Promotion of Safety

Promotion of SafetyMrs. Fleury, RNGPS StandardHS-IHS-2 Demonstrate standard safety practices for all classroom, laboratory and field experiences. Understand the existing and potential hazards to clients, co-workers, and self, and prevent injury or illness through safe work practices by following current health and safety policies and procedures. OBJECTIVESBy the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:2.6 Apply principles of body mechanics. USING BODY MECHANICSTo prevent injury to yourself and others, it is important to use correct body mechanics and maintain correct postureBody mechanics: The way in which the body moves and maintains balance with the most efficient use of all of its parts

FOUR REASONS TO USE CORRECT BODY MECHANICSMuscles work best when used correctlyCorrect use of muscles makes lifting, pulling, and pushing easierPrevents unnecessary fatigue and strain and saves energyPrevents injury to self and othersEIGHT BASIC RULES OF GOOD BODY MECHANICSMaintain a broad base of supportKeep feet 8-10 inches apart (shoulder width)Place one foot slightly forwardBalance weight on both feetPoint toes in the direction of movement

DEMONSTRATION:

Tell students to keep feet close together and stand on their toesTell students to keep feet close together and stand flat on their feetTell students to put feet 8-10 inches apart with one foot slightly forwardWhich position feels best?6EIGHT BASIC RULES OF GOOD BODY MECHANICSBend from the hips and knees to get close to an object.Keep back straightBack muscles are weak; hip and thigh muscles are strongerDo not bend at the waist

DEMONSTRATION:

Ask students to bend down correctly7EIGHT BASIC RULES OF GOOD BODY MECHANICSUse the strongest muscles to do the jobLarger and stronger muscles are in shoulders, upper arms, hips, and thighsBack muscles are weak

DEMONSTRATION:

Ask students to pick up book between thumb and fingers and hold arm straight out in front of bodyAsk students to continue holding book in fingers but bend the arm at the elbowTell students to grasp book with hand and bring arm against bodyWhich position was best? Why?8EIGHT BASIC RULES OF GOOD BODY MECHANICSUse the weight of your body to help push or pull an objectWhenever possible, push, slide, or pull rather than liftPush or slide with entire body and lean into direction of movement

9EIGHT BASIC RULES OF GOOD BODY MECHANICSCarry heavy objects close to the bodyStand close to an object or a person being movedAllows use of stronger muscles when object is close

10EIGHT BASIC RULES OF GOOD BODY MECHANICSAvoid twisting your body as you workTurn with your feet and entire body when you change the direction of movementTwisting strains back muscles

11EIGHT BASIC RULES OF GOOD BODY MECHANICSAvoid bending for long periods of time

12EIGHT BASIC RULES OF GOOD BODY MECHANICSIf a patient or an object is too heavy to lift alone, get helpMechanical lifts, transfer (gait) belts, wheel chairs, and other similar types of equipment are also available to help lift and move patients

13Good postureAn essential part of correct body mechanicsAligning the body correctly puts less stress on muscles and prevents fatigueBasic Principles:Stand straight with stomach muscles pulled inRelax the shoulders and pull them backBalance weight equally on each foot and aligned with the shouldersHold chest and chin up

DEMONSTRATION:

Ask students to stand and demonstrate good posture14OBJECTIVESBy the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:2.1 Identify safety hazards and reduce risk associated with them. 2.2 Comply with safety signs, symbols and labels. 2.3 Analyze the role and the responsibilities of the healthcare provider (student) in the classroom, laboratory, and various workplace settings in an emergency situation. 2.7 Utilize personal protective equipment (PPE) and apply personal safety procedures based on OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP).

Preventing Accidents and InjuriesOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)Division of Department of LaborEstablishes and enforces safety standards for the workplaceTwo main standards that affect health care workersOccupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals StandardBloodborne Pathogen StandardOccupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals StandardRequires that employers inform employees of all chemicals and hazards in the workplaceAll manufacturers must provide Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) with any hazardous products they sellMSDS must provide following information:Product identification information about the chemicalProtection or precautions that should be used while handling the chemical (e.g., wearing protective equipment or using only in a well-ventilated areaInstructions for handling spills, cleanup, and disposal of the productEmergency first aid procedures or policiesOccupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals Standard Cont. Chemicals must also be labeled with a hazardous category classificationChemical is classified according to the NFPA color codeCode alerts the user to health, fire, reactivity, or specific hazards of the chemicalOccupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals Standard also mandates that all employers train all employees on proper procedures or policiesIdentifying types and locations of all chemicals or hazardsLocating and using the MSDS manual containing all of the safety data sheetsReading and interpreting chemical labels and hazard signsUsing PPE such as masks, gowns, gloves, and gogglesLocating cleaning equipment and following correct methods for managing spills and/or disposing of the chemicalsReporting accidents or exposures and documenting any incidents that occur. Bloodborne Pathogen StandardContains mandates to protect health care providers from diseases caused by exposure to body fluidsExamples of body fluidsBlood and blood componentsUrine and stoolSemen and vaginal secretionsCerebral spinal fluidSaliva, mucus, and other similar fluidsBloodborne Pathogen Standard Cont.Three disease that can be contracted by the exposure to body fluids:Hepatitis B: Caused by the HBV, or hepatitis B virusHepatitis C: Caused by the HCV, or hepatitis C virusAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Caused by the HIV, or human immunodeficiency virusErgonomicsAn applied science used to promote the safety and well-being of a person by adapting the environment and using techniques to prevent injuriesComponents of ergonomics:Correct placement of furniture and equipmentTraining in required muscle movementsEfforts to avoid repetitive motionsAn awareness of the environment to prevent injuriesPrevention of accidents and injury centers around people and the immediate environmentEnvironmental HazardsCan endanger patients, health care personnel, other individuals, and the environment. Radiation ExposureRadioactive IodineChemotherapyMercuryImproper disposal of biohazard wastes such as needles and syringesContaminated wastes containing body fluids can spread diseaseAll health care workers are responsible for identifying hazards that present a danger and for taking proper precautions to deal with the hazardsSafety RegulationsHealth care workers must be conscious of personal and patient/resident safetyMust be alert to unsafe situationsMust accept responsibility for using good judgment in all situationsAsk questions when in doubtFollow approved policies and procedures to create a safe environmentHealth care worker has a legal responsibility to protect the patient from harm and injuryEquipment and Solutions Safety RegulationsDo not operate or use equipment until instructed on how to use itRead and follow the operating instructions for all major pieces of equipmentDo not operate equipment if instructor/immediate supervisor is not in roomReport damaged or malfunctioning equipment immediately and do not use itMay need a lockout tag if damagedDo not use frayed or damaged electrical cordsDo not use if third prong (grounding) has been broken offStore equipment in proper place (remove from patients room when not in use)Read MSDS before using chemical solutions

Equipment and Solutions Safety RegulationsNever use solutions from bottles that are not labeledRead labels at least 3 timesBefore use, during use, after useDo not mix solutions together unless instructed to do so or able to verify compatibilityAvoid contact of solution with skin and eyes, or inhaling fumesStore chemicals in a locked cabinet or closetDispose of chemicals according to MSDSReport any broken equipment or spilled solutions immediately

Patient/Resident Safety RegulationsDo not perform procedures on patients unless you have been instructed to do so and have proper authorizationFollow instructions carefully and ask questions if you do not understandUse correct or approved methods while performing proceduresAvoid shortcuts or incorrect techniquesProvide patient privacyKnock on door before entering roomSpeak to patient, identify yourself, and ask for permission to enterClose door and/or draw curtains for privacy before beginning a procedureIdentify your patientBe 100% positive you have correct patientMethods of identifyingCheck ID wrist bandsAsk patient to state his/her nameRepeat name at least twiceCheck name on patients bed or record

Patient/Resident Safety RegulationsExplain the procedureLet the patient know what you are doingAnswer any questionsMake sure you have patients consentNever do procedure if patient refusesObserve patient closely during any procedureIf any changes noted, report immediatelyBe alert to patients condition at all timesCheck the patient area, waiting room, office rooms, bed areas, or home environment for safety hazardsReport unsafe situations immediatelyCorrect safety hazard ASAPPatient/Resident Safety RegulationsObserve all safety checkpoints before leaving a patient or resident in a bedPatient is positioned in comfortable positionSide rails elevatedBed at lowest level to floorWheels on bed are locked to prevent movementCall signal and other supplies (telephone, remote control, fresh water, and tissues) are within easy reach of patientLeave area neat and clean with no safety hazardsWash hands thoroughlyUse soap and waterIf hands not visibly dirty or contaminated with blood/body fluids, can use waterless hand cleaner (or alcohol-based hand rub)Personal Safety RegulationsHealth care providers responsibility to protect self and others from injuryUse correct body mechanicsWear required PPEWalk, do not run, in lab or clinical area, hallways, and stairsReport any personal injury or accident no matter how minor, to instructor or immediate supervisorReport any unsafe situation or violation immediatelyKeep all areas neat and cleanWas h hands frequently and keep away from your face, eyes, mouth, and hairDry hands thoroughly before handling any electrical equipmentWear safety glasses when instructed to do so and when in situations that may result in eye injuryObserve safety precautions while working with partner in patient simulationsAvoid horseplay and practical jokesIf any solutions come in contact with skin or eyes, immediately flush with water and inform immediate supervisorOBJECTIVESBy the end of this lesson, the student will be able to:2.4 Apply basic Emergency procedures and protocol in basic emergency situations and events. Observing Fire SafetyFire Starters3 things are needed to start a fireOxygenPresent in the airFuelAny material that will burnHeatSparks, matches, flamesFire CausesSmoking and matches (MAJOR CAUSE)Misuse of electricity; Overloaded circuits, frayed electrical wires, and/or improperly grounded plugsDefects in heating systemsSpontaneous ignitionImproper rubbish disposalArsonClasses of Fire ExtinguishersClassified and labeled according to the kind of fire they extinguishMany different typesPrimary types are A, B, C, and DClasses of Fire ExtinguishersClass AUsed on combustibles such as paper, cloth, plastic, and woodClass BUsed on flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, oil, paints, grease, and cooking fatsClass CUsed on electrical fires such as fuse boxes, appliances, wiring, and electrical outletsC stands for nonconductiveElectricity should be turned off before an extinguisher is used on an electrical fireClass DUsed on burning or combustible metalsOften specific for the type of metal being used and are not used on any other types of firesTypes of Fire ExtinguishersWaterContains pressurized waterShould be used only on CLASS A firesCarbon DioxideContains carbon dioxide gas that provides a smothering action on the fire by forming a cloud of cool ice or snow that displaces the air and oxygenLeaves a powdery, snowlike residue that irritates the skin and eyes and can be dangerous if inhaledMost effective on CLASS B and CLASS C firesDry ChemicalContains a chemical that acts to smother a fireResidues can irritate the skin and eyesUsed on CLASS A, B, and C firesHalonContains a gas that interferes with the chemical reaction occurring when fuels burnMost effective on CLASS C firesFire ExtinguishersMost are labeled with diagram and/or a letter showing the type of fire for which they are effectiveMany are used on different types of fires and will be labeled with more than one diagram and/or letterHealthcare workers must become familiar with the types and locations of fire extinguishers in their place of employment prior to a fire so they are prepared to act if a fire occursMain rule: REMAIN CALMDischarging Fire ExtinguisherRead instructionsRemember PASS RuleP Pull the pinA Aim the extinguisher at the near edge and bottom of the fireS Squeeze the handle to discharge the extinguisherS Sweep the extinguisher from side to side at the base of the fireAvoid residue after fire is extinguishedMake sure extinguisher is recharged or replaced after useRules in Case of FireRemain calm do NOT panicIf personal safety is endangeredEvacuate area according to stated methodSound the alarmIf fire is small and confined to one area and personal safety is not endangeredDetermine type of fireUse proper extinguisher to put it out

Fire Rules: Remember RACER: Rescue anyone in immediate dangerMove patients to safe a safe areaIf patient can walk, escort him or her to a safe areaAt times, it may be necessary to move a patient in a bed or use the bed sheets as lift sheets to carry a patient to a safe areaA: Activate the alarmSound the alarmGive the location and type of fireC: Contain the fireClose windows and doors to prevent draftsShut off electrical equipment and oxygen if your safety is not endangeredE: Extinguish the fire or evacuate the areaExtinguish the fire only if the fire is small and contained and you are not in dangerLocate the correct fire extinguisher to extinguish the fireEvacuate the area if the fire is large or spreading rapidly or you or a patient/resident are in dangerPreventing FiresConstantly be alert to causes of firesCorrect all situations that can lead to firesObey No Smoking signsExtinguish matches, cigarettes, and any other flammable items completelyDispose of all waste in proper containersBefore using electrical equipment, check for damaged cords or improper grounding. Avoid overloading electrical outletsStore flammable materials in proper containers and in a safe area if you spill, wipe it up immediatelyDo not allow clutter to accumulate. Make sure no equipment or supplies block any fire exitsWhen oxygen is in use, observe special precautions.When in doubt, follow your facilitys policyObjective2.5 Explain the following agencies role in healthcare practice: OSHA, CDCP, CLIA, FDA, and ISO. Government AgenciesOSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)Division of Department of LaborEstablishes and enforces safety standards for the workplace

CDCP (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)A division of U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) Concerned with the causes, spread, and control of diseases in populationsCLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment)

Established standards, regulations, and performance requirements based on the complexity of a test and the risk factors associated with incorrect resultsPurpose is to ensure quality laboratory testingFDA (Food and Drug Administration)A federal agency responsible for regulating food and drug products sold to the publicDoes not deal with vitaminsISO (International Standardization Organization)Independent, non-governmental organizationEstablishes standards that provide requirements, specifications, guidelines, or characteristics that can consistently be used to ensure materials, products, processes, and services are fit for their purpose.ISO International Standards ensure that products and services are safe, reliable and of good quality.Information can be found on www.iso.org