PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your...

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Transcript of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your...

Page 1: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

PROTEIN SYNTHESISPROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Page 2: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

What is Protein Synthesis?

• How your cell makes very important How your cell makes very important proteinsproteins

Page 3: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

Why are Proteins Important?

• Well, for starters, you are made of proteins.• 50% of the dry weight of a cell is protein of

one form or another. • Meanwhile, proteins also do all of the heavy

lifting in your body: – digestion, circulation, immunity, communication

between cells, motion-all are made possible by one or more of the estimated 100,000 different proteins that your body makes.

Page 4: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

• The production (synthesis) of proteinsproteins.

• 3 phases3 phases:

1.1. TranscriptionTranscription

2.2. RNA processingRNA processing

3.3. TranslationTranslation

• DNA DNA RNA RNA ProteinProtein

Page 5: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

DNA DNA RNA RNA ProteinProtein

Nuclearmembrane

TranscriptionTranscription

RNA ProcessingRNA Processing

TranslationTranslation

DNA

Pre-mRNA

mRNA

Ribosome

Protein

Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell

Page 6: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

Before making proteins, Your Before making proteins, Your cell must first make RNAcell must first make RNA

• Question:Question:

• How does RNARNA (ribonucleic acid) (ribonucleic acid) differ from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?

Page 7: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

RNARNA differs from DNADNA

1. RNARNA has a sugar ribosesugar ribose

DNADNA has a sugar deoxyribosesugar deoxyribose

2. RNARNA contains uracil (U)uracil (U)

DNADNA has thymine (T)thymine (T)

3. RNARNA molecule is single-strandedsingle-stranded

DNADNA is double-strandeddouble-stranded

Page 8: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.
Page 9: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

1. Transcription1. Transcription

• Then moves along one of the DNA strandsDNA strands and links RNARNA nucleotides together.

Nuclearmembrane

TranscriptionTranscription

RNA ProcessingRNA Processing

TranslationTranslation

DNA

Pre-mRNA

mRNA

Ribosome

Protein

Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell

Page 10: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

1. Transcription 1. Transcription (mRNA production) (mRNA production)

• RNA molecules are produced by copying part of DNA into a complementary sequence of mRNA

• This process is started and controlled by an enzyme called RNA polymerase.

A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNAmRNA

startcodon

Page 11: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

1. Transcription1. Transcription

DNADNA

pre-mRNApre-mRNA

RNA PolymeraseRNA Polymerase

Page 12: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

Question:Question:

• What would be the complementary RNARNA strand for the following DNADNA sequence?

• DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’

Page 13: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

Types of RNATypes of RNA

• Three types ofThree types of RNARNA:

A.A. messenger RNA (mRNA)messenger RNA (mRNA)

B.B. transfer RNA (tRNA)transfer RNA (tRNA)

C.C. ribosome RNA (rRNA)ribosome RNA (rRNA)

• Remember: all produced in theRemember: all produced in the nucleusnucleus!!

Page 14: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

mRNA

• Carries instructions from DNA to the rest of the ribosome.

• Tells the ribosome what kind of protein to make

• Acts like an email from the principal to the cafeteria lady.

A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNAmRNA

startcodon

Page 15: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)

methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stopcodon

proteinprotein

A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNAmRNA

startcodon

Primary structure of a proteinPrimary structure of a protein

aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

peptide bonds

codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7codon 1

Page 16: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

If the cell is La Serna…If the cell is La Serna…

• The Nucleus is the school officeThe Nucleus is the school office

• The DNA is the principalThe DNA is the principal

• Ribosomes are the cafeteria ladiesRibosomes are the cafeteria ladies

• mRNA is the email from the mRNA is the email from the principal to the cafeteria ladyprincipal to the cafeteria lady

Page 17: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

rRNA• Part of the structure of a ribosome

• Helps in protein production

tRNA

A go-getter. Gets the right parts to make the right protein according to mRNA instructions

Page 18: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

amino acidamino acidattachment siteattachment site

U A C

anticodonanticodon

methionine amino acidamino acid

Page 19: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

2. RNA Processing2. RNA Processing

Nuclearmembrane

TranscriptionTranscription

RNA ProcessingRNA Processing

TranslationTranslation

DNA

Pre-mRNA

mRNA

Ribosome

Protein

Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell

Page 20: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

2. RNA Processing2. RNA Processing

• IntronsIntrons are pulled out and exonsexons come together.

• End product is a mature RNA mature RNA moleculemolecule that leaves the nucleusnucleus to the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.

• Introns bad…… Exons good!Introns bad…… Exons good!

Page 21: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

2. RNA Processing2. RNA Processing

pre-RNA molecule

intron

intronexon exon exon

exon exon exon

Mature RNA moleculeMature RNA molecule

exon exon exon

intron intron

splicesome splicesome

Page 22: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

RibosomesRibosomes

PSite

ASite

Largesubunit

Small subunit

mRNAmRNA

A U G C U A C U U C G

Page 23: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

3. Translation - making 3. Translation - making proteinsproteins

Nuclearmembrane

TranscriptionTranscription

RNA ProcessingRNA Processing

TranslationTranslation

DNA

Pre-mRNA

mRNA

Ribosome

Protein

Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell

Page 24: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

3. Translation3. Translation

• Three parts:

1. initiationinitiation: start codon (AUG)

2. elongationelongation:

3. terminationtermination: stop codon (UAG)

• Let’s make a PROTEIN!!!!PROTEIN!!!!.

Page 25: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

3. Translation3. Translation

PSite

ASite

Largesubunit

Small subunit

mRNAmRNA

A U G C U A C U U C G

Page 26: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

InitiationInitiation

mRNAmRNA

A U G C U A C U U C G

2-tRNA

G

aa2

A U

A

1-tRNA

U A C

aa1

anticodon

hydrogenbonds codon

Page 27: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

mRNAmRNA

A U G C U A C U U C G

1-tRNA 2-tRNA

U A C G

aa1 aa2

A UA

anticodon

hydrogenbonds codon

peptide bond

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

ElongationElongation

Page 28: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

mRNAmRNA

A U G C U A C U U C G

1-tRNA

2-tRNA

U A C

G

aa1

aa2

A UA

peptide bond

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

Ribosomes move over one codon

(leaves)

Page 29: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

mRNAmRNA

A U G C U A C U U C G

2-tRNA

G

aa1

aa2

A UA

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

Page 30: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

mRNAmRNA

A U G C U A C U U C G

2-tRNA

G

aa1aa2

A U

A

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

(leaves)

Ribosomes move over one codon

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mRNAmRNA

G C U A C U U C G

aa1aa2

A

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

U G A

5-tRNA

aa5

Page 32: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

mRNAmRNA

G C U A C U U C G

aa1aa2

A

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

U G A

5-tRNA

aa5

Ribosomes move over one codon

Page 33: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

mRNAmRNA

A C A U G U

aa1

aa2

U

primaryprimarystructurestructureof a proteinof a protein

aa3

200-tRNA

aa4

U A G

aa5

C U

aa200

aa199

terminatorterminator or stopor stop codoncodon

TerminationTermination

Page 34: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

End ProductEnd Product• The end products of protein synthesis is

a primary structure of a proteinprimary structure of a protein.

• A sequence of amino acid amino acid bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds.

aa1

aa2 aa3 aa4aa5

aa200

aa199

Page 35: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

Question:Question:

• The anticodon The anticodon UACUAC belongs to a belongs to a tRNAtRNA that that recognizes and binds to a particular recognizes and binds to a particular amino amino acidacid..

• What would be the What would be the DNA base code DNA base code for this for this amino acid?amino acid?

Page 36: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. What is Protein Synthesis? How your cell makes very important proteinsHow your cell makes very important proteins.

Answer:Answer:

• tRNA tRNA - UAC (anticodon)- UAC (anticodon)

• mRNAmRNA - AUG (codon)- AUG (codon)

• DNA DNA - TAC- TAC


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