INTRODUCTION TO THE LIVING WORLD KINGDOM MONERA KINGDOM PROTISTA LECT # 2.
Prokaryotic Cells. Kingdom Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera prokaryotic eukaryotic.
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Transcript of Prokaryotic Cells. Kingdom Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista Monera prokaryotic eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic Cells
Kingdom Protista
Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Moneraprokaryoticprokaryotic
eukaryoticeukaryotic
Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryotic
• Mostly unicellular
• A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms
• 11 phyla
• Lots of disagreements
• Whittaker = “leftovers”
• binary fission splits into two asexually
• multiple fission producing more than two individuals
• sexually by conjugation (opposite mating strains join & exchange genetic material)
Reproduction:
3 informal groups
Animal-like protists
Fungus-like protists
Plant-like (algal) protists
Misleading: some change
Kingdom Protista
~ 45,000 species
Amoeba
Cilliates
Flagellates
Animal-like Protists
13,000 species
• Classified by the way they move
Animal-like Protists
cilia flagella pseudopodia
• Heterotrophs ingest small food particles & digest it inside food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes
Animal-like protists
• Sarcomastigophora (amoebas, forams, radiolarian)
• Ciliophora (paramecium)
• Zoomastigophora (trypansoma)
• Apicocomplexa (Sporozoa)
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
“Amoeba”
Shell-like glass or calcium carbonate structures
Radiating projections
Animal-like Protists
13,000 species
Note: glass projections
Foraminifera
Tropics = beaches
Most have symbiotic algae
Foramenifera:Globigerina ooze
Covers about 36%of the ocean floorCovers about 36%of the ocean floor
Phylum Ciliophora (“ciliates”)
Largest, most homogeneous
Share few characteristicswith others
Movement coordinated
Sex: 8 mating types
Animal-like Protists
8,000 species
Paramecium
Phylum Zoomastigophora (“zooflagellates”)
Move using flagellaMove using flagella:1 to thousands of flagella
Some parasites
• African trypanosomiasis – sleeping sickness African trypanosomiasis – sleeping sickness – tsetse fly– tsetse fly
• Chagas Disease – kissing bugChagas Disease – kissing bug• Leishmaniasis – sand flyLeishmaniasis – sand fly• giardiasisgiardiasis
Vaccines? change protein coat!Gave rise to animals?
Animal-like Protists
1,500 species
African sleeping sickness
Tsetse fly
Trypansoma
The Kissing Bug
Chagas disease
Leishmaniasis
Sand fly
Leishmania
Malaria
Mosquito & “victim”
Africa = kills 1 million children per year
Thousands of sporozoites injected
Vaccine? (US support?)
Anopheles Mosquito
Plasmodium sporozoite gameteocyte
Fungus-like ProtistsPhylum Oomycota
(“water molds”; mildew, blights)
Some unicellular; others consist of hyphae
Decomposers,parasites
Cell walls- cellulose
Related to algae based on cell wall composition
Named after reproductive method
475 species
No “septa”
water molds
Downy Mildew
Mildew hyphaeMildew hyphae
Fungus-like Protists
Phylum Myxomycota(“slime molds”)
Bizarre
Bright colors
Moving “slime” mass
Acellular body550 species
Fungus-like Protists
475 species
Downey mildew
Slime molds
Mildew
Water molds
Blights
Slime Mold Maze
The slime mold starts out evenly spread through the maze, but when food sources are placed at two ends, the slime mold retracts from everywhere but the shortest path.
Plant-like Protists
• Dinoflagellates• Diatoms• Euglena• Cocolithophore• Green algae• Brown Algae• Red algae
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Radiolarian
Cocolithophore
Plant-like Protists
Phylum Pyrrophyta (“dinoflagellates”)
1,100 species
Cause “red tide”
Some live in corals
Marine and Freshwater
Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp
Pyrocystis fusiformis
Bioluminescence
HAB (harmful algal blooms) can result in PSP (paraletic shellfish poisoning)
Gonyaulax polyhedra, Gymnodium
Plant-like ProtistsPhylum Chrysophyta (“diatoms &
golden algae”)
Link to green algae
13,000 species
Diatom - Akashiwo sanguinea
Domoic acid
2009 Washington State 10,000 seabirds deaths
Alfred Hitchkock “The Birds”
HAB- diatoms
Phylum Euglenophyta (“euglenoids”)
Plant-like Protists
800 species
Division Chlorophyta
“Green algae”
Most freshwater or terrestrial
Some marine
7,000 species
Halimeda opuntia
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Caulerpa racemosa
Caulerpa sertularioides
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Codium edule
Division Phaeophyta
“Brown algae”
Marine habitats
Example: giant kelp forests
1,500 species
Example of complex morphology: Macrocystis
a. holdfast - attaches to substrate
b. stipe
c. blade - main organ of photosynthesis
d. bladder - keeps blades near the surface
Blade
Bladder
Stipe
Holdfast
Sargassum polyphyllumSargassum echinocarpum
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Turbinaria ornata
Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus
Division Rhodophyta
“Red algae”
Most in marine habitats
4,000 species
Hypnea chordacea
Asparagopsis taxiformis
Galaxaura fastigiata
Acanthophora spicifera
Ahnfeltia concinna
Rhodophyta: Red Algae