PRR Localizing Development Ch1
Transcript of PRR Localizing Development Ch1
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C h a p t e r o n e
Wy D piciiM?
over the past DeCaDe, the WorlD Bank has alloCateD
m $85 bii c iciy dm.1 o d-
m gcibi d d gi dm b bby muc, gm m
dig cui.2
t cu w i i icii bg ci
igy cizd dm gi 1970 d 1980,
wic cd widd ci mg cii d g-
m gizi (nGo) -dw dm id w
dy diccd m d , mgiizd, d
xcudd. Udyig i i w bi giig
g y i dcii cd i i by iig m
i m c jc dig d immi wud
u i c cci bw dm id d i idd
bcii.
lc icii cquid i i w dcd.
I i w d wy ci iy g, icudig
imig y gig, buidig cmmuiy- ci ci,
d icig dmd gd gc.
o y bjci icii i ic c
wdg d c i dcii-mig c
gm, i id, d d gci. W ibcii b m y dcii, icii bcm -
iiid ciw i w xci ic d cic,
mwm. picii i xcd d b-digd
dm jc, m ci ic diy, d imm
i gig b. Uimy, i i xcd d m
Local participation has be
proposed as a way to imp
poverty targeting, build so
capital, and increase dem
or good governance.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
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quib ci ubic uc d duci i cui
d -ig.
t w mj mdii ig c icii cm
muiy dm d dcizi uc d uiy
c gm. Community developmentu
big ig, ub igbd, d ud guigi c mgig dm uc, wiu yig
my ciud c gm. Cmmuiy dm
jc bd cmmuiy-di dm, cmmuiy
bd dm, cmmuiy iid jc, d ci ud
I c y, xd cmmuiy ggm i ic
diy iducd iciy duci d j
c, wic m m u cmmuiy-di d
cmmuiy-bd dm jc. Dig i y id
c g m cmmuiy-bd gig, i wic y ci bcii i dcizd, jc i wic cmmuii
id yig dg i jc dig, jc mgm
d mgm uc.
Decentralization g ig d muici
gm b dmd d uy id. o dmd
id, i g ciiz icii i c gmby,
xm, iiuig gu ci, imig cc im
i, d ig mcim dibi dcii mig. o
uy id, i c biiy c gm id
ic by icig i ci uc, gig cciy c ci, d miig d iizig dmiii
uci.
Cmmuiy dm d dcizi cmm
icu dig, my d i iic i ici
y gm. p icii d i iii
ubcu i c -ci iig, g ciizi
d b m icui ciic ggm. I ig i
cmmuiy dcii mig buid cciy -ic d
cci ci (w i mim cd ci ci), ici
i ium u.W uccu, icii c
m i id i ci ubic ciiz, w u i
d d m ccub d ifuc dcii
c i i.
The two major modalities or
ostering local participation
are community development
and local decentralization.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
adc cmmuiy dm iw i mcim
cig uibiiy, imig cicy d ci,
cig u y duci gm, mig dm m
icui, mwig , buidig ci ci, g-
ig gc, d cmmig m d ubic c
ciii (, xm, Dgi d 2001). ty gu cmmuiy-di dm i icu i b ci
u by igig dm iii wi cmmuiy g;
cig cmmuici bw id gci d bcii;
xdig uc ib (ug miccdi,
ci ud, d ccui iig); d gig cc-
iy cmmuiy-bd gizi d dc
i cmmuii. Cmmuiy-di dm xici
bjci ig w i i m c gcy
d ic d gi m m c d-m ic. I g i cciy ud d
mg -iiid dm ciii.
adc c dcizi mid by cy
d gic gu ducig dic bw g-
m d ciiz w gm b cy bd. Ciiz
c cmmuic i c d d cd ci d
cy mi i mc, wic im b cy
d ccubiiy; y m iy ic w c g-
m ici my m cuci jc, gg i
im, d i budg wiu ig iw ciizi ccu. ecd iibiiy i cud wi g cciy
ciiz mbiiz d dmd b ic d d c
gm ciy ccub by ciig c cciy
cci ci. Dcizi, i i gud, im c
ccubiiy, bcu b-imd ciiz m cb
mig m imd c cic. Fum, c g-
m ciiz b ug dic ici dibi
um, wic ic ic ciiz. tu, ccdig d-
c, dcizi im ic, ccubiiy, d cy,
mig gm m i d ciiz.
adc b cmmuiy dm d dcizi
gu m iciy dm c b i-
ig gud ciizi. lc dmcci c ciiz w
Community development
and decentralization share
common intellectual pedig
rmly rooted in historical
notions o participatory
government.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
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gg i dmcic iic d gg, dib, d mbiiz
i wy g cii ciy.
ti ii i uiy d. sm ic migiig
bu bic c c; ccd bu
cic cg immig g iciy jc
ig imi (C d ki 2001; hi 2001; li 2007; M2002). picuy w ici y c y igd
wi d jc, imm my g dic
wii g gu d c w ucu d dicu
iiui buidig i m iy dib d m
ub ucm. Cmmuiy dm my b iy
ubjc i cu bcu cd ifuc c i
(abm d pu 2004).
t cciy d-d icii duc d m
cmmuii b cgd gud. Fi, mc gu xci ic d cic c b cy
(Mui d r 2004). I my i ci b
cii, bcu im quid u dqu icii
picii my d ycgic yic du
m ciy d cmicy didgd, bcu i my qui
y ii i cfic wi i w
u gu. t mi iciy c i i i
b uwig uc c, bu ciic gu i i by m
ci.
scd, icii bcm mimd, i b ud m gmic icy i, uc c-ci
diy w-c mic ic dic
ci mi, by iig m c ic diy
i bcii. Idd, i b ai (Bw 1986) d aic
(rib 1995), icii b dcibd m cd
corveb, wi ud i mig m ubi
cibui ic.
tid, ciic gu bi iciy xic
wi m iud d immi y uii
buucci (gm d) my b i. t uiiz
i iciy ig xci i w ubic c
gci c ddii u uc wi ig im
m uc bu imici i w ccubiiy. a
xmii iciy jc d i jc
The capacity o donor-led
participation to educateand transorm communities
has been challenged on
several grounds.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
wi ig icii, c wdg w c-
uc ig cx d ccd udyig iic
wdg duci d u (M 2002). Fu i i
w idid:
piciy xci ubic dd gdig g gu d gm ciii. tu,
uc iy iic, d uig jc
dig i d by c w d gd i.
ouid gd xd c wdg. pjc
cii d dic iciy xci, d
d bcii d by ci w
jc c di.
pici my ccu i c bm dii
d ig i d miu gm i
w i. aug i ccuc c b b j-c d bcii, i c cu d ci b
did ig.
piciy c c b ud giimiz jc
iuy bid iii d i u m
cmmuiy.
Fu, ciic gu c gm i dig cui
ciy m ccub d c
gm bcu bc quii c ccu-
biiy w (Bd d Mj 2006). t quiiicud ducd d w ciizy, i ci d cmic
quiy, w d d, biiy u d i ci wii
ciui ig, ib d uwy imi c,
d ig by ci d ci cii ciy.
ti u i mid gig db
ci iciy dm. D i w? D i
ic ccubiiy? I i cud by i? D i ic ic
d cic? I i mwig? I my dicd wd ici-
y dm w ? sd by cc x-
i i udig b ccmid by cu ui d
idd yi (Mui d r 2004), i c y
b ic i c, icuy imc ui,
cmmuiy-bd dm. sc m iy dicii
ubiy icd uddig iic
Critics argue that local
governments in developing
countries are not necessa
more accountable andtransparent than central
governments.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
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cmy dcizi. t g i i c i
c wii igd ccu mw, ummiz i
ccui, d dw imici icy.
The History o Participatory Development
t id ciic icii i d id dmccy (e
1998); i xid i my di cuu ugu iy. I
ci a, icy dcii w md dibiy, i ubic
ig, wi y m ciiz gi uiy i i
iw. I hiduim d Buddim, ubic db d dibi
g b ui m dicu (s 2005). lc
dibi iiui i su ai, w igi dmi
, b dcumd dig bc bu cuy BC(a 1949). t Qu qui cmmu i b dcidd
by muu cui (shura) (ayi 2008). I Im, cmmuiy
(umma) u shura y dib bu id iu i
ubic icy, wic u (khalifa) mu cid.
I -eu aic, Zuu ci cud m dcii
wiu cuig i cuci (chila ya njama). aug
ci xcid iu w, i ifuc ddd i biiy
ud d cic, cc. amg a i W
aic, uiy ci w gy cicumcibd. h w
quid c i ccuc wi cu; m c iw w giim gud dm.
lc dcizi g iy icii
acgic idc w m ciy- i Mmi
d diic i egy ud my udd y b big
uid (ud 3200 BC) i cy ud i. tug c
qu, i md g mi, bu cii d diic
wii cqud ii, ug bigd y ibu d
cibu di i d mi, iy jyd m
u. I ddii, d cqu d, c
gmy gw g (Gdi 1961; km 1971).
aud 1200 BC, ic, w g w egy
d Mmi cd i bm d ii m
, pici cii izd uiy dc i
The idea o civic
participation is as old
as the idea o democracy.
Local decentralization
has an even longer history
than participation.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
iddc. aug c ciy ciud u i, cii
gd m giic ic. F x 600 y,
duig id ig u, i m pici ic
id Mdi d dd ugu i cmic
mi (M 1986). W pici w cqud by
G, by rmi cii w cd y, cc,d d bc u c w, bu i muici i
ciud i. rm cuy cugd (ubi) ciic
ciiy, cibuig dmy ubic buidig d ciii
c mi (abb d J 1968).
Dcizd bu y id ucu w u i
su ai duig Muy (321185 BC) d Mug (1526
1857) . vig gm d cidb uiy d w
cic i; c w gy c m d
ymbic uiy xcd x d ibu. I aic, ud cci dcii mig d cii i cc, d cm-
muiy mmb ud cui d u mbi d
gm ccub ubic g.
t md y icii w cy icud
i 18 cuy by J-Jcqu ruu, u The Social
Contract. ruu uid ii dmccy i wic qu cii-
z mb m dcii i idd, dibi m-
, uc g wi i, g icy i wic
b d bud quy d (pm 1976). ruu w
cig ii um g i wic cmmuii dccd cud cmm eigm i idi-
idu iby, d i wic um u w m im
cic (Dmc 2007). t ruu, icii w m
md dcii mig. I w c by wic idiidu
dd my i iw d d
ccu ubic i i d gi ci. picii
d im duci uci: idiidu d
w bcm ubic ciiz, d cmmuiy mmb dd
bgig. ruu iimy id i ici-
i wi dm ciic i id d ud
ifuc ubqu iic ug.
amg my 19 cuy i w bui
id, m b w J su Mi (1859, 1879),
Rousseau rst articulated
modern theory o
participation in the 18th
century.
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w mizd duci u icii. Ifucd by
axi d tcqui udy dcii i Democracy in America
(1838) c iic iiui i Uid s d ii
iciy dmccy y d, Mi bcm dy i
c cizd m gm. hi d im gu
ui ug d icii i i gm iu i ciiz b d icii c
Mi id i gic i icii i iduy, w,
gud, cci mgm wud d idiidu uig ubi
idiidu i.
Mi ii iciy ciy w wd by
G. D. h. C, hy Mi, d i (w
egi pui), w jcd id cizd d gud
idiidu dm wud b b izd i gu d ci
i md u bic md cii ciy (M 2009)hy Mi i icu c cmy dm
ug. s Idi i 1860 di Bii gm
g m, cm c ccu by Bii dmii
iig idigu ym umu ig gm
d my cciic iciy dmcci. t d d
im icu y ig cmmuiy i
cizd (Mi 1876). I Mi iw, ig cmmui
i, d by cuci d (panchayat), w ubjc
w icud m b bu d m fuid g d gc
ucu dd cgig cdii wi miiig icdc dii cum (M 2009).
Cmmuiy dm d gm dcizi u
cmm icu iy, mmig m bi
icii b iiic d ium u. picii i
dcii mig, Mi bid, m idiidu i ubic cii
z by iig m i i m ubic gd
my i i; i buid cciy cci ci d
w md ci i wud c gcy. picii
ium u i dig biiy ciiz d
d m ccub d ifuc dcii c
i i. a cc d, w diic m ici
i mgd: icii i ruu buidig cc
i idiy d icii i cig i
gm.
Support or participation
stems rom a belie that it has
both intrinsic and instrumental
value.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
Participation in Asia, Arica, and Latin America
ruu, Mi, d Mi d d ifuc ci ug.
I Idi, wic bcm i iy ci xim i g-
c, ib Bii vicy ld ri iiud c g-
m m i 1882 imy u idig iicduci d iig d xdig Idi idigu ym
gm (ti 1967).
Mi dcii umuy gd d -i
Idi ig cmmuii ifucd Md Gdi, w
md i c i iy dcizd cmic d
iic w, icud i i wiig ig -ic,
ccd i i bVillage Swaraj(Gdi 1962). Gdi w
-i ig c ym gm d
cmic i. t ig w b cm ubic, idd
i igb i w i w, d y idd my w ddc i ciy. Gdi ig-ubic
wud b mbmic c dmccy, uig quiy c
c d igi d -ucicy i d; i wud b di
by ci d ic. Gdi mi c gu i
iciy d dcizi mm i b Idi d
dm cmmuiy g, icuy mg w
icii id cmmuiy-cdig c
cmic gw d mdizi.
Dcizi i ci g aic wd imi
jcy, ci w dd icy dcizd
dim (Mmdi 1996). t ici ciz bid
dmiii ym ciy g d xc u m
cqud ii. t Bii bid idic u
w, ccdig Mmdi, bd y d d i
Idi m ii i c -gm iiid by ri.
t Bii cd dii ci i dmiii ci
ib uci w cii dmi-
ii, gig m c d uci umy g y
did cg ci . Dcizi i ci Idid aic w muc miig ci w i
w gd gc.
I Fc ci, by c, dcizi id
dic ici Fc dmiii ucu, cuu,
Autonomously governed a
sel-reliant Indian village
communities were a centr
tenet o Gandhis philosop
o decentralized economic
political power.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
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cii w, d duci ci. t y ci, uc
sg, w gizd ccdig Fc c gm
md, bd ub cmmu d by muici cuci
Ciiz u cmmu sg (D, G, s. lui
d ruqu) cd i Fc im i
pi. Dm i sg cmmu mid iic dm i Fc: w, i 1831, Fc cmmu w gi g
u d ici cd muici cuci w bid
cg id cmmu i sg.
a Fc cquid m iy d xdd i c
g ui, y d i ici d bg u i
w aic ci idicy, ug aic. ty bid
code de l indignat, wic uid g ym ud wic idig
u ui w b gd (li 2004). ti w
idd bim dmiii cerclesud by ididigu uii, igiu cu, d i ic. Cercle
cmid c, d c cmid ig. vig w g
d bychefs du village, c bychefs de canton, d cerclesbycercl
commandeurs, c wm w id by d ib
Fc uii. t dmii w uid ci w
cuid, id, d dd by c . rib (2009) i
u i dcizd ym, ci u ud c
cumy ci dmii u wd i, mii w
d d, cc x, d cci b. t ym w cd
mg aic ud c dmiii u.I li amic, si d pugu u cizd
gcy (s d tuci 2004; Gid 2007; e 2008). Ci
ym w bd xci w d quid igy
cizd ucu cdi c. I Mxic, xm
cquid id c cuci d wi miiig
w d d d ig d d w ui (Gid 2007)
cuci w uid d d i cc by diic g, w
w ib x cci.
a iddc, cui i li amic mdi id
ucu cm wi m di i m Fc
d Uid s. I Bzi, ic, Fi rubic (wic
wd cizd mi bid immdiy id
dc) d ucd d u bu idd i
u c gm muiciii. Wi i c, i
Ater independence, countriesin Latin America modied
their centralized structures
to conorm with the more
ederalist notions rom France
and the United States.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
1930, dcizi g wy cizd iiui (M d
rzd 2004) d, dxicy, muiciim bcm m
m cizd dmi id.
History o Policy in Participatory Development
By d Wd W II, diigi ci gim
md cuci d dm c d i aic
d ai. Di by B Wd iiui, dm w
iwd big udig, ifucd by ucu i d
ig md. sm dm d , icu-
y mg icy m Uid ni d U.s. agcy
Ii Dm (UsaID), w dd wd cm-
muii ii um g. ti ifuc d w
iciy dm i 1950 by 1960 d d m 60 cui i aic, ai, d li amic (Wi 1999;
aiz 2004).3 By 1959, UsaID d umd m $50 mii
i cmmuiy dm jc i bu 30 cui. I c-
x Cd W, cmmuiy dm w m
cig wy idd gi du x
miiy ggi d i ubi. p m im
mi w id dmcic i Cmmuim (Wi
1999; aiz 2004).
I 1950, cmmuii c w md i
Idi, imiy by U.s. gm d Fd Fudi,w i d bcu i cmibiiy wi Gdi id.
t Fd Fudi c dw id m gi
i Uid s w w ccd bu i cm-
muii wi mdizi d ubizi, w
Gdi id bu uib ig cmmuii (Immw
2010). I 1952, Fd Fudiud gm bd -
iciy md cmmuiy dm w ucd i 16,500
ig; gm Idi xdd gm c
i cuy.
Fudig cmmuiy dm gm bg dy u i
y 1960, bcu i cid iu d bcu c-
mi i ai md m -dw, cic c
dm m m ug. Wi (1999) gu cm-
muiy dm gm duig i id w udmid
In the 1950s, the U.S.
government and the FordFoundation promoted the
communitarian approach
development in India.
Funding or community
development programs be
to dry up in the early 1960
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by ibiiy d ic d bu i
cu gg i gui i wi bcii. a
cquc, cmmuiy dm gm w widy cid
w ccy , ig id ci i d bjc
i. ty w m cmy bdd by d
1960.a d i i c iciy dm wd,
w i i mg dic i. picuy ifui
w Fz F TheWretched of the Earth(1961) d pu Fi
Pedagogy of the Oppressed(1970). F w, wic w mim
ccud xig d ic, w b u ui
wi cim, u, d idici ci dmii
i i agi. I TheWretched of the Earth, ciiqu b im
iim d iim d c diibui w d
cgy i ci w i .Fi w iucd by F d by ibi gi i
Bzi. hi ig cmmim du duci d im x
wy i wic d cud cm w d
udm. I Pedagogy of the Oppressed, d
d duci ym i m digic, i d i
ud id xic, d u c d di id w
dg. ti id duci bcm cciizig ii
(d d) ui. I c, Fi gu md
duci d cid ud mid tabula rasa. Id
duci i m ud m -w d ii i ii d m y imi ruu
i g wi.
Duig 1960 d 1970, icy m bg i i
cu gicuu d idui gw. ti i w gi i
cu u m ucc iduiizig ig
md si rui d m y cic gw md
t Mcnm Wd B cud g i
ucu jc d cizd ii uig
duci, d . piicy, cizd ii d b
ib d dib. e i bid dmcci, mim
dmcic i mizd i ici
y u dmccy d dibiiy biiy
im w c. Dmccy cm b ug
my md gggig c by cig d
During the 1960s and 1970s,
policy makers began to shit
their ocus to agricultural and
industrial growth . . .
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
d dibi d ciic mwm c cc
w dmizd ( scum 1942 d D 1963 yic
mui).
a duig i id, cmi, w d g b ic
cmmuiy-cd dm, bg ud ifuc
dm icy. t y iu dm icy wgy ifucd by w Mcu o (1965, 2), w gud
wiu cci m ci dic m idiidu
c i i cmm i i -id idiidu wi
c ci i cmm gu i. o w c-
cd wi xii g by m, bcu wi
m i i ubic gd wud d -id
wi g i.
hdi (1968) wu id gdy cmm d
bd imici g cmic iu, icudig dmi ubic d i, dcizi w
c gm, d ii d mgm cmm-
uc. li hdi, y ig i uc Dmz
(1970) d n (1990) gud cmm y uc
wud b xid dmd u cmm w
cd cd by g gui. ti iw gd
g d imim i mui dm iiui bu
ibiiy c ii mgm ubic gd
cmm. I cd g imu cizd ii
ubic gd, c gui cmm- uc, d mi i y ig.
a m im, w g u mg cmic
i dcizd gm wi c dmccy.
ecmi cd i bm i wy. tibu (1956)
w y c gm xdiu mizd
cicy dcizd gc. h gud i cmmuiy
cx, i mbiiy w iy c, idiidu wud
i u c d cmbii ubic gd -
ii by ig wi i mig ciy d
i d x-b mix. Cmii mg juidici u-
yig di cmbii c ubic gd wud u d
ci uy uc gd.
t tibu yi cm ud y c
gud i umiu imi bu cmmuiy
. . . and economists, who
had long been skeptical
o community-centereddevelopment, began to ha
a proound infuence on
development policy.
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cciic, c mbiiy, xii, cmi c
d ic cw ub i dig cui, d
idd i my dd cui w. n, tibu c
iu b widy id u iw cmii mg
c juidici i ii ubic gd ic ci
cicyd cquy juiy u wd dciziBy mid-1980, ciic -dw c bg cm
i my g-c, cizd, gm-iiid d
m gmm cig cdi iigi
ymw mig y wi idy dgdig cmm
uc d ig igiic gi im d
y imc. t cmi wd i i c dci
i mig d c mgm uc. ld by Cmb
(1983) d , w iciy dm mm id
id m-c jc i wy wd c imd ici, wi x g ig miy cii
d uc ud. Fu u cm m icigy
ciiqu dm m cdmic ci cii uc ecb
(1995) d sc (1999), w gud -dw ci w
b dimwig d ici. Mwi, igy uccu
cmmuiy-di dm iiiiuc s-emyd
Wm acii i Idi, ogi sum Imm pjc i
pi, d Iig nuii pjc i tziw idig
im g d (ki, U, d em 1997)
tiig i mim dm cic w igicycd by w hicm (1970, 1984); C (1985); d
om (1990). hicm (1970) i ic d xi d
dm cii udd w cci gcy cud
im w-big. hicm (1984) w m y
id iciy dm d cm i i. C
(1985) wd w g gizi uc Wd B cud
u by wig ymicy c . om
(1990) w mgm cmm- uc id
ci bu i cci ci i cmmuii
s gud w md o d hdi w m wu
md i dgu udi icy mig, i
u ddd ci imd u y
i. t c i i icy mig, cdd
w qui g ccui. I
By the mid-1980s, critics
o the top-down approach
began to complain that many
large-scale, centralized,
government-initiated
development programs were
perorming poorly.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
wd, cbiii id c b cgd, ig
ci. om d mbd cidb idc
m c udi wig dgu iiui m-
gd cmm- uc uccuy. tu, hdi m
gdi w iib ucm cmmuiy mgm.
s (1985, 1999) i cu dm mmi w-big bd-bd cbiiy c dy
ifucd dm cmmuiy. C i c w
gi mw gd by Wd
B d d i ciicim -dw
dm. agum iciy dm, dcd
by Cmb (1983) d , d icui icii
cuci m wig m c dcii
cd m.
t icu dm d i -dmccymm, wic d bdw uii gim i
my wd (lwic 1993; oD 1993). t 1980
d 1990 wid c ii ym i e
eu, m si Ui, d Idi d dic dii-
bui w d uiy i Bzi d piii. t i
dmcic mm d cici cizd iiu-
i w cu, uccub, d ub di ubic ic
d gwig bi i u dcizd gm. Mxic
i yic xm. By 1982, ii d d bgu di
cuy c gm b iii ucu djumd dmiii d c ibiii wi w i
gm (Mizi 2004; Gid 2007).
UsaID w mg i d xd xici u
dmcic dcizi. I 1980, wi
Cmmuim i e eu, gcy d u i gd
u dmcic c gc. I iwd dcizi
m mw ciiz cy d di w m
c gm cii (UsaID 2000, 4 ). By y 1990,
Bii d Fc gm, Dm aic
Cmmi, eu Cuci, hd s d Gm
ogizi aic Uiy, d Cmmw hd
Gm d ()cmmid gig dmccy, -
icii, d ccubiiy ug mcim dciz-
i. t Uid ni Dm pgmm bg xiciy
USAID was among the
earliest donors to extend
explicit support to democ
decentralization.
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
30
xd ic dcizi i 1992; by 1999, i d m
$138 mii dcizi jc.
t Wd B w m ium i uizig
cc dcizi, by icuig ig igicc
gc iu, ciy i aic. I cu gc w
mid by diicu cmic cim 1980, cudwi izi im dig quid i
icy mw ci i bjci. I ifui ubici
Governance and Development, ummd u b c dc
izi uig i igic imm i cicy d
ci (Wd B 1992).
su dcizi w by m uquid: m
b d u dcizi c dim
y (pudmm 1995, 202) cud jdiz mccmi
biiy d ic gi diii wii cui. nby 1996, B cgizd ciiz icii i dig
ucu ccub y ci c gm.
I m wd c dcizi w di gy by
di b gc, cmmuiy dm w di by
bi iig i ci ci cmmuii wud d
i mwm d gi m uib cciy i
dm i i w m. t icui iciy
m i g-c dm ic cm quicy Wd
B, i ci im ud (ny d ebb 1997) d
m ic. Iiiy cud gig y, jcmd wd m iic cug icii ug
iiui giz d buid i cbiii c
cciy i i w i (ny 2002). t Wd B
(2001) World Development Report 2000/2001: Attacking Povertycud
mwm y iiy dm icy. I ubici
d bd-bd B c u cmmuiy-bd
dm. t World Development Report 2004: Making Service
Work for Poor Peopleidid c ccubiiy d c dc
izi im m gm im
diy ubic ic (Wd B 2004). M cy, d
cgizd gig gc i y ci d
m d imig ciic icii, dmd id
gc, ud b im bjc cmmuiy dm
d dcizi. Wi i cd w i i iciy
The World Bank
was instrumental in
popularizing the concept o
decentralization.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
c dm, iciy i , c gi, b
bbd i mim dm ug d cic.4
tu, w y c iciicmmuiy d-
m d c dcizi cmm g d icu
igi. ty bcm diic mdii md by diic idgi-
c cm i cd 20 cuy. I cu (21cuy) w i i c icii, icy d dii-
gui cy bw w ii. My dcizi
gm wi c c dmccy c c dibi um
dcii mig (xm icud iciy budg-
ig dgram sabhas[ig mbi]), d my cmmuiy-di
jc buid c ccubiiy i i di ci
c. tu, m idc ig dmccy cud
imici dig cmmuiy-di jc, d
m iciy um i cmmuiy-di jc cud imici dig dcizi gm. F i
, b d wii cmm mw c
iciy dm.
Organic versus Induced Participation
aciig iciy gc d buidig ciic cciy
iicy b gic -d c c
ud by ciic gu cig iddy , d i i-i , gm. ogic icii i uuy di by ci
mm imd cig wu idiidu d iiu-
i wii idui d gm d imig uci-
ig ug c cfic, ci, d
ccmmdi.
suc c ci bcu y i dguy,
wii cuy jcy cg, d dicd by igy
mid, cimic d w mbiiz ciiz gi ic
i i (gic, ig, d cc) d xi iic
uii. sci mm dmd cg by cig iu-
i y d ub; y uimy ci i g w y
b ifuc iic c bi iic w. ty
gg i c ci duci. Fi, y imgi wd i
wic ci d iic ii m quiby gd
Organic participation is
spurred by civic groups ac
independently o, and oteopposition to, government
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32
ucud i m cgu wi i
mmy icu i ii i wd xd i
ifuc. t, y mbiiz ciiz w bi i i ii
g cu, cidb c.
Organic participationi bd m c iy cii
ciii. I iicy b m ciic xi. Iicud ci mm g g dmcic xi
d ig udiigd, uc cii ig m
m i Uid s d i-id mm i su
aic. I icud m buid mmbi-bd giz
i im iid d iig dd, uc Gm
B i Bgd s-emyd Wm acii i
Idi. ogic icii my icud b mm
m ui c w d d cii md
i icu iduy.Induced participation, by c, icii md
ug icy ci d immd by buucci
( c icud x gm wig ug bi
d mui gci, wic uuy wi c
ig ). Iducd icii cm i w m: dc
izi d cmmuiy-di dm.
t im dic bw iducd d gic icii
i wu iiui xiicy m iducd ici
i, uuy i m c g umb cmmuii
m im. I c, iiicy mid c c digic icii.
t i m bw gic d iducd ici
i. Gm my dciz bcu ci
mm, d dig iducd iciy gm
bui gic md. a gm my dcid c u
m-c gic iiii d u u m i
iducd iiii. a im qui i w iiid
by gic icii c b cd u by icy ii i
m jc. r wi w c dg
u dm ciic cciy, c icy ii
cciy ciiz m d im quiy
gm d uciig m?
t gic dm ciic cciy i cmx c
i dy imbddd i cuy iy, i i cfic
Induced participation reers to
participation promoted through
policy actions o the state and
implemented by bureaucracies.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
i cci iim, i duci d icy,
diibui duci d w, u , u
cmic d iic m, d iy cdii.
ogic icii i di by -mid d w w
iy, wi i cmi, ig uiy c.
ty cy iig, wig, d gizig g mm uccd. W i cmx c gic cg,
di by iiicy mid , i ud i icyjc
d ii iduc iciii b md i
mgb, buucicy dd ii, wi budg, g, d
xiicy mid id g cg. ti -
mi i cmm g-c, -d icy iiii; i
b muy ccizd by sc (1999) ig i .
Bu iciy ii di m y icy
iiii, bcu y bd i iy: gmi cig iiui ucud i iu i gm. W
gm iduc icii by m jc, i g
mu c gi i -i by mig iiui w u-
i u quiibium gi m cidb
dg. M, by dig w c , ig
gm cd w, uiy, d c cmmuii
wic y my i c.
Di cg, i c y, m cui
uccuy iducd icii by ciy mig ici-
y c wii dcizd ym gc. o b-w c i iciy budgig i p ag,
Bzi. Bicci (2005) iw iy Bzi ii m
dici dmccy i 1985, cig p ag xi-
m wii cx i i. By 1988, dcizi
c w cdiid i w Bzii ciui, d
muici ci w d. tw y , cdid m
W py, wic d bcm d i ciiz ig m-
m duig dici, w cd my p ag.5
t w my iducd iciy budgig. a m y
ximi, by y 2000 iciy budgig mbi
w dwig m 14,000 ici m ciy
c d ciig ubi ucc i imig g d-
m ucm. abu 921 c ciy u budg w
ddicd - im, dig m u wg d
Some countries have indu
participation by actively
promoting participatoryspaces within decentralize
systems o governance.
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34
w cg, d ic i muici c m, d
igic ic i uig mii.
a im, i id, xm i cuy
yig iduc mwd iciy gc i pan
chayat(u gc) m i Idi. B cm
73d mdm ciui, i 1992, ig dmccy iIdi w xmy u, di c m ciu
i mdd gu ig ci d g ig gm
m dg c uiy. t mdm ddd b
m i wy:
I u -idpanchayatym ciig gram
panchayats(ig cuci), block panchayats(bc cuci),
d zila panchayats(diic cuci).
I ymizdpanchayatci , bid
idd ci cmmii, d g panchayatm c uiy d iic w.
I mdd gram sabhas(ig mig) b d
gu i ugu y, w y i
ig dicu budg, dm , d c-
i bcii d iggram panchayatd c
dmiii ci y iu.
I d i gram panchayat, icudig
ii gram panchayatid, mmb did-
gd c (ccdig i ig u-
i) d wm (w cd id i
gram panchayatd id gram panchayatidci
ig bi).
By mig dibi c ug gram sabha c
ig gm, c uii i Idi cd
ciic w gicy did bu, , d by
i c, buig budy bw d cii
ciy d bw gic d iducd icii. By ducig
i my w d ig i ii wi ciiz,
gm cgd m ciiz ggm wi w
ucu. hw, ug ciui mdm d
m i ig dmccy, ibiiy immig
m mid wi gm, wic md quiy
immi ib, d dd c iic.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
vig dmccy i Ci i xm cy di
icy cg wd dcizi d icii. tug
muc Ci g iy, c ud cuy-
id y idicy. I c, duig Mig (14681644) d Qig
(16441911) dyi, imi buuccy xdd y
xian(cuy) , ig c cuyid gy i d c gy d i. I w ui md
(cmiig rubic pid [191149] d p rubic
Ci [1949]) c gm cidd i
c cuyid. Bgiig wi d m i 1949 d
ccig wi cciizi gicuu i mid-1950,
bid ci buucci cuy, wi, d
(ug Cmmui py sci d bc) ig .
Di ig gm c u, w, u
ciiz mid mgiizd w i cm ci ic, d mjiy i uc w buid cii d iduy. I
w ui 1970 dmiii w w dcizd
u cmmu, wic w cd i wi d ig. I
w ii, m ui ci bg uig
i wud uiy d dici dg u-
ii d u by m ibizi. Wii w y, Ci
cuyid bcm dymic w uc cmic gw.
piicy d dmiiiy, w, dcciizi d
b-u cmmu cuum i gc bw w-
i . t i g, Ci cd D vig ogic lw(1987) d vig ogic lw (1998), wic md ig
ig -gm, u ci c ci, d
c Cmmui py i ig u. t m cg-
izd ig m im ud d id c
ubic gd d ic u ui. ty d d
wi ig i ig cci d cd u ig
ud m gud by i w. ec dmccy
c w cxi wi mid id Cmmui
py u x. sic 1998, Ci d dic ci
ig cmmi, gizi bc u i
ib ubic ic c . t c c,
id i aic 14 ogic lw vig Cmmi,
cmbi c ubic mii wi c b. t
dig i c w bd i i cugd by
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
36
gm i my 24 ic (Zy 2007), mig Ci
w cui i wd w u dibi
b gizd dmi c mcim.
I Bzi d Idi, iciy ii w cumi
i g id ggm by ci mm xid
iic uii c wy m c iciy dmccy wd. ti w c i Ci, w
iduci c dmccy w iy u cci
dcii by c. a uc, c dmccy i m dmii
i md, wic cud b widw.
Ui iciy ii i dcizd c gm
cmmuiy-di dm ii uuy cgd
jc d digd g w wii, d
immd by, xiig gm iiui. ty c
quy gy ifucd by iiui ucu d ici d d bud by i im m (uuy
y). a i b, jc m d u ii
ui cg by udgig m i dici wic i
gm dy cmmid. M yicy, cmmuiy-di
dm jc w i wi c gm,
byig m by ig u cmig uc uiy wii
cmmuii. sm jc y mbiiu g (duc y
by 20 c, buid u, c ciic cciy). o
m cicumcibd bjci, uc iduci ici
y mcim i icu (c wi -ccii, u ciic wi ig cmmi). My j
c cid cmmuiy di u dibi d
iciy c imid bjci, uc cig dig
bcii gd gm, mig ig cmmi m
g cuci ig iucu jc, biig
miccdi gu.
Figu 1.1 iu dicu ccizig di
mdii iducd icii. t u icii
i ifucd ju by ci d iic cx i wic i i
iud bu by wy i wic i i digd. B cx
d dig g ifuc ici imm
d bcii d, cquy, ccubiiy d ui
biiy ii.
a cuy iic ym m g d. I dmcci
c ici iciy ii. piciy
In China, the introduction o
local democracy was entirely
the result o a technocraticdecision by the center.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
Figure
1.
1
A
typolo
gyofinduced
participation
Typeoflocal
participatoryproject
orintervention
Induced
Democraticstate
Nondemocraticstate
Organic
Central
government
Local
reven
ue
Donor
Funding
Central
government
Implementation
Multiplepurpose
Community-driven
development
Deconcentration
Political
decentralization
Singlepurpose
Local
government
Independentproject
implementationagency
Directimplementation
byNGO
Shortterm
Longterm
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
38
jc ud ug ju b ci y wy
d u my . t i c i bw c
d c gm, wi c gm mig cim
w b cy dd. sb dmcci w
m b jci dcizi. ty iy
mwd icii uciig i c g ciiiiui, wic c y im i c mwm.
ndmcic cui, icuy cui iy
cig bw dmccy d dici, m ub
ii. a u, ciiz c wy c i wy ci
wi xci g-m cg. ti uciy, i u
duc i cdc ic i c w bug bu
by jc wi u i ig cg, mig m m u
u ii by c i. e dmcic cui
b, ccicy di dmiii c dm cmmim c dcizi, mid by ci cicy
tu, c b iui i wic dmcic icii
c i cud wi m uii ucu c.
t x d i igu 1.1 cgiz icii i
mdii: iic dcizi, dcci, d cmmuiy
di dm. I iicy dcizd ym, cmmuiy
d dmcicy cd ug cdib d cmii
ci. a m im, w d c dd c
gm. admiii dcizi ccu w c
uii c m uci gm w- dmii, w gy c . Cmmuiy-bd
d cmmuiy-di dm jc i wic cm
muii, uciig uid m ym gm, gi
ud y mg imm ubii. I cic
mdii , xi i , wi iy ub
mdii. F ic, m cmmuiy-di dm jc
digd g c dmcicy cd gm
c i w ucu cu w cd
c dmii.
t biiy iic dcizi dd x
wic c i cmmid c dmccy; dcizi i
m b w ig d muici dmcci b gd
ciui ci. piic dcizi y ic
ici c ccubiiy d uid
In democracies, electoral
incentives shape participatory
interventions.
The stability o political
decentralization depends on
the extent to which the center is
committed to local democracy.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
mwm ciiz, bu i c b iucd by ciiic
iic. I dccd ym, c dmii d c
ici di by c; y uuy ccizd
by uwd dwwd ccubiiy. eci dcc-
i, wic i ccicy di, c u i ci
ci . I i, w, gy cduci d-m uid c icii.
t ci cmmuiy-di ii c
i igy cdiid by c cciy, i icu cciy
cci ci. lc ci ucu d i c
c y g i i uciig. I uc ii,
cg i gci ib jc iiz
iiic d ium u icii d u
jc immd i m m i d i-
i. I icii i iducd ici-g bmi iui i wic c mg gcy c
imi d cciy mi quiy ic i c
cmmuii, icii wi iy b cmm i
bjci. I c, i c gci md i xu
ccmmdi d cu wi c i, wic wud b j-
dizd by ci icii, c gm ci wi m
iy icii .
I i y g, c icii my b m iy
uu; cgig i dymic qui uid ggm
d g cmmim m c. t u uc quiy icii. a i by ci
d im i biiy di c ubic gd d ic
cud id big im icii. a w
i dmid by i d md i ucu xii
d iduc icii y i x d
u bby wud id uc im.
t x d i gu 1.1 idic iciy ii
cu ig bjci (uc c c)
udmy di m ii wi mui u
(uc dui w ig gm ii-
d jc id yig m cdi d jb uii
d ii). t ucu ici i c i di. I c
x d u cmmuiy icii d im
ig gm.
The eectiveness o
community-driven
interventions at the local
is highly conditioned by lo
capacity, in particular the
capacity or collective act
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
40
a im cc, dicd i x d i gu 1.1, i
w ii g iz. Ii wi
g-m izy, iduc c dmccy
c ciui ciudmy im
ici ciiz c c i d g i i
Ii wi -m iz wi iciiz idiidu xc y c m jc duig i u.
t gu 1.1 m m mui wii
wic iciy ii c b digd. ec mui
u i di ici, wic ifuc ci d
uibiiy jc. I ugg cmmuiy-bd
mg ig c u wii iic dcizd ym
wii dmcic cuy i m iy d uib d
quib imm i w w-udd cmmuiy
di dm jc wi -y iz i u by dccd dmiii wii ub uii
cuy.
t bm gu 1.1 w w jc immi
m. C gm, c gm, nGo, d id
d jc immi gci c u iducd iciy
jc. tyicy, m cmbii bdi u jc (
ic, c gm jc gcy my i nGo
imm jc c ). W mg jc im
mi imici ccubiiy d quiy im
mi. I dmcicy cd, c gm c b mdwwdy ccub. nGo d jc immi gci
dy cd by ici i gizi; u i
gizi ici u i wy cug m d
, y my b ccub dmd cmmuii.
Fudig m. I udig did iy m c c
i c cmmuii? I i dd c u gi
ug x d cmmuiy icii, i i iy dd
d ud? ec iui i cd by di iic
cmy d ici cmmuiy icii. I, xm
cmmuiy-bd mg c i mgd xcuiy
by nGo d dd d ud, i mig b w udd d
w mgd i m bu i wud b ubjc i
iu i g m. I c, i ii i mgd by
c gm d udd by c x, immi my b
ici i m, bcu ciim d ibiiy
Funding matters.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
c gm cc x. hw, jc cud bcm
m ci g m cmmuii bcm m ii-
cy mu.
Scope o the Report and Roadmap
t c i i bd. t cu imc
iduc icii. I d iw g
bdy iu gic icii, ug i dw
m c-u gic mm ug iducd
icy ii.
t cu i iciy dm; muc i i
id im uy-id c gc (c dc-
izi, xi icy, c gm cdu, d buu-cic icicy). t iu i iu b ubjc
d iw by Wd B, i icu i
b did by aw s (2006, 2006b, 2006c, 2006d).
lc dm d m dcizi ubi
bdi, uc diic gm. Dcizi i
id i ubjc g bdy iu d c dim
d i i. t cu i c iciy dm.
ai i cd w gm, yi-
cy muici d ig , d cmmuiy gizi,
ig cmmi, d igbd cii.t xmi g-c iciy jc
b ud bd i m g ui
wi dqu cucu ( ci w wud
d gd cmmuii i bc i-
i). t id cucu wud b m cmmuiy i
bc ii iui c b bd.
ecmici d iici did iu
md m xim i id by dig md
cig c gu. t md icud dmizd i,
gi diciuiy dig, w-digd md mcig,
d u xim.
a imii cucu ud by ui ici-
y jc i y gy cm cmmuii wi
ii c cmmuii i wic u qu i mi-
id. Fw cm iciy ii y
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42
ii ( m) cud im dig. F xm
y w udi cm ucm did by iciy i
i wi -dw ii, imiig biiy dmi
w iciy md w b w
dig. exmiig imc iciy ii wi
c u qu mi xmy uu, w, bcui w c cdiby imc ii
s uu mg m iw g bdy uc
idc. M dig, , di m cmi
yi, ug c udi ud d id d iu
ccu mw. s bi udi um
mizd iu y i ugu .
a cii ud c udi iw i y w
ubid i -iwd ju wi by c wi c
cd -iwd ubici. sm udi d iy cii w icudd bcu i i iu
icu ic m cmig . I uc c,
i bm wi udy cy idid b ccui
dw m i. (tugu , g d w i
mdgy ud by c i d d ccui
dw y m udi w mdgy c b ddd.)
t i i gizd w. C 2 id
ccu mw iciy dm. I d
i cii ciy iu d x ici mg cii
ciy iu, gm iu, d m iu y digig bm i c dm. t c xmi
imici cii ciy iu d w uc iu
iz gu d i c d cu.
C 3 cu cg iducig icii by
dig m icy imici i iu ig. I
d cii digig cii ciy iu d ud
dig w ici m, gm, d cii ciy
iu c dymic c dm. ti mw i
ud xmi cg immi, icudig
d d cii, d wig wii mui uci
i igy i cx d uw jci cg. a
y i did m ccu mw.
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
C 4, 5, d 6 idc i u d dd
wi y. C 4 cu idc i cu
d i imc wii bd cx di d -
i wii cmmuii. I xmi iic
d c ici i dmiig quiy di d
c c cui, iigig w cui c bcud by b ccubiiy mcim. t c m
w i qui: hw d iquiy i cmmuii
c c uc ci? t w x d i dmi-
c dcii mig? t w x d iducig
c dmccy m gm m ccub? t w x
d i cg iic ici? D dig ci
ud cmmuii m m m ucib cui d
? Ud w cdii d icii mw ciiz
c i i w i?C 5 xmi cim icii im di-
y ubic gd d ic, mgm cmm y
uc, d iig dd. I bgi by xmiig ci
cmmuiy-bd c i gig . I i d-
mi w cizd jc um cy di jc i
gd i d w c jc c
ubic gd i m b mc d .
t c imc icii cmm-
uc, c iucu, cig, d . D iig
cmmuii i mgig c ubic ciii im mic?a cmm-y uc m uib w cmmuii
mg m? D iig i mgm c
im ig ucm? D ig c ubic ciic d
i by idiidu w cm wii i c i
im ucm? W ciiz ici i dcii
c ubic gd d ic, y m id wi w
g gm id ic? M gy, -
iciy jc ci i xdig iid i
d gig w?
C 6 idc w iciy d-
m c buid cii ciy. t idc i xmid w m
udm qui: hw d dibi c cuy w
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l o c a l i z i n g d e v e l o p m e n t : d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n w o r k ?
44
i dig cui? I dibi quib? I i uib
Ud w cdii d i buid cciy gg? C c
iquii i w d ci ucu b mdid by mdig
icui wm d dicimid gi miii i d
i ii? D imig, d quizig, cc imi
u i b ucm? D icii buid ci ci? Di im cmmuiy cciy mi d ci g
m? hw w d iciy jc w i cfic ig
i icuy dyuci ?
C 7 m miig qui d ugg m
dici uu c iciy dm. I
Wd B c iciy dm
iwig x wic i fc m ici
i ci immi. t c iw dig dcu
m m g m Wd B iciy jc d dig m uy jc mg. I m icy
cmmdi Wd B d gci ggd i
digig d immig iducd iciy jc.
Notes
1. lc d ibiiy d bm wi dii m i dicu d ccu im Wd B dig c
accdig B sci Dm Dm, di cmmuiy-bd d cmmuiy-di dm w $54 bii 19992011 id, wi $7.8 bii cd i c 2010 Bw 1990 d 2007, $31.6 bii w cd dig jc wi dcizi cm, iig ci c iciy dm bu $85 bii.
2. rib gu d cm by bcu g umb ucgizi d di wy i wic y i d.
3. Cmmuiy dm gm w i gu i caic animation rurale, ic 1945 (Wi 1999).
4. Wi (1999) idi cd w i 1970 d 1980, iiidby Un ym. I c, i m m i w, i d
i ifuc g dig gci. Wi c cu ii cmmuiy-di dm id w, wi ddd imugi by ci Wd B cu (109).
5. t -ig W py w udd i 1980 y w cimm c .
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w h y d o e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n m a t
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