Prospects of Waste Sector NAMA Using IRRC Approach 3 - 3. Waste... · Recycling rates can reduce by...

web: www.wasteconcern.org

Prospects of Waste Sector NAMA Using IRRC Approach

Iftekhar Enayetullah, Co-Founder & Director

Waste Concern

Regional Workshop on NAMA in Asia and the Pacific

18-19 March, 2014 Bangkok Thailand

Presentation Outline

1. Overview of Waste Sector

2. Current Practice of Waste Management in the Region

3. What is IRRC Approach

4. Benefits of IRRC Approach and Its Link with Sustainable Development

5. Examples of Operational IRRC

6. Issues for Scaling-up of IRRC Approach Through NAMA

www.wasteconcern.org

Waste Generation Worldwide and in Developing Countries

It is estimated that 5.2 million tons of solid waste are generated daily worldwide, of which 3.8 million tons are from developing countries.

5.2 million tons/ day Worldwide

3.8 million tons/ day Developing countries.


Composition of Raw Waste (by wet weight)

Low Income Country

Middle Income Country

High Income Country

Vegetable/Putrescible % 40 to 85 20 to 65 7 to 55

Paper and Carton % 1 to 10 15 to 40 15 to 50

Plastic % 1 to 11 2 to 13 2 to 20

Metal % 1 to 5 1 to 5 3 to 13

Glass% 1 to 10 1 to 10 4 to 10

Rubber, Misc.% 1 to 3 1 to 5 2 to 12

Fines % (sand, ash, broken, glass) 15 to 50 15 to 40 5 to 20

Other Characteristics Moisture % 40 to 80 40 to 60 20 to 35

Density in Trucks, Kg/C.M 250 to 500 170 to 330 120 to 200

Lower Heating Value, K Cal/Kg 800 to 1100 1000 to 1500 1500 to 2700

Global Perspective on Urban Solid Waste Characteristics


Source: World Bank ( 2012) “ What a waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management”

LOW INCOME COUNTRY

MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY

HIGH INCOME COUNTRY

MIXED URBAN WASTE – LARGE CITY (kg/capita/day)

0.50 to 0.75 0.55 to 1.1 0.75 to 2.2

MIXED URBAN WASTE – MEDIUM CITY (kg/capita/day)

0.35 to 0.65 0.45 to 0.75 0.65 to 1.5

RESIDENTIAL WASTE ONLY (Kg/capita/day)

0.25 to 0.45 0.35 to 0.65 0.55 to 1.0

Notes: 1. Country categorization by income is based on 1992 GNP data from the 1994 World Development Report published by the World Bank. 2. Waste data based on a wet, "as received", condition (i.e., not oven dried). 2. For purposes of this table, a medium city has 100,000 to 500,000 residents, and a large city has above 500,000 residents. 3. Urban waste includes residential, commercial, industrial and institutional waste, as well as street sweepings and yard waste. Construction/demolition debris is not included. 4. Recycling rates can reduce by as much as 50% the amount of waste requiring disposal. In the USA in 1995, recycling recovered 27% of all wastes generated, 5. with paper recycling reaching 41% and yard waste composting reaching 38%.

Waste Generation based on Income and Size of Country



Global Perspective: Solid Waste Management Costs Versus Income

LOW INCOME COUNTRY

MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY

HIGH INCOME COUNTRY

Average WASTE GENERATION 0.2 t/capita/y 0.3 t/capita/y 0.6 t/capita/y

Average INCOME FROM GNP 370 $/capita/y 2,400 $/ capita/y 22,000 $/ capita/y

Collection Cost 10-30 $/t. 30-70 $/m. 70-120 $/t.

Transfer Cost 3-8 $/t. 5-15 $/t. 15-20 $/t.

Sanitary Landfill Cost 3-10 $/t. 8-15 $/t. 15-50 $/t.

TOTAL COST WITHOUT TRANSFER

13-40 $/m.t. 38-85 $/t. 90-170 $/t.

TOTAL COST WITH TRANSFER 16-48 $/t. 43-100 $/t. 105-190 $/t.

Total Cost per Capita 3-10 $/capita/y 12-30 $/capita/y 60-114 $/capita/y

COST AS % OF INCOME 0.7-2.6% 0.5-1.3% 0.2-0.5%



Solid Disposal Costs by Different Countries

Country Income Group 2010 Cost 2025 Cost

Low Income Countries $1.5 billion $7.7 billion

Lower Middle Income Countries $20.1 billion $84.1 billion

Upper Middle Income Countries $24.5 billion $63.5 billion

High Income Countries $159.3 billion $220.2 billion

Total Global Cost (US$) $205.4 billion $375 billion



Waste Bins Demountable Containers

PROBLEMS Water Pollution Spread of Disease Vectors Green House Gas Emission Odor Pollution More Land Required for Landfill

Mixed Waste

Transfer Stations

Present Situation in Developing Countries

Source of Waste

Landfill


LEACHATE Polluting Ground & Surface Water

VERMINS Spreading more than

40 Diseases

METHANE GAS Bad Odor & Green House gas

Current approach: waste management not resource recovery…

PROBLEMS FROM PRESENT PRACTICE


Residents told to leave areas around burning Samut Prakan dump after toxic fumes detected PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS ordered the evacuation of residents from about 1,500 homes in Samut Prakan after a fire at a local garbage dump yesterday was declared a disaster area, and toxic fumes spread to many parts of the province and nearby areas in Bangkok.

Samut Prakan, Thailand Dumpsite on Fire on Monday March 17, 2014

Samut Prakan, Thailand Dumpsite on Fire on Monday March 17, 2014

Strategy for Improvement (3R)

Composting/ Recycling

Avoid

Minimise

Dispose (controlled)

Dump

The Waste Management Hierarchy

Treat and Process

Dump

The Waste Management Hierarchy (Present Situation)

Dispose (controlled)

Treat and Process

Composting/ Recycling

Minimise

Avoid


80% Compost

6-10% Recyclables

10-14% Non-compostable

GHG Reduced

Agriculture

CER

Local market

Landfilled

IRRC

100% Collected with user fee

House-to-house waste collection method 86% RECYCLED

Waste

Energy for IRRC

Biogas/RDF Bio diesel

What is IRRC?

IRRC is a facility where significant portion (80-90%) of waste can be composted/recycled and processed in a cost effective way near the source of generation in a decentralized manner. IRRC is based on 3 R Principle.

What is Integrated Resource Recovery Center (IRRC)?

Process waste in a cost effective way

Promotes Source Separation of waste

Produces Good Quality Compost

Promotes upstream resource management from waste

Takes Care of Organic & Inorganic waste

Takes Care of Meat & Fish and Used Cooking Oil

Capacity of IRRC varies from 2 to 20 tons/day

Manage Waste in a Decentralized Manner

Use Low Cost Appropriate Technology

Promotes Door to Door Collection of Waste

Integrated Resource Recovery Centres (IRRCs)

Based on 3R principles Recovers 80 percent of waste as resources Promote separation at source (organic/inorganic) Profit making Decentralized, close to generated waste Capacity can range from 2-20 tons/day (manual) Uses appropriate technologies Employs waste pickers and other urban poor

Source of Waste

Screening

Sorting

Composting

Maturing Compost

Compost

Bagging

Organic Waste Used Cooking Oil Recyclables Organic Waste Fish & Meat Waste

Grinding

Biogas Digester

Mixing

Biogas

Slurry

Electricity

Compost

Sorted Recyclables

Shredded, compacted and baled

Plastic

Metal

Glass

Paper

Processing Unit

Biofuel

Glycerine

Waste with high Calorific Value

Refused Derived

Fuel (RDF)

Faecal Sludge

Drying

Co-composting

with municipal organic waste

Compost

Shredded

Sorting

Extruded


Organic Waste

Organic Waste

Organic Waste

Used Cooking Oil

Organic Waste (non-

compostables)

Landfill Methane (CH4) Emission

Composting (Aerobic Process)

Biogas Plant (Anaerobic Digestion)

Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)

Organic Waste

Co-composting (Aerobic Process)

Bio diesel Plant

Human Excreta

Compost (Diverted organic waste from landfill and replacing use of

chemical fertilizer )

Biogas to Electricity (replacing fossil fuel based

electricity)

Fuel in Pellet form (replacing diesel or coal used

in boilers or brick kilns)

Compost (Diverted organic waste

from landfill and replacing use of chemical fertilizer)

Bio diesel (replacing diesel

as fossil fuel)

Baseline situation (organic waste dumped in landfill sites becomes anaerobic and generates methane)

IRRC model converts waste into resource and reducing green house gas methane (CH4)

Input Technology Produce No Methane Emission

Generates Carbon Credits by avoiding methane from Landfill and reduce CO2 to produce chemical fertilizer

Avoids methane from landfill and reduces

CO2 emission by replacing grid power

Replace use of fossil fuel

Climate Change Benefits

Avoids methane from landfill and reduces

CO2 emission by replacing grid power

Generates Carbon Credits by avoiding methane from

Landfill and reduce CO2 to produce chemical fertilizer

Baseline Situation vs. IRRC model

1 ton

Organic Waste

Produce1/4 ton ( 0.25 tons of Compost

Composting

1 ton

Organic Waste

Composting Reduce 1/2 ton Green House Gas

1 ton

Organic Waste

Produce 40-80 M3 Biogas

Biogas Digester

1 liter

Used Cooking Oil

Bio diesel Plant

95% of the input as Bio diesel

Different Economic Outputs from IRRC


To treat one ton of waste in an IRRC: 150 – 200 sqm. of land;

USD 15,00 0– 20,000 of capital investment(without land)

10 % – 20 % of capital cost as operational costs

Trained workforce

Inputs required to build and operate IRRCs

By recycling one ton of waste: Create 2 new jobs for the waste pickers; Produce 0.25 tons of good quality compost; Produce 40-80 cubic meter of biogas ( clean energy which can

be used for cooking purpose or electricity generation) Save 1.1 cubic meter of landfill area; Reduce 0.5 tons of green house gas emissions Provide door-to-door service to 2,000-3,000 households

Environmental, Economic & Social Benefits from IRRCs


Environmental, Economic & Social Benefits from IRRCs

By recycling 1 (one) ton of waste: Avoid between 0.2-0.3 cubic meter of toxic waste water; Reduce the risk of 40 diseases linked with unmanaged

municipal solid waste; Increase crop production between 25-30% and reduce use of

chemical fertilizer by 35-40% increasing food security; Contribute to both climate change mitigation and adaptation. Reduces risk of fire at landfills


Informal Sector Given Better working Environment

• 6% of the operational expenditure spent for welfare of the workers in the plant • Day care center for female workers • Free meal for the workers • Health insurance for the workers

Informal sector working in unsafe working condition

Improved Working Condition


URBAN-RURAL SYMBIOSIS

Urban Area

City Generating Organic Waste and producing compost

Rural Area

Rural Area Producing Food and Agricultural Products

HOW?

Through Decentralized Composting/IRRC

Public-Private-Community Partnership

Using Appropriate Technology

Using CDM


Mitigation

Mitigation-Adaptation Loop


The concept of NAMAs emerged from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and is broadly understood as a project, program or policy initiative that reduces GHG emissions in developing countries while contributing to sustainable development

Concept of NAMAs


• In order to demonstrate a faecal sludge collection and treatment model with emphasis on resource recovery and recycling as stipulated in the National Sanitation Strategy of the government, in November 2012, a pilot project was initiated in Kushtia a secondary town in Bangladesh to treat the faecal sludge and solid waste together.

Intervention on Faecal Sludge Management in Kushtia


• In order to tackle solid waste management as well as faecal sludge management problems, a pilot project has been initiated in Kushtia Municipality, a secondary town in Bangladesh.

• Project Initiated: November 2012

• The pilot project has the following Features: 1. Compost plant Capacity = 4 tons/ day 2. Faecal sludge drying bed (with a coco peat filter) to treat = 9 M3/day 3. Land Area: 5000 M2 (dedicated by the Kushtia Municipality)

Pilot Intervention on Faecal Sludge Management in Kushtia



• Total amount of municipal solid waste brought to the plant amounts to 3 to 3.5 tons/ day. • Under this project, faecal sludge is directly collected from the septic tanks or pit latrines of

households using mechanical vacuum-tugs. • Total amount of faecal sludge collected per day is 9 cubic meter/day. • The collected sludge is directly sent to the treatment facility.


Site Plan of the Co-composting Facility, Kushtia


2

1

3

4

2

4

4 1

3



• The liquid sludge (faecal sludge) is poured into the sludge tank, from where it is passed into the sludge drying bed by natural gravity. When the drying bed becomes filled up, it is kept there for few days so that sludge gets dried and the percolate is transferred into the connected percolate tank.

• The percolate is pumped into the coco peat filtration unit for further treatment. The filtered water coming out from the coco peat has high nutrient, and can be safely released into agricultural land for irrigation purpose.

• On the other hand, dried layer of the fecal sludge is collected up from the drying bed and is mixed with the municipal organic solid waste in 1:3 ratios, and compost is produced in the co-composting plant using aerobic theomorphic composting method to be used as organic fertilizer.


Co-composting of Faecal Sludge with Organic Waste at Baradi, Kushtia City

Faecal Sludge Collected by Vaccu-Tug and Discharged in the Drying Bed and later Co-composted with organic waste to Produce Compost

Collection

Screening

Sorting

Piling

Composting

Maturing and Compost

Selling

Bagging

Sawdust Bokashi with EM

Screening residue

Water

Marketing

Water

Box Method Composting for Small Towns (Small & Medium Scale)


Box Method Composting for Small Towns (Small & Medium Scale)


Input

Collection (Organic Waste From Households and Markets)

Saving SWM cost

Output

Compost

Carbon Credits

Recyclables/RDF

Biogas

Bio diesel

Job Creation new jobs ( including collection and composting)

Pro-poor element Creating new jobs Improved Working Conditions of waste pickers

Pro-poor element Cheaper Less Irrigation Soil Quality Improved Higher Yield Leads to higher income

Pro-poor element

Process

Aerobic Composting

Anaerobic digestion

Saving Landfill Area

How the IRRC can help the city and the poor?

Issues for Scaling up IRRC Approach under NAMA

Policy/Rules/Strategy

Fiscal Incentives

Capacity Building/ Awareness Raising

• Ministry of Agriculture • Ministry of Local Govt. • Ministry of Urban Dev. • Ministry of Environment • Ministry of Energy • Ministry of Forests • Relevant Ministries •Municipalities

• Promotion of compost/ biogas/ appropriate technologies, RDF • Standardization products • Feed in Tariff/Support to Compost • Tipping fee/waste collection fee •( no fee paid to recycling facilities) • Land for the Facility • PPP Rules

• Ministry of Finance • Central Bank • Tax Department • Local Banks

• Low interest rate • Less/ reduced tax for operation • Less VAT • Green Financing

• International Agencies • Government, Research Institutions (local & international, • Educational Institutions • International NGOs • Local NGOs and CBOs • Private Sector

• Operation & Maintenance of IRRC • PPP Agreement • Technology Selection • Monitoring of Emission Reduction • KPI development for IRRC

Actors Activities


National Government Policy Support/ Rules/ Strategies/ Financing

Local Government Land/ Tipping fees/ Promotion of 3R

Projects (IRRC) Intervention: Reducing Emission/ Promoting

Sustainable Development

Ward/ Community

• Promotes low carbon path • Sustainable Development • Green Growth

• Reduce Cost of SWM • Reduce environmental pollution & risk

• Cleaner communities • Improves soil condition • Create job for poor • Reduce pollution and improves health situation

Ward/ Community

Ward/ Community

Ward/ Community

Issues for Scaling up IRRC Approach under NAMA

IRRC: Integrated Resource Recovery Center SWM: Solid Waste Management www.wasteconcern.org

Elements of Nama IRRC Approach

Emission Reduction Potential Yes Sustainable Development Goal (Environmental, Social and Technological)

Yes

Climate Change Adaptation Co-benefits

Yes

Evidence of Action Yes (in many Asia Pacific countries)

Alignment with Government Policies • Low carbon development • 3R Strategy • Target for Emission Reduction

Yes in many Asia Pacific countries)

Elements of NAMA and IRRC

Thank You


Prospects of Waste Sector NAMA Using IRRC Approach 3 - 3. Waste... · Recycling rates can reduce by...

Documents

Transcript of Prospects of Waste Sector NAMA Using IRRC Approach 3 - 3. Waste... · Recycling rates can reduce by...