CST ReviewCST Review

Protein Synthesis and PhysiologyProtein Synthesis and Physiology

Part I. Protein SynthesisPart I. Protein Synthesis

DNA BasicsDNA Basics

Double helix=twisted ladderDouble helix=twisted ladderChromosomes=chains of DNA and Chromosomes=chains of DNA and

proteins.proteins.Contains your genetic info (instructions to Contains your genetic info (instructions to

make proteins)make proteins)Sequences of DNA=GenesSequences of DNA=GenesGenes=codes for proteins=instructions for Genes=codes for proteins=instructions for

traits traits

Protein Synthesis -Standards:Protein Synthesis -Standards:

BI4. a. Students know the general pathway by BI4. a. Students know the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA.tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA.

BI5. a. Students know the general structures and BI5. a. Students know the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and protein.functions of DNA, RNA, and protein.

BI5. b. Students know how to apply base-pairing BI5. b. Students know how to apply base-pairing rules to explain precise copying of DNA during rules to explain precise copying of DNA during semiconservative replication and transcription of semiconservative replication and transcription of information from DNA into mRNA. information from DNA into mRNA.

Protein Synthesis –Standards Protein Synthesis –Standards Explanation:Explanation:

BI4. a. Students know the general pathway by which ribosomes BI4. a. Students know the general pathway by which ribosomes synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to translate genetic information in synthesize proteins, using tRNAs to translate genetic information in mRNA.mRNA.

4.a.-ribosomes make proteins by reading a mRNA message,which has 4.a.-ribosomes make proteins by reading a mRNA message,which has a code for a specific protein.a code for a specific protein.

BI5. a. Students know the general structures and functions of DNA, BI5. a. Students know the general structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and protein.RNA, and protein.

5.a.-DNA-double helix-contain genetic info, RNA-single-stranded, copy 5.a.-DNA-double helix-contain genetic info, RNA-single-stranded, copy of a section of DNA, protein-make up many parts of the bodyof a section of DNA, protein-make up many parts of the body

BI5. b. Students know how to apply base-pairing rules to explain BI5. b. Students know how to apply base-pairing rules to explain precise copying of DNA during semiconservative replication and precise copying of DNA during semiconservative replication and transcription of information from DNA into mRNA. transcription of information from DNA into mRNA.

5.b.-DNA-(A-T, C-G), RNA-(A-U, C-G, (T)-A)5.b.-DNA-(A-T, C-G), RNA-(A-U, C-G, (T)-A)

Objectives:Objectives:SWBATSWBATexplain the genetic factors that influence the way explain the genetic factors that influence the way

we look.we look.recognize that DNA contains the genetic recognize that DNA contains the genetic

information that determines the way we look. information that determines the way we look. explain the structure and function of DNA.explain the structure and function of DNA.predict the physical characteristics of an organism predict the physical characteristics of an organism

based on its genetic make up.based on its genetic make up.understand the general pathway by which understand the general pathway by which

ribosomes make proteins ribosomes make proteins

Review-How does your DNA Review-How does your DNA determine what you look like?determine what you look like?

Your traits are Your traits are inheritedinherited from your parents. from your parents. This means DNA is passed on from This means DNA is passed on from generation to generation in the form of generation to generation in the form of chromosomes. The codes of the DNA chromosomes. The codes of the DNA called genes have the instructions for your called genes have the instructions for your traits. You inherit one copy of each gene traits. You inherit one copy of each gene from each parent giving you a certain from each parent giving you a certain genetic make-up that determines your genetic make-up that determines your physical make-up. physical make-up.

How does your DNA determine How does your DNA determine what you look like at the molecular what you look like at the molecular

level?level?Your Your traitstraits are determined by your DNA are determined by your DNA

because your DNA has codes/instructions because your DNA has codes/instructions for your traits called for your traits called genesgenes. Genes contain . Genes contain the codes for the codes for proteinsproteins, which make-up , which make-up many structures such as your fingernails, many structures such as your fingernails, hemoglobin, muscles, and the color of hemoglobin, muscles, and the color of your eyes. The process of converting the your eyes. The process of converting the instructions for your traits from your genes instructions for your traits from your genes into protein molecules is called into protein molecules is called protein protein synthesissynthesis. .

Key Concepts for Protein SynthesisKey Concepts for Protein Synthesis

Replication-DNA replication copies the Replication-DNA replication copies the genetic info of a cell.genetic info of a cell.

Transcription-converts a gene into a Transcription-converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule.single-stranded RNA molecule.

Translation-converts an mRNA message Translation-converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein.into a polypeptide, or protein.

What is the central dogma?What is the central dogma?

The central dogma describes the flow of The central dogma describes the flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins.information from DNA to RNA to proteins.

Part II. Anatomy and PhysiologyPart II. Anatomy and Physiology

Big Idea Physiology :The internal environment of Big Idea Physiology :The internal environment of the human body is stable because of multiple the human body is stable because of multiple

organ systems working together.organ systems working together.

The human body is made of different The human body is made of different levels of organization starting with cells levels of organization starting with cells and building up all the way to organ and building up all the way to organ systems. Organ systems work together systems. Organ systems work together through mechanisms like negative through mechanisms like negative feedback loops to maintain feedback loops to maintain homeostasis in the human body.homeostasis in the human body.

Anatomy and Physiology Power Anatomy and Physiology Power StandardsStandards

BI9. a. BI9. a. Students know Students know how the complementary activity of how the complementary activity of major body systems provides cells with oxygen and major body systems provides cells with oxygen and nutrients and removes toxic waste products such as nutrients and removes toxic waste products such as carbon dioxide. carbon dioxide.

BI9. b. BI9. b. Students know Students know how the nervous system mediates how the nervous system mediates communication between different parts of the body and communication between different parts of the body and the body’s interactions with the environment. the body’s interactions with the environment.

BI9. c. BI9. c. Students know Students know how feedback loops in the how feedback loops in the nervous and endocrine systems regulate conditions in nervous and endocrine systems regulate conditions in the body. the body.

BI9. d. BI9. d. Students know Students know the functions of the nervous the functions of the nervous system and the role of neurons in transmitting system and the role of neurons in transmitting electrochemical impulses. electrochemical impulses.

Anatomy and Physiology Power Anatomy and Physiology Power Standards ExplanationStandards Explanation

BI9. a.-BI9. a.-Organ systems work together to maintain Organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis by providing cells with oxygen and nutrients homeostasis by providing cells with oxygen and nutrients ,and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide. ,and removes waste products such as carbon dioxide.

BI9. b.-BI9. b.-The nervous system is the communication The nervous system is the communication network different parts of the body. The nervous system network different parts of the body. The nervous system processes the body’s interaction with the environment.processes the body’s interaction with the environment.

BI9. c. –BI9. c. –Feedback loops (nervous system and endocrine Feedback loops (nervous system and endocrine system) maintain stable conditions in the body (temp.) system) maintain stable conditions in the body (temp.)

BI9. d.-BI9. d.-The function of the nervous system is to The function of the nervous system is to communicate and control the functions of the body. communicate and control the functions of the body. Neurons (nerve cells) send messages to and from the Neurons (nerve cells) send messages to and from the nervous system. nervous system.

Objectives:Objectives:

Understand the function of the nervous Understand the function of the nervous system.system.

Explain how the nervous system maintains Explain how the nervous system maintains homeostasis.homeostasis.

Explain how the nervous sends messages Explain how the nervous sends messages and communicates with different parts of and communicates with different parts of the body. the body.

The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System

Nervous System BasicsNervous System Basics

Controls and coordinates functions Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli.internal and external stimuli.

This communication helps maintain This communication helps maintain homeostasis.homeostasis.

Structures-brain, spinal cord, peripheral Structures-brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervesnerves

Negative Feedback Loop-Ex.Negative Feedback Loop-Ex.

NeurotransmissionNeurotransmission

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4Nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90cj4NX87YkX87Yk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3F5dfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3F5dfmQ3hk&feature=relatedmQ3hk&feature=related

Central and Peripheral Nervous Central and Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem

CNS-includes brain and spinal cord, CNS-includes brain and spinal cord, interprets messages from other nerves in interprets messages from other nerves in the body and stores some messages for the body and stores some messages for later.later.

PNS-network of nerves that transmits PNS-network of nerves that transmits messages to the CNS and from the CNS messages to the CNS and from the CNS to other organs in the body. (sensory and to other organs in the body. (sensory and motor system)motor system)

Central and Peripheral Nervous Central and Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem

CNSCNS Made of interneuronsMade of interneurons Receives, interpets, Receives, interpets,

and sends signals to and sends signals to the PNS.the PNS.

PNSPNS Connects CNS to all Connects CNS to all

of your organ systemsof your organ systems Uses sensory Uses sensory

neurons to detect neurons to detect stimulistimuli

Uses motor neurons Uses motor neurons to carry signals from to carry signals from CNS to other parts of CNS to other parts of the bodythe body

The BrainThe Brain

What are neurons?What are neurons?

Neurons=nerve cellsNeurons=nerve cellsNeurons-stores info and carries messages Neurons-stores info and carries messages

within the NS and between other body within the NS and between other body systems.systems.

3 types-sensory, interneurons, and motor.3 types-sensory, interneurons, and motor.http://www.infovisual.info/03/video/Nerve%http://www.infovisual.info/03/video/Nerve%

20impulse.html20impulse.html

NeuronNeuron

How are signals transmitted in the How are signals transmitted in the nervous system?nervous system?

Signals are sent through and between Signals are sent through and between neurons.neurons.

Signal transmission within a neuron is Signal transmission within a neuron is electrical. electrical.

Signal transmission between neurons is Signal transmission between neurons is chemical.chemical.

Anatomy and Physiology Standards Anatomy and Physiology Standards II.II.

BI10. a. BI10. a. Students know Students know the role of the skin in providing the role of the skin in providing nonspecific defenses against infection. nonspecific defenses against infection.

BI10. b. BI10. b. Students know Students know the role of antibodies in the body’s the role of antibodies in the body’s response to infection. response to infection.

BI10. c. BI10. c. Students know Students know how vaccination protects an how vaccination protects an individual from infectious diseases. individual from infectious diseases.

BI10. d. BI10. d. Students know Students know there are important differences there are important differences between bacteria and viruses with respect to their between bacteria and viruses with respect to their requirements for growth and replication, the body’s primary requirements for growth and replication, the body’s primary defenses against bacterial and viral infections, and defenses against bacterial and viral infections, and effective treatments of these infections. effective treatments of these infections.

BI10. e. BI10. e. Students know Students know why an individual with a why an individual with a compromised immune system (for example, a person with compromised immune system (for example, a person with AIDS) may be unable to fight off and survive infections by AIDS) may be unable to fight off and survive infections by microorganisms that are usually benign. microorganisms that are usually benign.

Anatomy and Physiology Standards Anatomy and Physiology Standards II ExplanationII Explanation

BI10. a. BI10. a. Students know Students know the role of the skin in providing nonspecific the role of the skin in providing nonspecific defenses against infection. defenses against infection.

10.a.Skin protects you from infections by keeping pathogens out of 10.a.Skin protects you from infections by keeping pathogens out of your bodyyour body

BI10. b. BI10. b. Students know Students know the role of antibodies in the body’s the role of antibodies in the body’s response to infection.response to infection.

10.b.Antibodies are proteins that identify pathogens and clump them 10.b.Antibodies are proteins that identify pathogens and clump them together for phagocytes to eat. together for phagocytes to eat.

BI10. c. BI10. c. Students know Students know how vaccination protects an individual how vaccination protects an individual from infectious diseases.from infectious diseases.

10.c. Vaccines are “dead” or “weakened” pathogens that are injected 10.c. Vaccines are “dead” or “weakened” pathogens that are injected into the human body to trigger an immune response,so that the into the human body to trigger an immune response,so that the body knows how to fight the pathogen in the future.body knows how to fight the pathogen in the future.

BI10. e. BI10. e. Students know Students know why an individual with a compromised why an individual with a compromised immune system (for example, a person with AIDS) may be unable immune system (for example, a person with AIDS) may be unable to fight off and survive infections by microorganisms that are to fight off and survive infections by microorganisms that are usually benign. usually benign.

10.e. Weakened immune system=lessened ability to respond to 10.e. Weakened immune system=lessened ability to respond to common infectionscommon infections

Self-Assessment of UnderstandingSelf-Assessment of Understanding

For the standards you do not understand, For the standards you do not understand, research the terms and write an research the terms and write an explanation of two standards in your own explanation of two standards in your own words.words.