-term potentiation.
Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term
Potentiation and Long-Term Depression
• nitric oxide synthase– An enzyme responsible for the production
of nitric oxide.• long-term depression (LTD)
– A long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized of only slightly depolarized.
Perceptual Learning
• short-term memory– Memory for a stimulus or an event that
lasts for a short while.
• delayed matching-to-sample task– A task that requires the subject to indicate
which of several stimuli has just been perceived.
Instrumental Conditioning and Motor Learning
• medial forebrain bundle (MFB)– A fiber bundle that runs in a rostral-caudal direction
though the basal forebrain and lateral hypothalamus; electrical stimulation of these axons is reinforcing.
• ventral tegmental area (VTA)– A group of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral
midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems; plays a role in reinforcement.
• nucleus accumbens– A nucleus of the basal forebrain near the septum;
receives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of the ventral tegmental area and is thought to be involved in reinforcement and attention.
Relational Learning
• anterograde amnesia– Amnesia for events that occur after some disturbance to
the brain, such as head injury or certain degenerative brain diseases.
• retrograde amnesia– Amnesia for events that preceded some disturbance to the
brain, such as a head injury or electroconvulsive shock.• Korsakoff’s syndrome
– Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage resulting from chronic alcoholism or malnutrition.
• confabulation– The reporting of memories of events that did not take
place without the intention to deceive; seen in people with Korsakoff’s syndrome.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Relational Learning
• perirhinal cortex– A region of limbic cortex adjacent to the
hippocampal formation that, along with the parahippocampal cortex, relays information between the enthorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain.
• parahippocampal cortex– A region of limbic cortex adjacent to the
hippocampal formation that, along with the perirhinal cortex, relays information between the entorhinal cortex and other regions of the brain.
Relational Learning
• episodic memory– Memory of a collection of perceptions of
events organized in time and identified be a particular context.
• semantic memory– A memory of facts and general information.
• semantic dementia– Loss of semantic memories caused by
progressive degeneration of the neocortex of the lateral temporal lobes.
LTP seems to be dependent on the
presence of:
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1. cortisol2. dopamine3. glutamate4. vasopressin
Which part of the brain is best known for identifying social
emotions?
TEO
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Hip
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1. TEO2. Amygdala3. Orbitofrontal
cortex4. Hippocampus