prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf ·...
Transcript of prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf ·...
![Page 1: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
prokaryotes(chapter 27)
![Page 2: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
a) most unicellular
some species gather together
sometimes temporarily
can form colonies
even division of labor by specialized cell types
prokaryote structure . . .
![Page 3: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
prokaryote structure . . . b) shapes
cocci (spheres)diplococci - pairsstreptococci - chainsstaphylococci - grape-like clusters
bacillirods
helical (spirochetes)spiral shaped
![Page 4: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
prokaryote structure . . . c) sizes
1-5 μm vs. 10-100 μm
largest prokaryote is 0.75 mm (750 μm!)
![Page 6: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
d) cell wall
nearly all possess
3 functionsmaintains cell shapeprovides physical protectionprevent lysing in hypotonic environment
prokaryote structure . . .
![Page 7: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
most pathogens
unique to prokaryotes (except Archaea)
![Page 8: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
e) motility
about 1/2 of prokaryotes exhibit
methodsflagella
most commonunique structurespirochetes move through helical filaments
under cell wall attached to motorslimy threads
secreted by bacteriaadhere to substrate
prokaryote structure . . .
![Page 10: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
prokaryote flagellum . . .
![Page 11: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
prokaryotic taxis . . . taxis = movement towards or away from a stimulus (taxi)
chemotaxisreceptor cells on bacterial surface sense
environmental chemicals
phototaxisrespond to lightimportant for photosynthetic species
geotaxistaxis associated with magnetic fieldse.g. orientation towards nutrient-rich lake bottom
![Page 13: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
f) cell components
anuclear
no internal compartmentalizationuse infolded regions of membrane
simple genome~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotessingle loop in nucleoid region
possess plasmidsaccessory loops of DNA with few genesprovide for
antibiotic resistancespecial contingencies
replicate independent of main genomecan be passed to partner
prokaryote structure . . .
![Page 14: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
no meiosis . . . so no gene mixing . . . but do have
prokaryote reproduction . . .
transformationabsorption/integration of fragments of DNA
from environmentcan occur across species lines
conjugationone cell transfers genes to
anothertransduction
virus as vector
![Page 15: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
can form endospores . . .
Bacillus anthracis
![Page 16: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
prokaryotic metabolism . . .
unique to prokaryotes
H2S, NH3, Fe2+
![Page 17: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
obligate aerobesrequire O2
prokaryotes and oxygen . . .
facultative anaerobesuse O2 if present
can also engage in fermentation
obligate anaerobes
O2 poisons them
![Page 18: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
prokaryotes and nitrogen . . .
![Page 19: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
~5,000 species known could be as high as 400,000 to 4 million!
prokaryotic systematics . . .
![Page 20: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
comparing the 3 domains . . .
![Page 21: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
prokaryotic diversity . . .
![Page 22: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
domain Archaea . . . great diversity in extreme habitatsunique characteristicsno peptioglycan in cell wallsextremophiles3 classifications
methanogensenergy by using CO2 to oxidize H2strictest of anaerobesfound in swamps and marshes
where other organisms have depleted O2important in herbivore digestionproduce methane
halophiles“love” salty places (halo - salt)
e.g. Great Salt Lake, Dead Seaothers tolerate, some must have
thermophiles“love” hot places (thermo - heat)optimum temperature for most is 60-80 Ce.g. hotsprings of Yellowstone, geothermal vents
o
![Page 23: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
halophiles . . .
![Page 24: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
thermophiles . . . Beggiatoa
![Page 25: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
prokaryotic diversity . . .
![Page 26: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
domain Bacteria . . .clade Proteobacteria
all gram negativealphaclosely related with eukaryotic hosts as symbionts or parasites; nitrogen fixers
betanitrogen fixers
gammasulfur bacteria; E. coli
deltaMyxobacteria forms colonies;Bdellovibrio predatory (can move up to 100 μm/sec [~220 mph] when attacking prey!)
epsiloncause of some stomach ulcers
![Page 27: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
domain Bacteria . . .chlamydiassurvival dependent upon animal host cells
spirochetesmany free-living, but . . . e.g. Treponema pallidium (syphilis) Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
gram-positivesAll gram positive bacteria here;colonial - actinomycetes
e.g. Streptomycessolitary
e.g. Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)endospores
Clostridium botulinum (botulism)endosporesfatal toxin (1 g can kill 106 humans!)
cyanobacteriaonly prokaryotes who photosynthesizelike eukaryotes
e.g. Anabaena
![Page 28: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Anabaena
cyanobacteria (our friends) . . .Gloeothece
FischerellaCalothrix
Nostoc
![Page 29: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
prokaryotes & ecology. . .
![Page 30: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
bioremediation. . .
![Page 31: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
prokaryotes gone bad (the pathogens) . . .
Pus smear (wound)Staphylococcus aureus
C. botulinum
Sputum smearStreptococcus pneumoniae
Left: Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gram stain of pure culture; Right: Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gram stain of a pustularexudate.
exotoxins - secreted by the prokaryotecan be problem even if organism not present
e.g. botulism caused by endotoxin ofC. botulism
endotoxins - components of outer membrane of some gram negative bacteria
e.g. Salmonella
![Page 32: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Haemophilus influenzae
![Page 33: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Lyme disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi
![Page 34: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Treponema pallidium (syphilis)
![Page 35: prokaryotes - fd.valenciacollege.edufd.valenciacollege.edu/file/sclark/Prokaryotes (27).pdf · simple genome ~1/1000 as much DNA as eukaryotes single loop in nucleoid region possess](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042216/5ed66f706ff22a66535f4a61/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)