Proto-neolithic settlement in Djerdap

7/24/2019 Proto-neolithic settlement in Djerdap

1/11

LEPENSKI VIR: PROTONEOLITHIC AND EARLY NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENTSAuthor(s): DRAGOSLAV SREJOVISource: Archaeology, Vol. 22, No. 1 (JANUARY 1969), pp. 26-35Published by: Archaeological Institute of AmericaStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41667932.Accessed: 25/01/2015 08:03

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2/11

LEPENSKI VIR

PROTONEOLITHIC AND

EARLY

NEOLITHIC

SETTLEMENTS

By DRAGOSLAV

SREJOVIC

In the central

part of

the Iron

Gate

Gorge

at

Lepenski

Vir

( The Whirlpool

of

Lepenci'),

a

new

prehistoric

ulture

was discovered

n

1967

which

forms

link betweenthe

classical Meso

lithic

and

Early

Neolithic

cultural

groups of

the

Danubian

region

and

sheds new

light

on the

emergence f

Neolithiccivilization

n

the

greater

part

of

Southeast

nd

Central

urope

Lepenski

Vir

is

situatedon the

right

bank

of

the

Danube,

fourteen

nd a

half

kilometers

p

the river

from

Donji

Milanovac,

approximatelyat the end

of

the so-called

Upper Gorge

of

the

Iron Gate

(as

the

gorge

is called

on the

border

between

Roumania

and

Jugoslavia).

The site

of

the

prehistoric

ettlements

clearly

ndicated

n

the

surrounding andscape:

it

is

surrounded

by

great

imestone

ocks

on the south nd

north,

nd

by

teep

cliffs

f

the

Korso Hill on the

west,

while

on

the

east,

on the

eft

bank

of

the

Danube,

rises

the

denuded

peak

Treskavac,

which ooks like a

giant

marker

for

the

settlement.

t was

in this

picturesque

andscape

that a

concealed

U-shaped

recess,

ying

n theshadows

of

a

primeval

wood

was chosenas the siteof thesettlement. he re-

cess

is accessible

only by

a

narrow

path

from

he

south

ide

where,

t a distance

of

a kilometer

nd

a

half,

there s a

canyon

that

opens

up

a

short

passageway

o the

mountainous

interland Thus

the site looks like an

isolated oasis

lost

among

the

rocks,

woods

and

the

river The

first

ettlers

couldhave

gained

easy

accessto

it

by

water

only

At Lepenski

Vir,

the

ultural

ayer,

he

hickness

f

which aries

rom

.5

to

2.15

meters,

s

divided

nto

three

istinct

trata.

he

earliest

I)

lies

directly

n

thehard imestone

edrock,

t a

depth

f

3.5

to

1.95

meters.Within

t,

t

s

possible

o

distinguish

t

least

five

uilding

orizons

Lepenski

Vir

I

a

to

e).

The

uppermost

orizon

f

Stratum is covered

ith

oess-

like brown

sand

whichforms he second cultural

stratum

II)

of

varying

epth 0.30

to

0.60

meter)

with

one

habitation orizon

Lepenski

Vir

II).

The

third,

he

atest ultural

tratum,

ying

t

a

depth

f

between

.45

and

0.30

meters,

onsists f two

habi-

tationhorizons

Lepenski

Vir III a and III

b).

Horizon

II

a,

the

depth

f

which

verages

ne

meter,

is

of

blackish

olor

nd consistsf soft

arth,

while

Horizon

II

b,

varying

n

depth

from

.50

to

0.30

meter,

ontains

considerable

uantity

f

stones

nd

is

composed

hiefly

f

hard

clay-like

arth.

tratum

III is

covered

with

layer

f

humus

0.30

to

0.10

meter)

cut at a

number

f

places

by

burials

from

later

rehistoric

ndhistoric

pochs.

In

color

nd

general

omposition,

trata and

II

clearly

iffer rom

tratum

II. This

sharp

break

n

the

Lepenski

ircultural

eposit

ecomes

ven

more

distinctive

pon

analysis

f the

finds rom he vari-

ousstrata.

The first

nhabitantsf

Lepenski

Vir

settled

nly

the

U-shaped

ecess,

aking

p

an

area

about

eventy

meters

ong

and

about

forty

meters

wide.

The

con-

centration

f

life

in

this

relatively

estrictedrea

eventually

ed to the

mergence

f

a

settlement

hich

as it

conformed

o the

natural

utline fthe ite

ook

on

the form

f a

giant

horseshoe,

r

more

precisely,

of a

trapezoid

ith

slightly

ent

ase.

26

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3/11

Lepenski

ir

a

-e: the

ive

uilding

horizons hat

appear

are house

30

(I

a),

house

30

a

(I

b),

house

29

(I

c),

house

2

(I d),

house

1

(I e).

Lepenski

ir

view rom

the

outh f

the

north-

western

art

of

Settle-

ment, the arliestul-turalstratum. f the

fifty-eight

ouses

ound,

all

are nthe

orm f a

trapezoid

n

thecenter

of

whichs a

hearth.

he

numbersn

the

photo-

graph

re

the

numbers

assigned

y

the xcava-

tors o the

houses.

27



4/11

Lepenski

ir:

view rom

hewest

f

he outheast

art

f

Settlement

,

showing

ouses

umber

5,50,

7,

and

1.

Lepenski

ir

house

umber

4 with

he

ectangular

earth

ur-

rounded

y

series

f

small

ed tone

labs

et

vertically

n the

earth,

n

the

ormf sosceles

riangles

ith

rojecting

ides.

LEPENSKI VIR

continued

Within

tratum a

total

of

fifty-eight

ouses

has

been

discovered,

nderwhichthere

were

traces

f

forty-six

ther

uildings.

hesehouses

104

in

all),

however,

o not

belong

o

the

earliest

ettlement

ut

can be assigned o five uccessive uildingphases.

All

of

the

buildings

iscoveredn Stratum

,

re-

gardless

f

differences

n

size

(their

loor

reas

range

from

ive

nd

a half

o

thirty

quare

meters)

ave

not

only

the same

plans

and

proportions,

ut also the

same

rrangement

f

building

lements.

he

materials

used

were

wood

and

grey, ellow

nd

pale

red stone

(limestone, andstone,

nd

porphyry)

hich

colors

the

urrounding

andscape.

he foundationsf all

of

the

houses

re

n the

form

f a

trapezoid

he

base

of

which

bends

slightly

utward.

n

the center

f the

houses,

owards he

onger

ide,

are hearths

n

the

form f

sunken

ectangular

asins

ined

with

arge

limestone

locks

et

on

edge.

The

floors re

made

of a kindof hard imeplaster nd regularlyave

a

thin

polished

urface

oating

f

pale

red

or

white.

Stone

culpture

nd sacrificialessels re

set

nto

he

floor

ear he

hearths,

sually

t the

pex

of a

border

or frieze

made

up

of thin

edslabs.

The

housesdid

not have vertical

walls.

Instead,

he

superstructure

was

in

the form f

a

saddle-roof

iththe

rooftree

slanting

rom he

base

down

owards

he horter

aral-

lel side

of

the

trapezoidal

ouse

foundations.

he

entrance as

regularly

n

the

middleof

the

longer

side,

but

wo tone

hresholds

et at

an

angle

directed

movement

xclusively

oward he ateral

arts

f

the

house.

The

largesculptured

oulders iscovered

n

the

floors f thehouses

re,

together

iththe architec-

tural

emains,

he most haracteristiceatures

f

the

culture

epresented

n

Stratum.

All

of

these

oulders

were

found

n situ

nd

generally

ere

firmly

et nto

the

floor

near

the hearths

n

such a

way

that heir

finished

ide

faced

the

entrance,

.e.

the

east.

Only

boulders

f

hard,

coarse-grainedellow

or

greyish

sandstone

ere

selected or

culpture.

egardless

f

the

motives,

he

modeling

lways

remained

losed

within

he

frameworkf

those

arge

boulders;

he

artist ltered

he

natural

orm

nly

nsofar s

it

did

not

interfereith ts

basic

structure.

he

modeling

was done

by

pecking, resumably

y

means

of

flint

tools nda mallet.

Stratum I

yielded

a

total

f

twenty-three

orks f

sculpture

nd

eighteen

acrificial

tonevessels

with

relief

decoration.

ccording

o their

motives,

he

sculpture

an

be

classified

nto two

groups:

figures

modeled

n

a naturalistic

tyle

nd

works

n which

apparently

nly

abstract

rabesques

re

represented.

Human

and

animal

heads

the

only

figures

sed

as



5/11

Lepenski

ir:

Settlement

,

view of

the

central

house

number

4)

with wo

culptured

oulders

and

n

ellipsoid

tone acrificialessel n

frontf

the earth.

Close-up

f the

hearth

f

house

umber4

with

the

rectangular

earth

urrounded

y

the eries

of

labs

ormingriangles.

Lepenski

ir : in

front

of

the

hearth f

house

number

1 was

found

his

burialwith he

skeleton

extended.

human kull

was

placed

on

the

left

shouldernd an

ox head

on

the

right

houlder

f

the eceased.

29



6/11

Lepenski

ir : stone

ace

number)

photographed

n situ

in

front

f

the

hearth

f

house

number

1.

It

is of

yellow

sandstone

nd 2 cm.

igh.

Stone

acewith

udimentary

ody sculpture

um-

ber

)

found

n

house umber

8

at

Lepenski

ir .

It s of

yellow

andstonend

1

cm.

igh.

Sandstoneltar

rom ouse

umber

5 at

Lepenski

ir

;

28x 16 m.

Lepenski

ir

:

sandstone

culpture

number

2)

found

n

house umber

3.

t

appears

o

represent

an

animal

ead,

4 x

19

cm.

30



7/11

Lepenski

ir

II:

sandstone

culpture

umber 4

showing

he

ornamental

atterns

haracteristicf

the

culpture

oundn

Stratum

I;

height,

4

cm.

LEPENSKI

VIR

continued

subjects

are

usually

ife-sizednd

always

ave

learly

indicated

acial

features.

here

are

no

chronological

differencesetween

he

figures

nd the ornamental

sculpture;

nd

there re even

works

epresenting

u-

man or animalfiguresnd sixteenwithabstract e-

signs.

t seems

hat he

group

f

ornamental

culpture

also

employs

igure-motives

hich

re,

however,

nte-

grated

nto

more

complex ompositions

hich the

artist,

ecause f therestrictions

mposed

n him

by

the natural orm

f the

boulder,

chematized

o the

extreme

nd dissolvednto

bstract

orms

nly

n

the

actual

process

f

transposing

is vision nto

stone.

Sculpture

rom

his

group

is

mainly

overed

with

curvilinear

otives:

endrils,

ircles,

arts

f

spirals

and,

only

xceptionally,

ections f

meanders

n

com-

binations

hich

int t

wastikas.

An

exceptionallace

mong

he

works f art f this

period

belongs

to

a

fairly

arge fragmented

and-

stone lab (not illustratedere)whichhas engraved

on it a

hunting

cene.

Only

the

lower

part

of

this

large

omposition

as

been

preserved

in

it the

figures

of

two hunters

hrowing

pears

at an animal

are

clearly

isible

mong nigmaticigns

n

the

form f

trapezoids.

Apart

from

culpture

nd

sacrificial

essels,

nly

tools,

weapons

nd bone and

stone

ornaments ave

been found

on the

floors f the

houses.

The most

numerousreflint

oolswhich

ll

belong

o themicro-

lithic

ndustry

scrapers,

otched

lades,

triangular

and oval

burins,

lades

and

points).

In

contrasto

flint

mplements

the

size

of

which aries

rom

.70

to

2.5

centimeters),

tone

tools are

macrolithic.

n

thefloors f almost ll of thehouses,massive and-

stone

nd schist

lubs were

found

with

dimensions

ranging

from

0.20 to

.455 meter.

The

flat sur-

faces

of

these

heavy

lubs

are

frequently

ecorated

with

engraved

avy, igzag

or

angular

ines,

while

some of

these ools

viewed as

a

whole,

are in

the

form

f a snake

r

fish. ther

requent

inds nclude

marble

rnaments

nd

boulders

with a

deep

groove

along

he

middle.

There

are

also

tools made of

antler

nd tubular

bones.

n

addition o

very

primitive

ools

made

of

split

one

roughly

ut at

one

end,

there

re

normally

finished

wls

of

various

ize

and

shape,

as well

as

extremelyinely

orked

oolsand decorative

eedleswith arved rnaments.

The

settlement

of Stratum

II

does not

exceed

the

boundaries

f the

arlier

ettlement,

ut ts

build-

ings

re

considerably

ess

numerous

nd

more

widely

spaced. They

are

technically

implified,

uilt in

a

cruder

ay

nd

do not

have

hardfloors

nd

carefully

built

nternal

tructures.

ithin

his

horizon,

hirty-

Lepenski

ir

toolmade f

ntler;

length,

.8

cm.

31



8/11

Sculptured

oulder

f andstonerom

he

econd

culturaltratum

II)

at

Lepenski

ir;height,

cm.

Sculptured

oulder

number7)

of

andstoneromouse

number

4 of

Lepenski

ir

I;

height,

1cm.

Lepenski

ir I: two

andstone

orks

oundn

house

umber4.

Number

1

Left),

1

cm.

igh;

umber

8

Right)

0

high,

35

wide 22cm.



9/11

LEPENSKI

VIR

continued

five ouse

oundations

ave

been

learly istinguished,

but

he

bundance f stone locks nd slabs

found n

the

whole

explored

rea

ndicates

hat

t

least

thirty

houses

were

nhabited

t

the

ime f theformationf

StratumI. The buildingstill retain hetrapezoidal

form

nd

are not

nfrequently

f

impressive

imen-

sions.

Wood and stone are

still the

basic

building

materials

large, eavy

tone

locks

re still

used

the

position

nd

form f the hearths emain

he

same.

Yet one

feels

hat

n

spite

f

the

persevering

endency

towards he

monumental,

he earlier

fine

sense

of

proportion

nd

the care n

finishing

oth

thewhole

and

the

details

ave

been ost.

Sandstone

culpture

onstitutes,

n this

hase

oo,

he

most characteristiceature f the household

quip-

ment.

t

is

interesting

hat

n

this

period,

he

sculp-

turedworks

are

made

exclusively

f

boulders

he

dimensionsf which

ange

from

orty

o

sixty

enti-

meters.Although oththe position nd the basic

subjects

f the

sculpture

ontinue

o

be

the

same,

considerable

lterations

re visible

n

stylisticoncep-

tion

nd

technique.

he

surfaces

f the econd

lane

are

considerably

eeper,

o

that he

culpture

akes n

a

more

pronounced

lastic

quality.

The

technique

becomes

onsiderably

reer,

ut

on the

other

and,

he

earlier,

killfully

chieved

armony

etween

henat-

ural

outline

f

the

boulder nd

the

plastic

content

infused

nto

t

has

been

disturbed.

A

totalof fifteen orks f

sculpture

as

discov-

ered

n

Stratum

I.

Seven

of thesehave

figures

nd

the

remaining

ight

are

decorated

with

ornamental

patterns.

he

figuresgainrepresentnly

he

human

head,

butnow

they

have

pronounced

ish-likeea-

tures;

n

somecases

they

ttain

monumental

ropor-

tions.

Two

figures

rom

his

phase

combine

rna-

mentalmotiveswith human

features.

ore

striking

changes,

owever,

re

noticeable

n the

worksmodeled

in

the ornamental

tyle.

n

this

phase,

curvilinear

motives

ield

o rectilinear

rnaments,

ith

prev-

alenceof

chevrons,

igzags

or

broken

ngular

ines

and

plaits.

While

the ools

nd

weapons

f

stone

nd

bone

rethe ame

s

in the

precedinghase,

certain

decline

n

thenumber

f

stone

mplements

s notice-

able,

although

his tratum

ielded

n

exceptionally

finelyngraved

tone

lub

n

the

form

f a

fish.

The finds from the two latest habitation ori-

zons

a

and

b)

which

ormtratumII and overlie he

earlier ettlements

ntirely,

re

of

particularmpor-

tancefor the

understanding

nd

chronology

f the

culture

epresented

n

Strata

and I. The settlements

of

Stratum

II are

associated ith

he

full

flowering

of the

Early

Neolithic

eramic

ulture,

he

Starevo-

Krs-Cris ulture

lready

well-known rom

xcava-

tions n this

region.

n

their

buildings

nd

general

layout,

he

settlementsf Stratum

II differ

harply

from hose

n

Strata

and

II.

While the earlier

et-

tlements

xpanded

long

he

west-eastxis

and

always

remained ithinheU-shaped ecess, orizons II a

and

III b

spread

north

nd

south

eyond

he

bound-

aries of the

U-shaped

recess

nd cover

n

area of

approximately

500

square

meters. he

houses

as-

sociated

with

these

horizons

III

a

and

b),

though

only

partly reserved,

learly

how that

he

old

ar-

chitectural

attern

as

been

completely

bandoned

and

that he

sense

for a

planned

building

nd

com-

fortable

welling

has

been

lost.

The

basic

building

materials no

longer

tone,

ut earth.

ven

wood is

not

usedto

any ignificant

xtent.

he

changes

n

the

type

f

building

re so

pronounced

hat

very

adical

alterationsf

the

general

onditionsf

ife,

nd

pre-

sumably

f

the

climate s

well,

must

be

assumed.

Horizon II a is characterizedypitsofvarious ize,

some of whichwere

certainly

sed

as

underground

dwellings.

n

the later

ettlement

Horizon

III

b)

quadrangular

mud huts

were

built above

ground.

Inside

themon the floor f

stamped lay,

there s

frequently

n

oven

with

U-shaped

ase

of

rubble

nd

an

upper

structure

f

fired

arth.

Stone

sculpture,

microlithicools

and

heavy

stone

clubs

disappear

completely,

ut

the

pottery

hows

surprising

bun-

dance

f forms

nd

echniques

f

decoration.

The

pottery

orms

haracteristicf Stratum

II

include

deep hemispherical

owls,

pherical

essels

with a

curved

or

cylindrical

eck,

shallow conical

dishes

on a

ring

foot;

also a

unique

ceramic

orm:

large

vases with a wide

quadrangular

owl on a

perforated

uadrangular

oot.

The

predominantype

is monochrome

are

and

pottery

with

roughened

uneven xternal

urface

ecorated

ith

ncisions

nd

impressions

f

fingers

r

nails.

Vases with

white

(Horizon

III

a)

and

later

(Horizon

III

b),

dark

painted

rnaments

n a

red

background

epresent

nly

sporadic

inds.

Numerous

urnishedtone

xes,

bone

tools

nd

pendants

f

fired

lay

or of

bone

complete

the

otherwise

ery

ich

equipment

rom hese

atest

habitation

orizons.

The special

significance

of

Lepenski

Vir lies in

the

fact that

below the horizons

with

the

material

ofthe

previously

nown tracevo-Krs-Cris

ulture,

strata avebeen foundwith

monuments

f

a

prehis-

toric ulture

hich

has

been

up

to

now unknownn

the

Danubian

region

nd

in

the

broader

uro-Asian

territory.

he

archaeological

aterial rom

Horizons

III

a

and III b is

definitely

ssociated

ith

he

finds

characteristicf

the

earliest

hase

of the

Starevo

Culture,

which an

be

dated

afely

n

the first

alf

33



10/11

Lepenski

ir: Settlement

,

view rom

he orthwest

owardhe

anube.

34



11/11

Lepenskiir

toolmade f

bone;

length,

cm.

Sacrificialessel f

clay

ound

n

the

loor f

hut

from

ayer

II

b

(Lepenski

ir II

b);

height,

4

cm.

nd

width,

0 cm.

ofthe ifth illennium

.c.

This

means hat he ulture

represented

n

Strata

and

II

precedes

he

formation

of the

Starevo

roup

nd

that t must

e defined

n

terms f a

Protoneolithiculture hosecommunities

did not

yet

have

any knowledge

f

agriculture

nd

stock-breeding.y

means f

formal

nalogies,

oo,

he

finds rom

trata and I

can

be

associated

nly

with

theforms ound n Protoneolithicnd the earliest

Neolithic

ulture

f Asia

Minor,

r

with

ome

forms

of

Mesolithicultures

n

Europe.

he earliest

tratum

I

settlement,

ith ts

planned

house

forms,

tone

sculpture

nd

plastered

loors

ecalls

he

architecture

of Protoneolithic

nd

earliest

eolithic ites

f

Pales-

tine,

yria,

natolia,

ran

nd

raq,

uch

s

the

ettle-

ments n

Wadi

Felah,

Jericho,

ailar,

Ras

Shamra,

LEPENSKI VIR

continued

Tel

Ramad,

Kalat

Jarmo

nd

Tepes

Sarab.

In

the

same

period

there

ppear

sculptured

ebbles

n

the

Near

East,

e.g.

in

Eynan,

Ain

Shakri,

har

Hagolan

and

Gesher. hese

analogies

re

probably

f

interest

merelys cultural,otchronological,arallels. hey

cannot

e

made

use

of

in

an

attempt

o

explain

he

origin

f the

culture

iscovered

n

Strata

and

II at

Lepenski

ir,

or to

establishts

absolute

hronology.

At

this

tage

t s

possible nly

o state

he

following

that he

culture

iscovered

n

Strata and II

origi-

nated

n

the

hilly

andscape

f

the

ron

Gate

region

that

ts

enters

ere

robably

ocated

n

the

proximity

of the

great

Danubian

whirlpools

whichare

espe-

cially

onvenientor

primitive

ishing

nd

which,

o-

gether

with

the

wooded

hinterland

bounding

n

game

and

wild

fowl,

provided

wo

practically

nex-

haustible

ources f

food,

permitting

he

earliest et-

tlers o

live

n

one

ocation or

ong

periods

f

time

in spiteof their rimitiveconomy;hat t waspre-

ceded

by

the

great

ut

remote

raditionf

the

Upper

Palaeolithic

anubian

ultures

nd

that t

developed

at

the

critical

tage

when

human

ommunitiesn

this

part

of

Europe

were

bandoning

he

economy

ased

on

hunting

nd

gathering

nd

beginning

o

produce

food first

hrough

he

domesticationf

animals

nd

then

y

he

ultivation

f the

oil.

The

culturendart

of

Strata and II were

based

on a

hunting-fishing

economy

nd

developed

n

the

tmosphere

f

a

kind

of

autocratic

ocial

order.

The

culture

epresented

in

Horizons II

a

and III

b,

in

contrast,

as

evolved

by

farmers

nd

stock-breeders,

n

a

community

ith

a

democratic

organization.

These momentous

changesneconomyndsocial elations ere ufficient

in

themselveso

alter

basically

he

old

culture,

o

that t

s

not

necessary

o

presuppose

n

influx

f new

settlers

r

the

presence

f some

direct xternal

n-

fluences. he

progress

made

in

the

economic nd

social

spheres

esultedn

perceptible

tagnation

f

some

forms f

culture,

rimarily

n the

field

f art

and n

religious

oncepts.

ecause f all

this,

t

would

seem

hat

he culture

iscovered

n

Strata

and

II

at

Lepenski

Vir

bridges

he

gap

hitherto

xisting

e-

tween

the

Mesolithic

nd

Early

Neolithic ultural

groups

f

the

Danubian

egion.

Theauthor asborn nKragujevac,ugoslavian1931.

He was

educated t the

University

f

Belgrade

where

he

receivedisdoctorate.e

is

now

Present

ocent n

Prehistoric

rchaeology,

hilosophical

aculty

f

the

University

f

Belgrade.

ince

1955,

Dr.

Srejovi

as

been he

principal

nvestigator

t

excavationsf

a

num-

ber f

prehistoric

nd

Classical ites:

Doclea,

Municip-

ium

S

(Komini),

Domavia

(Sase),

Donja Brnjica,

Korbovo,

juljaci,

mong

thers.

is

most

ecent ork

is

at

Lepenski

ir.

35

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Proto-neolithic settlement in Djerdap

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