PROVINCIAL STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE

(MALWA)

SUBMITTED BY:

ASIF ANWAR

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND EKISTICS JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

INTRODUCTION

• MAIN EXAMPLES OF THE STYLE ARE FOUND IN CITIES OF DHAR AND MANDU.

• MALWA WAS INFLUENCE MORE BY THE EARLY TUGHLAQ STYLE FROM DELHI.

• THIS WAS DUE TO THE LACK OF SIGNIFICANT LOCAL TRADITION IN MALWA, AND HOSTILE WITH THE NEIGHBOURING GUJARAT.

• MALWA PROVINCE EXPERIENCED THE INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD WITH THE INVASION OF THE MUSLIM INVADERS.

• THIS PROVINCE EXPERIENCED A LARGE NO. OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE DURING MUSLIM DYNASTY.

• GRADUALLY THEY DEVELOP THEIR OWN STYLE IN BUILDING ART OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE.

SALIENT FEATURE

• BATTERED WALLS

• POINTED ARCHES WITH SPEAR HEAD FRINGE

• COMBINATION OF ARCH, LINTEL AND BRACKET.

• BOAT KEEL AND DOMES.

• MOST ARTISTIC COMBINATION OF ARCHES WITH PILLAR AND BEAM

• BUILDING ARE RISED ON HIGH PLINTHS, ACCESSED BY LONG AND STATELY FLIGHT OF STEPS.

• PROMINENT USE OF COLOR IN DECORATION. USE OF DIFFERENT COLORED MARBEL, SEMI PRECIOUS STONES AND GLAZED TILES, THE ARTESIANS IN MALWA POSSESSED A SECRET FORMULA FOR CREATING TURQUOISE BLUE COLOR.

BATTERED WALL BOAT KEEL DOMECOMBINATION OF

LINTEL,ARCH AND BRACKETPOINTED ARCH WITH SPEAR

HEAD FRINGE

Receding slope of a wall , structure , or earth work.Initially sloped inwards.

Most artistic combination of arches with pillar and beams.

It had pointed arches with spear head on the top of the arch.

The buildings of Malwahad lintel arches and brackets.

IMPORTANT BUILDINGS

• THE CITIES OF DHAR AND MANDU OF THE MALWA PROVINCEPROVIDE EXAMPLES OF DISTINCT ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT IN THE FORM OF POLYCHROMATIC ORNAMENTATION OF BUILDINGS WHICH WAS OBTAINED BY THE USE OF COLORED STONES AND MARBELS.

• THE EARLIEST BUILDING OF THIS PERIOD KAMAL MAULA MOSQUE (1400) AND THE LAT MOSQUE (1405) AT DHAR AND THE DILAWAR KHAN MOSQUE (1405) AND THE MALIK MUGHIS MOSQUE(1452) AT MANDU.

• THE ARCHITECTURAL ACTIVITY TOOK A NEW TURN WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CAPITAL AT MANDU ESPECIALLY UNDER THE RULE OF HOSHANG SHAH (1405-1435).

• IMPORTANT BUILDING IN MANDU ARE THE JAHAZ MAHAL (a 120 meter long ship palace built by sultan ghiyasuddin khilji between two artificial munj talao and kapur talao),

• TAVELI MAHAL WITH TWO WALLS CALLED UZALI AND ANDHERI BAOLI, HINDOLA MAHAL,HOSHANG SHAH’S TOMB, ASHRAFI MAHAL AND THE JAMI MASJID BUILT BY MAHMUD SHAH KHILJI.

• THE CITY ALSO HAS SEVERAL GATEWAYS LIKE DELHI DARWAZA, THE ALAMGIR AND BHANGI DARWAZA , RAMPOL DARWAZA, JAHANGIR GATE AND TAARAPUR GATE .

KAMAL MAULA MASJID

• BUILT AT DHAR IN A.D. 1400.• CONSTRUCTED BY DISMANTLING

TEMPLES AND USING THEIR MATERIALS.• CHIEF AMONG THIS NEW WORK IS THE

PLAN OF INTERPOSING POINTED ARCHES BETWEEN THE PILLARS.

• THE ARCHES ARE TOO DELICATE TO SERVE ANY STRUCTURAL PURPOSE, BUT ARE OF A REFINED SHAPE, MADE MORE SO BY THE SPANDRELS BEING RELIEVED BY PERFORATED PATTERNS.

• SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF NEW WORK IS ADDED TO DISGUISE THE TEMPLE ORIGIN

Viewing the back of

prayer room from

northwest

Kamal Masjid Domed

chamber southwest

corner in front of

Mihrab

Kamal Masjid Dome COURTYARD

JAMI MASJID

• STARTED BY HUSHANG SHAH AND FINISHED BY MAHMUD I IN A.D. 1440.

• THE JAMI MASJID NEAR THE CENTER OF THE MANDU PLATEAU.

• THE COURTYARD SURROUNDED BY THREE SIDE BU COLUMNED CLOISTERS WITH THE GALLERIES OF MAJESTIC ARCHES.

PLANNING

1.MOSQUE COVERS A SQUARE OF 288' SIDE, PROLONGED ONEASTERN FRONT BY ANOTHER 100' BY A PROJECTING DOMEDENTRANCE HALL AND A WIDE FLIGHT OF STEPS.2.THERE ARE ALSO TWO SUBSIDIARY ENTRANCES TO THENORTH, ONE FOR THE PRIESTS AND THE OTHER A PRIVATEENTRANCE FOR THE ZENANA.3.BEING RAISED ON A HIGH PLINTH, THIS ENABLES THE FRONTSIDE OF THE BASEMENT TO CONTAIN A SERIES OF ARCADEDCHAMBERS TO BE USED AS A SERAI.4.THE ENTRANCE HALL BEARS TRACES OF EXQUISITELYCOLOURED BORDERS AND PANELS IN GLAZED TILES. THEDOMED GATEHOUSE RESPONDS TO THE THREE SIMILARDOMES OF THE SANCTUARY ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THECOURTYARD.

mehraab JAMI Masjid

prayer room

viewing from

northwest

Mehrab and mimbaru JAMI Masjid

prayer room

viewing from

southeast

JAMI MASJID

THE COURTYARD IS A SQUARE OF 162' SIDE, SURROUNDED BY ARCADED AISLES. ELEVEN OPENINGS ON EACH SIDEFORMING A FACADE FOR THE PILLARED HALLS BEYOND.

THE PILLARED HALLS ON THE NORTH AND SOUTH ARE 3 AISLES DEEP, THAT ON THE EAST IS 2 AISLES, WHILE THEWESTERN SANCTUARY IS 5 AISLES DEEP.

IN ADDITION TO THE 3 LARGE DOMES ATOP THE SANCTUARY, THE ENTIRE ROOF IS COVERED WITH A SYMMETRICALPATTERN OF CYLINDRICAL CUPOLAS, ONE OVER EACH BAY OF THE INTERIOR, THUS MAKING 158 IN ALL.SCULPTURED MIHRABS ARE PRESENT AT REGULAR INTERVALS IN THE QIBLA WALL WITH AN ELEGANTLY DESIGNEDMIMBAR IN THE CENTRAL BAY.

THE OVERALL DESIGN OF THE MOSQUE GIVES AN APPEARANCE OF QUIET SOLEMNITY, RELYING MAINLY UPON THESIMPLE BROAD TREATMENT OF ITS CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS, ESCHEWING ORNAMENTATION APART FROM THE MIHRABSAND MIMBAR AND SOME RESTRAINED COLOUR DECORATION.

HOSHANG SHAH’S TOMBSTARTED BY HUSHANG UISITELY COLOURED BORDERS AND PANELS IN GLAZED TILES. THE DOMED GATEHOUSE RESPONDSTO THE THREE SIMILAR DOMES OF THE SANCTUARY ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE COURTYARD.

THE COURTYARD IS A SQUARE OF 162' SIDE, SURROUNDED BY ARCADED AISLES. ELEVEN OPENINGS ON EACH SIDEFORMING A FACADE FOR THE PILLARED HALLS BEYOND.

THE PILLARED HALLS ON THE NORTH AND SOUTH ARE 3 AISLES DEEP, THAT ON THE EAST IS 2 AISLES, WHILE THEWESTERN SANCTUARY IS 5 AISLES DEEP.

IN ADDITION TO THE 3 LARGE DOMES ATOP THE SANCTUARY, THE ENTIRE ROOF IS COVERED WITH A SYMMETRICALPATTERN OF CYLINDRICAL CUPOLAS, ONE OVER EACH BAY OF THE INTERIOR, THUS MAKING 158 IN ALL.SCULPTURED MIHRABS ARE PRESENT AT REGULAR INTERVALS IN THE QIBLA WALL WITH AN ELEGANTLY DESIGNEDMIMBAR IN THE CENTRAL BAY.

THE OVERALL DESIGN OF THE MOSQUE GIVES AN APPEARANCE OF QUIET SOLEMNITY, RELYING MAINLY UPON THESIMPLE BROAD TREATMENT OF ITS CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS, ESCHEWING ORNAMENTATION APART FROM THE MIHRABSAND MIMBAR AND SOME RESTRAINED COLOUR DECORATION.

COMBINED PLAN OF HOSHANG SHAH’S TOMB AND JAMI MASJID

PLAN OF HOSHANG SHAH’S TOMB

‘A’ EXTERIOR‘B’ INTERIOR

• THE TOMB STAND IN A SQUARE ENCLOSURE CONTIGUOUSWITH THE WESTERN WALL OF THE JAMI MASJID AT MANDU, APPROCHED BY A DOMED PORTICO ON THE NORTH WITH THE PILLARED CLOISTER ON THE WEST FOR DEVOTIONS AND ACCOMMODATION.

• THE TOMB ITSELF IS A SQUARE STRUCTURE OF 86’ SIDE , WIDTH 30’ HIGH WALL SURMOUNTED BY A LARGE CENTRAL DOME WITH A CUPOLA ON EACH CORNER STANDING ON A SQUARE PLINTH OF 100’ SIDE.

• THE WALL ARE FACED WITH WHITE MARBEL RELEIVED BY OCCASIONAL PATCHES OF COLOR .

• THERE ARE TRIPLE OPENINGS ON TWO OF IT’S SIDE WITH THE CENTRAL ARCHWAY ON THE SOUTH PROVIDING THE ENTRANCE, WHILE THE OTHER TWO SIDES ARE PLAIN, UNINTERRUPTED WALLS.

FRONT GATE

NORTH GATE BACK SIDE GATE

INTERIOR

GALLERY

HINDOLA MAHAL

• BUILT BY HUSANG SHAH , PROBALLY AROUND (1425).

• THE WALLS ARE INORDINATELY THICK AND SLOPE LIKE THOSE OF A CASTLE. THE SLOPE OF OVER 44 DEGREE GIVES SWINGING APPEARANCE TO THE BUILDING, HENCE THE NAME .

• LATER THE STRUCTURE WAS PROBABLY SUPPOSE TO HAVE THE JANANA PLACE, AS ANOTHER STOREY ABOVE THE MAIN HALL.

MAIN HALL

• THE PLAN ‘T’ SHAPED , THE UPRIGHT STEM BEING THE MAIN HALL WHICH WAS BUILT FIRST AND THE CROSSBAR IS A TRANSVERSE PORTION ADDED.

• OBLONG BUILDING 110’X60’ AND 35’ HIGH.• EACH OF THE LONG SIDE HAS 6 SUNKEN

ARCHES, WITH A DOORWAY BELOW AND A WINDOW ABOVE.

• THE SHORT SIDE HAS 3 SIMILAR ARCHES. THE CENTRAL ONE IS THE ENTRANCE.

• THE INTERIOR HAS A LARGE HALL 440’X112’ AND 32 METER HEIGHT WITH 5 TRANVERSE POINTED ARCHES, SUPPORTING FOR THE FLAT ROOF.

• THE FLAT ROOF RESTED ON TIMBER BEAMS.

PLAN OF HINDOLA MAHAL

JAHAAZ MAHAL

• BUILT BY MAHMUD EARLY IN THE LAST HALF OF 1400’S

• THE PALACE IS DOUBLED STOREY STRUCTURE 360’ LONG AND 50’ WIDE, EXTENDING ALONG THE EDGE OF KAPHUR LAKE AND MUNJA LAKE.

• THE SHAPE ,DIMENSION AND POSITION GIVES THE ILLUSION OF A SHIP.

• BUILDING HAS CONTINUOUSLY ARCADED FRONT SHADED BY A BOARD.

• THE ROOF HAS A SERIES OF OPEN PAVILLION, KIOSKS AND OVER HANGING BALCONIES.

• THE INTERIOR CONSIST OF PILLARED COMPARTMENT,COOL CORRIDOR AND BATHING HALL

• THE MOST STRIKING THING ABOUT THIS MONUMENT IS ITS LOCATION BETWEEN TWO WATER BODIES.

LAKE VIEW SHIP APPEARANCE