Introduction

Fungi Fungus Mycology Mykes = Mushroom Medical mycology 5 kingdom

Monera Plant Animal Fungi Protista

Eukaryote & Heterotrophic

FUNGIFUNGI

• Number of cellNumber of cell– Multi-cellular:Multi-cellular:

MOLD MOLD کپککپک

– Uni-cellular :Uni-cellular : YEAST YEAST مخمرمخمر

MoldMold Hyphae MyceliumHyphae Mycelium AseptateAseptate

– Coenocytic Coenocytic – ZygomycetesZygomycetes

Septate Septate

AerialAerial VegetativeVegetative

YEAST Round or oval

Budding/binary fission

Pseudohyphae or pseudomycelium

Yeast like Candida albicans

DimorphismDimorphism

► Nature Mold Nature Mold 25° Sabouraud’s glucose agar (25° Sabouraud’s glucose agar (SS))

► In body YeastIn body Yeast 37° BHI, Blood Agar37° BHI, Blood Agar

► Sporothrix schenkiiSporothrix schenkii► Histoplasma capsulatumHistoplasma capsulatum► Blastomyces dermatitidisBlastomyces dermatitidis► Coccidioides immitis Coccidioides immitis SpheruleSpherule► Paracoccidioides brasiliensisParacoccidioides brasiliensis► Penicillium marneffeiPenicillium marneffei

DimorphismDimorphism

► Parasitic Parasitic YeastYeast

► SaprophyticSaprophytic MoldMold

► Life of fungiLife of fungi SaprophyticSaprophytic MutulisticMutulistic ParasiticParasitic

► Loboa loboiLoboa loboi► Rhinosporidium sebeeriRhinosporidium sebeeri

Candida albicans

ReproductionReproduction

►Sexual Perfect Sexual Perfect TeleomorphTeleomorph

►Asexual Imperfect Asexual Imperfect AnamorphAnamorph

►Spore Spore ►Conidia Macro & MicroConidia Macro & Micro

AsexualAsexual

►SporangiosporeSporangiospore►MacroconidiaMacroconidia►MicroconidiaMicroconidia►ArthroconidiaArthroconidia►ChlamydioconidiaChlamydioconidia►BuddingBudding►Binary fissionBinary fission

SporangiosporeSporangiospore

MacroconidiaMacroconidia

MicroconidiaMicroconidia

ArthroconidiaArthroconidia

ChlamydioconidiaChlamydioconidia

BuddingBudding

Binary fissionBinary fission

Sexual Sexual

► Ascospore Ascospore Ascomycetes Ascomycetes

► Basidiospore Basidiospore Basidiomycetes Basidiomycetes

► Zygospore Zygospore Zygomycetes Zygomycetes

Deutromycetes

Environmental ConditionsEnvironmental Conditions

►Temperature Temperature ►PHPH►Moisture Moisture ►LightLight►AerationAeration

TemperatureTemperature

►ThermophileThermophile Min:20 Opt:30-40 Max:50-60Min:20 Opt:30-40 Max:50-60

►Aspergillus fumigatusAspergillus fumigatus

►MesophileMesophile 10-35 Opt:27-28 10-35 Opt:27-28

►Psychrophile Max:20Psychrophile Max:20

PH, Moisture, LightPH, Moisture, Light

►PH 6.8PH 6.8►Moi. 80%Moi. 80%►Light somatic & ReproductiveLight somatic & Reproductive

Aeration Aeration

►Obligate aerobeObligate aerobe►Facultative fermentativeFacultative fermentative►Obligate fermentativeObligate fermentative►Obligate anaerobeObligate anaerobe

Hydrogenosom Hydrogenosom

Cell envelopeCell envelope

►CharacteristicCharacteristic EnzymesEnzymes EMEM

►DynamicDynamic

Cell envelopeCell envelope

►Cell membraneCell membrane►Cell wallCell wall►Capsule Capsule

Cell envelopeCell envelope

►Cell membraneCell membrane SterolSterol

►CholesterolCholesterol► PhytostrolePhytostrole►ErgostroleErgostrole

PolyenPolyen

The plasma membraneThe plasma membrane

►Like other eukaryotesLike other eukaryotes 2 layer phospholipid + proteins + sterol 2 layer phospholipid + proteins + sterol Antifungal drugsAntifungal drugs

►Role of C.MRole of C.M Absorb & releaseAbsorb & release EnzymesEnzymes

►Chitin synthetase & glucan synthetaseChitin synthetase & glucan synthetase ProteinProtein Signal transductionSignal transduction

The Wall ComponentThe Wall Component

►PolysaccharidePolysaccharide►ProteinProtein►LipidLipid►No constantNo constant

Cell wallCell wall

► ShapeShape► InterfaceInterface► Osmotic pressureOsmotic pressure► Molecular transferMolecular transfer► PigmentPigment► Physiologic rolesPhysiologic roles

EnzymesEnzymes► Invertase: sucrose → glucose + fructose Invertase: sucrose → glucose + fructose

Ag Ag

Cell wallCell wall

►Ascomycetes & BasidiomycetesAscomycetes & Basidiomycetes ChitinChitin GlucansGlucans MannoproteinMannoprotein

►ZygomycetesZygomycetes ChitosanChitosan ChitinChitin Polyglucoronic acidPolyglucoronic acid

Cell wall Cell wall

►ChitinChitin Fungi & InsectsFungi & Insects

►N- acetylglucoseamin ( N- acetylglucoseamin ( ββ 1→4 ) 1→4 )►Elastic Elastic

►Hydrogen bandsHydrogen bands Inter & IntraInter & Intra

Cell wallCell wall

►ChitosanChitosan Glucoseamin ( Glucoseamin ( ββ 1 1→→ 4 ) 4 )

►CelluloseCellulose Oomycetes Oomycetes Glucose Glucose ( ( ββ 1 1→→ 4 ) 4 )

Cell wallCell wall

►GlucansGlucans Polysaccharide of D-Polysaccharide of D-glucose monomers monomers ββ 1 1→→ 3 3 22ndnd ( EXP Zygomycetes ) ( EXP Zygomycetes ) Structural & Reservoir Structural & Reservoir

Cell wallCell wall

►MannoproteinsMannoproteins YeastYeast

►S. cerevisiae S. cerevisiae ( 20 % )( 20 % )

Produce in ER & Golgi apparatus Produce in ER & Golgi apparatus

Cell wallCell wall

►MelaninMelanin PhenolPhenol

►Catechol →CCatechol →C66HH44(OH)(OH)22

►TyrosineTyrosine►DihydroxynaphthaleneDihydroxynaphthalene

Resistance to any enzymeResistance to any enzyme Protection Protection

►Enzyme Enzyme ►lightlight

The extrahyphal matrixThe extrahyphal matrix

►CapsuleCapsule C.neoformansC.neoformans

►Ag Ag ►PhagocytosisPhagocytosis

Structure & Ultra structureStructure & Ultra structure

►EMEM►Cytochemical stainsCytochemical stains►HyphaeHyphae►Yeast Yeast

HyphaeHyphae

►TubeTube►Solid wallSolid wall►ProtoplasmProtoplasm►No fixed lengthNo fixed length►Diameter 1-30 Diameter 1-30 μμm ( 5-10 m ( 5-10 μμm )m )►TipTip

HyphaeHyphae

► NucleusNucleus► MitochondriaMitochondria► VacuolesVacuoles► Lipid bodiesLipid bodies► Endoplasmic Endoplasmic

reticulumreticulum► Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus

Atypical Atypical

HyphaeHyphae

►NucleusNucleus AseptateAseptate

►CoenocyticCoenocytic

SeptateSeptate►Tip → Growth → MultinucleusTip → Growth → Multinucleus

SmallSmall►Light microscopeLight microscope►Fluorescence staining Fluorescence staining

Yeast Yeast

►BuddingBudding►1 nucleus1 nucleus►Great vacuoleGreat vacuole►Bud → nucleus division → cytoplasm Bud → nucleus division → cytoplasm

division → chitin sedimentation → 2 celldivision → chitin sedimentation → 2 cell ScarScar Multiple buddingMultiple budding Bipolar buddingBipolar budding

Secretory systemSecretory system

►ER, Golgi apparatus & vesiclesER, Golgi apparatus & vesicles►Ribosome → protein synthesis → ER → Ribosome → protein synthesis → ER →

golgi apparatus → processinggolgi apparatus → processing** → → vesicles → secretion vesicles → secretion * tertiary structure* tertiary structure

GlycosilationGlycosilation

Rearrangement Rearrangement

Vacuoles Vacuoles

►Round structure Round structure ►Storage Storage

PhosphatePhosphate CalciumCalcium

►RecyclingRecycling Cleavage of protein → amino acidsCleavage of protein → amino acids

►PH regulationPH regulation

Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton

►Microtubule Microtubule ►MicrofilamentMicrofilament►Myosin like proteinMyosin like protein►Fungal tubulin different from animal & Fungal tubulin different from animal &

planet ( griseofulvin )planet ( griseofulvin )

Medical MycologyMedical Mycology

►Opportunistic pathogenOpportunistic pathogen►True pathogenTrue pathogen►Allergic fungiAllergic fungi►Toxic fungiToxic fungi

Mycotoxicosis Mycotoxicosis ►Afla toxinAfla toxin

A.flavus, A.parasiticus & P.puberulumA.flavus, A.parasiticus & P.puberulum

Mycetismus Mycetismus

Medical MycologyMedical Mycology

►Superficial mycosisSuperficial mycosis►Cutaneous mycosisCutaneous mycosis►Subcutaneous mycosisSubcutaneous mycosis►Systemic mycosisSystemic mycosis►Opportunistic mycosisOpportunistic mycosis

MoldMold Yeast Yeast