Unit 0: Prologue

The Physical Setting

Do Now: Free Write-Looking back at the murder mystery case

that you cleverly solved… how was your approach as a detective similar to being a scientist?

The Nature of Science!

P.S. I’m Fred

1.Observations:

• Are the use of the 5 senses to learn something about the environment.

a. When you observe, you use your ____________ to take in everything

that is happening around you, paying close attention to detail

b. Examples:

• The rock is round and smooth.

Senses

Let’s make some observations about our classroom…

• We have only one blackboard in our room.

• What other observations can you make?

2.INFERENCE:

-Are interpretations of your observations.

-In other words, when you infer you form a conclusion based on

something you observed.

i. The round and smooth rocks must have been carried here by running water.

b. An example of an inference is:

ii. Since the dog is wagging his tail he must be happy.

iii. Make an inference about something your observe in the classroom.

b. Examples

Prediction• Lets looks at this picture again, what

will eventually happen to the circled rock?

How is a prediction different than an inference?

• An educated guess as to what will happen in the near future based usually on your observations and inferences.

• An example of a prediction:

i. An angular rock will eventually become rounded if it stays in the stream.

ii. Ms. Gill will wear something stylish tomorrow.

4. CLASSIFICATION:

• To put things into groups.

• We can organize or classify objects according to some pattern or trend or common characteristics.

Measurements

a. What are some measurable properties?

Think on a daily basis, what might be some of the things you

measure?

-Mass -Area-Temperature-Volume-Density -Pressure

b. How do we make measurements?

• Our senses are limited by how sensitive or by how accurate they are. To get more detailed information, we use instruments, such as rulers, thermometers, x-rays and telescopes

c. Metric System & Unit Conversion

• The fundamental units of the metric system are:For Mass ______________________

• For Length______________________

• For Liquid Volume ________________

Grams (g)

Meters (m)

milliliters (mL)

Prefix Fun!

• By changing the prefix used with each unit you can change the size of the unit. We will use the following prefixes. (There are others for both larger and smaller units.)

Hecto-(102)

Deca-(101)

Kilo-(103)

Centi-

(10-2)Milli-(10-3)

Deci-(10-1)

Basic Unit(100)

Prefix Fun!

• You can remember this using the following sentence:

• King Henry died, drinking chocolate milk

Hecto- (102)

Deca- (101)

Kilo- (103)

Centi- (10-2)

Milli- (10-3)

Deci- (10-1)

Basic Unit (100)

• To convert from any unit to any other unit count how many spaces are between them and move the decimal point that far in the same direction.

Let’s look at the meter stick! How many meters (m) are in a meter (m) stick?___

How many centimeters (cm) are in a meter(m)? ___________

1

100

• How many millimeters(mm) are in a centimeter (cm) ?__________ Now if there are 100cm in a meter and 10mm in a cm how many mm are in a m? __________

10

1000

• Decimals are used because they are easier to convert than fractions! In the metric system we use abbreviations! Let’s fill them in below!Length ___ Mass Liquid Volumemeter__________ gram_______ liter________ millimeter_______ milligram______ milliliter______ centimeter_______ ------------ ------------meter __________ gram_________ liter_________ kilometer_______ kilogram______ kiloliter______

m g L

mm mg mLcm

m g L

km kg kL

Please complete the practice questions 1-15

Rounding:

• The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where that place is located. You must remember these place values:

• 2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 1

Rounding Procedure:

• Step 1: Find the location of place that you are asked to round to. Lets call it: Sparky.

• Step 2: Look at the number to the right of this place lets call it the Boss.

• Step 3: If the boss is a 4 or lower, leave Sparky alone. If the Boss is 5 or higher, round the Sparky up one value.

Rounding Procedure:

• Here is a rhyme to help you remember:

• “Four and below, let it go. Five and above give it a shove”

• For Example: Round 7.289 to the nearest tenth: Answer: 7.3

• Now complete practice problems 1-9!

6. Rounding:

• The first step in rounding is figuring out what place to round to and where that place is located. You must remember these place values:

• 2 , 6 4 3 , 9 7 5 , 8 6 4 . 9 3 1

Rounding Procedure:

• Step 1: Find the location of place that you are asked to round to. Lets call it: Sparky.

• Step 2: Look at the number to the right of this place lets call it the Boss.

• Step 3: If the boss is a 4 or lower, leave Sparky alone. If the Boss is 5 or higher, round the Sparky up one value.

Rounding Procedure:

• Here is a rhyme to help you remember:

• “Four and below, let it go. Five and above give it a shove”

• For Example: Round 7.289 to the nearest tenth: Answer: 7.3

• Now complete practice problems 1-9!

6. MASS:

• Is the amount of matter in an object.

• It is how much “stuff” the object is made of, the number of molecules in it.

How do we measure Mass• Can we count the atoms? One by one? Lol

Nope! Instead we use a triple beam balance which gives us a value usually in grams.

Let’s click here for an interactive triple beam balance!

Is Weight the same as Mass?Weight is NOT the same as mass, but weight is used to measure the mass of an object on the Earth.Think about what would happen if you weighed your self on the moon. You would weight less because there is less gravity pulling you down onto the scale, even though your mass did not change.

Let’s check our our weight on the MOON!!!

7. INERTIA

• A mass resisting to any change in its motion.

• We will learn more about this concept when we learn about Sir Isaac Newton and his three laws!

8. Temperature:

• It is the amount of heat energy an object has.

• Typically the faster the molecules vibrate with in a sample of matter the hotter it is.

English Units: Fahrenheit Degrees (F°)

• Water Freezes : 32°F.

• Water Boils: 212°F.

Metric Units: Celsius Degrees (°C)

• Water freezes: 0°C.

• Water boils: 100° C.

Kelvin Units (K)

• Absolute zero: 0 Kelvin’s

• Water freezes: 273 Kelvin’s

• Water boils: 373 Kelvin’s

• The lowest possible temperature and occurs when ALL heat is removed.

• It is equal to -272°C.

ABSOLUTE ZERO:

What are three states, or phases of matter?

• Solid (ice) Liquid (water) Gas (water vapor)

9. What variable determines the different phases? Temperature

11. Area:• The amount of space a 2-dimensional object

takes up

• For squares and rectangles area is equal to:

L x W

• L: Length, the longer dimension of an 2 D object usually measured in meters, centimeters or millimeters.

• W: Width, the shorter dimension of a 2D object.

• Note that the units will always end up squared! Example: 4mm x 2mm = 8mm2

11. Area:Let’s practice using the following steps:

• Step 1: Write the formula

Example: Area = L x W

• Step 2: List all the variables

including the unknown, WITH UNITS. Example: L = 4mm W= 2mm A= ?

11. Area:Let’s practice using the following steps:

• Step 3: Plug in the numbers,WITH UNITS. Example: A=4mm x 2mm

• Step 4: Calculate WITH UNITS.

Example: A= 8mm2

• Practice the two examples on your own!

10. Volume:• The amount of space an

object takes up

• For solid cubes and boxes, Volume is equal to: L x W x H Depending on the size of the object the units may be either cm3 or m3.

10. Volume:• But for liquids, volume is measured in

liters using a beaker or graduated cylinder. There two rules:

1. Always read it at eye level

This is a beaker!

10. Volume:• 2. You must read the meniscus to obtain

an accurate result. Due to cohesion (sticky) properties of fluids, the edges of the fluid touching the glass will slightly rise.

Meniscus = 73 mL

10. Volume:

It is easier to measure irregular shaped objects using fluid displacement. In order to measure this irregularly shaped rock you would drop it in a beaker filled with water and measure the change in volume.

What factors affect Volume?• 1)Temperature• Heating a material will cause it to expand and

take up more space because the molecules need more room to move around. Therefore increasing temperature will increase volume.

• _________________• Cooling a material will result in the opposite.

So decreasing temperature will decreasevolume. ____________________

• Think about how your rings fit in the winter… they seem to be bigger!

T V

T V

What factors affect Volume?• 2) Pressure:• Increasing pressure will force molecules

closer together there by decreasingvolume. ______________________

• Decreasing pressure will allow molecules to spread out and take up more space thereby increasing volume. _________________

• Let’s model this with a sponge. P V

P V

11. DENSITY

• The amount of matter (mass) in a given amount of space (volume).

• It tells us how tightly packed the molecules are, or how close to each other they are.

• If they are packed tightly, the density is high.

DENSITY UNITS

• The unit for measuring density is

grams per cubic centimeter, or g/cm³

• Density = Mass

Volume M

D V

Step 1

• Write the formula

• Example: Density = Mass/Volume

or

D=M/V

Step 2

• List all the variables including the

unknown, WITH UNITS.

• Example: D=?

M = 38.0g

V = 12.0cm3

Step 3

• Plug in the numbers, WITH UNITS.

• Example:

D=38.0g/12.0cm3

Step 4

• Calculate WITH UNITS.• Example:

D=3.2g/cm3

ExampleIf an object has a mass of 13.4 grams and a volume 5.7 cm3 what is the density?

Solution:

Let’s Practice !!!

• Please complete the worksheet

More on Density

• Each pure substance has its own particular density and it can be used to help identify that material at room temperature.

• For example, liquid water has a density of 1g/cm³ because 1cm³ of water weighs 1 gram. One cm³ of water also occupies 1ml.

• solid quartz has a density of 2.7 g/cm³ Mixtures do not have a precise density.

-Fluids tend to layer based on their density, with less dense fluid on top of more dense fluid. Can you think of any examples?

Let’s check out this video!

• http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/components/docmgr/default.php?sectiondetailid=17500&fileitem=4738&catfilter=445

Oil and Vinegar!

Factors that affect Densitya. Temperature

• Cooling a material causes its molecules to move closer together, making its volume decrease and causing its density to increase.

• Heating a material causes its molecules to move apart making its volume increase and causing the density to decrease

• Note that Mass is staying the same!!!

T VD

TVD

So why does density matter?If a warm gust of wind meets cold air, will the warm air go above or below the cold air?

• Since hot air is less dense it will rise!

• And Cold air sinks because it is denser than warm air

• This happens when

you boil water

This rising and sinking of fluids due to density and temperature

differences is called…

A CONVECTION CURRENT!!!

We will touch upon this concept many times through out the year

Factors that affect Density:b. Pressure

• Increasing the pressure (squeeze) on a material causes its molecules to get pushed closer together, decreasing the volume, making the density increase.

• Decreasing the pressure causes the opposite effect, since molecules move further apart, it becomes less dense.

• Again, note mass remains the same!P VD

P VD

15. Density at Different Phases• As a material is heated, it changes from

solid to liquid.

• More heat changes the liquid to gas. The molecules move farther apart, so the volume increases, causing the density to decrease.

• Solids are most dense, gases are least dense

The Only exception to this rule is water

• As water cools, its volume decreases until it reaches 4° C.

• As it cools from 4° C to 0° C, its volume actually increases, so it becomes lessdense again.

• Water is most dense at 4°C, but is still a liquid.

• This is due to my buddy Mr. Hydrogen Bond, you will meet him in Chemistry

• Water at 0°C is solid ice, but is less dense than water, so ice floats!!

• Water is the only material whose solid form will float in its liquid form.

• This is why the top of a puddle, or a lake freezes first.

16. Does size affect density of an object?

• You can NEVER change the density of a material by cutting it into pieces.

• Since change both volume and mass, the ratio will remain the same, therefore each small piece will have the same density as the original large one.

17. Let review some crucial relationships!!!

• Temp. Volume Density

• Temp. Volume Density

You must understand and know these by heart!!!

Let review some crucial relationships!!!

You must understand and know these by heart!!!

• Pressure Vol. Density

• Pressure Vol. Density

17. Graphing

• Direct Relationship: both variables “move in the same direction” They both increase or both decrease.

Inverse Relationship

• Variables “move in opposite directions”. One variable goes up and the other goes down.

• One variable changes, but the other remains the same.

• As one variable increases, the other increases and then decreases.

Equal values

Equal Value

Circle Graph (Pie Graph)

• A=50% B=25% C=12.5% D= ______

B

A

C

D

Bar Graph

19. Change:

• When something observed is different from when it was last observed

Frames of reference to study change.

• What has caused the change?

• Time and Space.

• An example is: The Earth’s moon changes because we observe it in different locations in the sky and in different phases at different times during a month.

Rate of change

• How fast did the change happen?

• How much a measurable aspect of the environment, called a field, is altered over a given amount of time – years, hours, or seconds.

Cyclic Change:

• Changes that repeat over and over in a known period of time.

• Examples are: seasons, sun motions, moon and tides

• Most changes are cyclic and they are very good to use when we are trying to make predictions

Cyclic: repeats at known intervals.

Non-cyclic Changes:

• Changes that do not repeat at all or do not repeat in a known period of time.

• Some examples of these are:

• Earthquakes and Hurricanes.

Dynamic Equilibrium

• Sometimes many changes take place, but often they “even” out. It is like your science test grades: some high, some low, but they even out.

• This is called DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

• Our natural environment is normally in a state of dynamic equilibrium, but this balance can be upset. It is easy to temporarily upset this balance, especially on a small, local scale as can happen just in the town of Long Beach.

• Unfortunately, human activities tend to cause permanent disruptions, especially when we pollute.

POLLUTION:

• When the amount of ANY substance, found ANYWHERE, becomes high enough to affect people, their properties, or plant or animal life.

population

pollution

Scientific Method:

• ________________________________________________________________________________________

Scientific Method:

1. State the Problem.

-always in the form of a question

Example: I observe two plants growing in my house. One is taller than the other…

I have a better example: One of my two pet frogs is fatter than the other… Is one frog getting more food.

Scientific Method:• 2. Gather information.

observations, research, brainstorming

Examples:

1. Are they the same species? Yes, small aquatic frogs!

2. How do they behave when we feed them? Lets observe…

3. Are their any signs of aggression?

Scientific Method

3. Develop a Hypothesis.

-based on observations and research

-Statement, NOT a question!

-can be tested

• Write your hypothesis in the space provided!

Scientific Method

3. Develop a Hypothesis.

Ex:

The Larger Frog is getting more food because he is more aggresive

Scientific Method:

4. Test you Hypothesis

-design an experiment

-make sure that your experiment test your hypothesis.

In the box provided write up steps you would take in your experiment.

Scientific Method:

4. Test you Hypothesis

Example Experiment

-Feed Frog 2 tablets a day thru the pin hole in the tank cover

-Observe and records who eats the food

-Record the behavior of the frogs during feeding

Scientific Method:

5. Observe and record your data. Use tables and notes to record observations and measurements.

In the box provided draw a sample table that you would use to record data

Scientific Method:

Date # of pellets ate by the Big Frog

# of pellets ate by the skinny frog

Notes on behavior

9/20 2 0 Big frog noticed and ate food immediately

9/21 1 1 Little frog ate a pellet but also was bit by the big frog

9/22 2 0 Little frog ignored food

9/23 2 0 Big frog ate all the food waited by opening

Scientific Method:

6. Analyze & Interpret Results

In the box provided draw a sample graph or chart that you would use to record data

Scientific Method

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

19-Sep 20-Sep 21-Sep 22-Sep 23-Sep 24-Sep

# of pellets ate by the Big Frog

# of pellets ate by the skinny frog

Scientific Method:

7. Conclusion:

-based on observations and results

What can you conclude from our frog dilemma.

Experimental Design:

• When designing an experiment, a scientist must test only one factor at a time.

• Variable: one factor that can exist in differing amounts being tested.

Experimental Design

Control Group Experimental Group

-Constant conditions - Identical to the

- Used for Consistancy control group

and to isolate the EXCEPT for one

Variable variable being

tested

-Used to generate

results.

Independent Variable

The variable that is changed by the scientist. To ensure a fair test, a good experiment has only one independent variable. As the scientist changes the independent variable, he or she observes what happens.

Dependent Variable

The scientist focuses his or her observations on the dependent variable to see how it responds to the change made to the independent variable. The new value of the dependent variable is caused by and depends on the value of the independent variable

How to make a graph!

It's probably better to do a graph in pencil first, then in pen.

How to make a graph!

• 1. Collect your data. After you have it all in one place, you should have one independent variable (like time) and one dependent variable (like something you measure as a function of time).

Making a Graph

• Here are some points we will use as an example; we've measured position of a ball as a function of time:

time (s) position (cm)

1 3.0

2 3.4

3 4.8

4 5.0

5 5.3

Making a Graph

2. Determine the range of your data.In order to determine how big a graph to make, we need to determine how much the numbers vary. In this case, time varies from 1 to 5 seconds, and position varies from 3.0 to 5.3 cm. We have to make sure that there is enough space on the graph to fit all the data

Making a Graph

3. The independent variable (time, in this case) will go on the x-axis (the one parallel to the bottom of the page), and the dependent variable (position, in this case) will go on the y-axis (parallel to the left hand side of the page). So, draw axes that are big enough for all the data.

Making a Graph

4. Give your graph a Title. Titles of graphs are usually "Y versus X"; so in this case, our title is "Position versus Time." (NOT position divided by time, or position minus time.)

Making a Graph

5. Label your graph and your axes.THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! When presented with your graph, other people should be able to figure out what is plotted without asking you.

Making a Graph

6. Labels on the axes must have units!So, in this case, the label on the x axis (the one on the bottom) should be "Time (seconds)" and the label on the y axis (the one on the left) should be "Position (centimeters)."

Making a Graph

7.Remember to write the numbers on the graph, too. The numbers should be evenly and logically spaced - what I mean by this is the following: for our position data here, the y-axis should be marked off in increments like (1,2,3,4,5,6) or (2,4,6,8), NOT (1.3, 2.6, 4.8,...) or anything else weird.

Making a Graph

8. Plot your data. Now, go ahead and place your data points on the graph. Make them big enough to be seen, but not big enough to look like you were eating pizza while making your graph.

Making a Graph

9. Draw a "line of best fit." THIS DOES NOT MEAN CONNECT THE DOTS! Only rarely will a graph need to have the data points connected by a jagged line. Usually, it is best to guess at a (straight) line that goes as near as possible to as many points as possible. (See example.) THE ORIGIN IS NOT ALWAYS INCLUDED AS A POINT! And, sometimes there will be a LOT of scatter and it might not be clear where a line should go. Now you're done with your graph, but you're not finished yet.

Making a Graph

10. Think about what your graph means. What type of relationship do the variables have?