Protists The World of Protists: Animal-like Protists Plant-like Protists Fungus-like Protists .
Protists By: Lauren Kelly, Katie Chicojay, Jessie Sandberg, and Kirsten Gronlund.
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Transcript of Protists By: Lauren Kelly, Katie Chicojay, Jessie Sandberg, and Kirsten Gronlund.
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ProtistsBy: Lauren Kelly, Katie
Chicojay, Jessie Sandberg, and Kirsten Gronlund
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Eukaryotes • evolved between 2 to 2.25 billion years ago• chromosomes located in membrane-enclosed nucleus• organelles
o membrane-boundo specialized form and function
• generally larger than prokaryotic cells
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Protista Kingdom• eukaryotic • most diverse kingdom- all organisms that are not plants,
animals, or fungi • paraphyletic- not grouped by evolutionary relatedness• most are aquatic
o may live anywhere damp
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Biology of Protists • structure
o most unicellularo some colonial o some multicellular
• Nutritionally diverseo photoautotrophs o heterotrophso mixotrophs
• reproductiono sexually
(meiosis & syngamy)o asexually
• cyst formationo forms when a protist is in
harsh environmento dormant form of cell with
resistant outer covering• locomotion
o whip-like flagellao blob-like appendageso cilia
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• Endosymbiosis - Process in which a unicellular organism engulfs another cello Engulfed cell becomes an endosymbiont and ultimately
an organelle in host • Secondary Endosymbiosis - Process in which the product
of primary endosymbiosis is itself engulfed and retained by another eukaryotic cello Engulfed cell becomes an endosymbiont
Theory of Endosymbiosis
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Evidence of Endosymbiosis
1. All eukaryotes have mitochondria or had them in the past2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA but lack nucleus3. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own ribosomes4. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are able to self replicate by binary fission5. Mitochondria and chloroplasts move freely within the cell
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Primary and Secondary Endosymbiosis
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Lineages of Prostists
• Flagellated Protozoans• Alveolates• Stramenopiles• Red Algae• Green Algae• Amoebozoans
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Flagellated Protozoans• Single-celled organisms
o lack a cell wallo one or more flagellao pellicle layer of protein under
plasma membrane (shape)• Reproduce asexually - binary fission• Different types of flagellated
protozoans:o Diplomonadso Parabasalidso Kinetoplastidso Euglenoidso Radiolarianso Foraminiferans
Giardia lamblia
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Alveolates• Characterized by membrane bound sacs (aveoli) under the
plasma membrane.o The function of the aveoli are unknown. Some
hypothesis they help to stabilize the cell's surface or regulate the cell's water and ion content
• Includes flagellates (dinoflagellates), parasites (apicomplexans) and cilla motive protists (ciliates).
Plasmodium vivax
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Stramenopiles
• Stramenopiles containso several groups of heterotrophs o some groups of algae
• shared characteristic: flagellum- hairlike projections that help with motion and feeling
• most have both a hairy and smooth flagellumo always paired togethero 2 flagella=motile reproductive cells
Synura petersenii
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Red Algae• red color derived from accessory pigment phycobili
o allows absorption of blue and green light, which penetrate farther into water
• most abundant type of large algae in tropical oceans• also found in freshwater and on land• mostly multicellular• diverse life cycles
o often alternation of generationso no flagellated life stage
Bonnemaisonia hamifera
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Green Algae• aquatic autotrophs• chloroplasts similar to those of plants• contains two groups:
o chlorophytes most live in freshwater, some in marine environments simplest chlorophytes are biflagellated, unicellular more complex/larger chlorophytes evolve through:
formation of colonies repeated nucleic division without cytokinesis formation of true multicellular forms- cell division and
differentiation complex life cycles
sexual and asexual reproductive stages most reproduce sexually
o charophyceans most closely related to land plants
Chlamydomonas nivalis
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Amoebozoans• characterized by lobe-shaped pseudopodia• 3 types:
o Gymnamoebas heterotrophs
o Entamoebas parasites
o Slime Molds produce fruiting bodies for spore dispersal
Plasmodial Slime Molds plasmodium life stage unicellular, many diploid nuclei Cellular Slime Molds generally, cells function individually lack of food- cells group, function as unit
Physarum polycephalum
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Works Cited http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb2pg1_files/Physarum_polycephalum.jpg http://www.am.dodea.edu/NY_VA/dahlgren/work/Lang_arts_MsW/Protist/media/protist.png http://www.ebi.ac.uk/microarray/biology_intro_files/cell.jpe http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/parameciums.jpg http://kdhellner.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/.pond/protist.jpg.w300h223.jpg http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/ciliophora/Carchesium/sp_3b.jpg http://endosymbiotichypothesis.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/endosymbiosis_c_la_784.jpg Campbell/Reece 7th Edition Biology
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=when-did-eukaryotic-cells