Project of Gandhi Int.

8/9/2019 Project of Gandhi Int.

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Self Introduction:

Myself is Dhananjay Singh. About my qualification currently I am

studying T.Y.BSc(IT .In future I !ant to ma"e my career in IT

Industry.


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Introduction to Computer:

What is Computer?

Definition of Computer : Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with

Information.The term computeris derived from the Latin termcomputare, this means to

calculate. Computer can not do anything without a Program.it represents the decimal

numbers through a string of binary digits. The Word 'Computer'usually refers to the

Center rocessor !nit plus Internal memory.

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input

from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions "called

program# and gives the result "output# and saves output for the future use. It can

process both numerical and non$numerical "arithmetic and logical# calculations.The

basic components of a modern digital computer are: Input Device%&utput

Device%Central rocessor.

Charles Babbageis called the (rand )ather of the computer.The )irst

mechanical computer designed by charles *abbage was calledAnalytical Engine.It uses

read$only memory in the form of punch cards.

Computer Classification, By Size and Power
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personal computer: a small% single$usercomputer based on amicroprocessor. Inaddition to the microprocessor% a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data%a monitorfor displaying information% and astorage deviceforsavingdata.

workstation: a powerful% single$user computer. + workstation is like a personalcomputer% but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher$,uality monitor.

minicomputer:a multi$usercomputer capable of supporting from - to hundredsof users simultaneously.

mainframe:a powerful multi$user computer capable of supporting many hundredsor thousands of users simultaneously.

supercomputer: an e/tremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of

millions of instructions per second.

History of Computer:

)irst (eneration Computers "-01s 2 -03s#

#irst electronic com$uters used %acuum tubes& and they !ere huge and com$le'. The first general

$ur$ose electronic com$uter !as the )IA* (lectronic )umerical Integrator And *om$uter. It !as

digital& although it didn+t o$erate !ith binary code& and !as re$rogrammable to sol%e a com$lete

range of com$uting $roblems. It !as $rogrammed using $lugboards and s!itches& su$$orting in$ut

from an IBM card reader& and out$ut to an IBM card $unch. It too" u$ ,- square meters& !eighed /

tons& and consuming ,01 "ilo!atts of $o!er. It used thousands of %acuum tubes& crystal diodes&

relays& resistors& and ca$acitors.

The first non2general $ur$ose com$uter !as AB* (Atanasoff3Berry *om$uter& and other similar

com$uters of this era included german 45& ten British *olossus com$uters& 67& 8ar%ard Mar" I& and

9)I:A*.

4econd (eneration Computers "-033 2 -05#

The second generation of com$uters came about than"s to the in%ention of the transistor& !hich then

started re$lacing %acuum tubes in com$uter design. Transistor com$uters consumed far less $o!er&

$roduced far less heat& and !ere much smaller com$ared to the first generation& albeit still big by

today+s standards.
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The first transistor com$uter !as created at the 9ni%ersity of Manchester in ,;05. The most $o$ular of

transistor com$uters !as IBM ,5-1. They !ere much smaller& and chea$er than first and second generation of com$uters&

also "no!n as mainframes. Minicom$uters can be seen as a bridge bet!een mainframes and

microcom$uters& !hich came later as the $roliferation of microchi$s in com$uters gre!.

)ourth (eneration Computers "-06- 2 present#

#irst microchi$s2based central $rocessing units consisted of multi$le microchi$s for different *?9

com$onents. The dri%e for e%er greater integration and miniaturi@ation led to!ards single2chi$ *?9s&

!here all of the necessary *?9 com$onents !ere $ut onto a single microchi$& called a micro$rocessor.

The first single2chi$ *?9& or a micro$rocessor& !as Intel


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2. Accuracy:The degree of accuracy of computer is very high and every calculation

is performed with the same accuracy. The accuracy level is determined on the

basis of design of computer. The errors in computer are due to human and

inaccurate data.

3. Diligence+ computer is free from tiredness% lack of concentration% fatigue% etc. It can work

for hours without creating any error. If millions of calculations are to be

performed% a computer will perform every calculation with the same accuracy.

Due to this capability it overpowers human being in routine type of work.

4. ersatility: -It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work.

7ou may use your computer to prepare payroll slips. 8e/t moment you may use it

for inventory management or to prepare electric bills.

!.Storage: -

The Computer has an in$built memory where it can store a largeamount of data. 7ou can also store data in secondary storage devices such as

floppies% which can be kept outside your computer and can be carried to other

computers.Input /output Devices:

Input devices:The devices which are used to input the data and the programs in

the computer are known as Input Devices. or Input device can read data and

convert them to a form that a computer can use. 4ome of the Input devices are e/plained below:

(1) "ey#oard: 9eyboard is used in the input phase of a computer$based

information system. 9eyboard is most common input device is used today. The

data and instructions are input by typing on the keyboard. The message typed on

the keyboard reaches the memory unit of a computer. Its connected to a

computer via a cable. +part from alphabet and numeral keys% it has other

function keys for performing different functions.


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";# $ouse: Its a pointing device. The mouse is rolled over the mouse pad% which in

turn controls the movement of the cursor in the screen. We can click% double click

or drag the mouse.


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"># Scanner : 4canners are used to enter information directly in to the computers

memory. This device works like a ?ero/ machine. The scanner converts any type

of printed or written information including photographs into digital pulses%

which can be manipulated by the computer.

Output Devices:+ny device that outputs information from a computer is called% not

surprisingly% an output device. 4ome of the output devices are

!"Plotter:+ plotter is a special$purpose output device that draws images with ink pens.

That is% the plotter is a graphics printer for making sophisticated graphs% charts% maps%

and three$dimensional graphics as well as high$,uality colored documents. It can also

produce larger si@e of documents.
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(#"$pea%er:4peakers receive the sound in the form of electric current from the sound

card A convert it to sound format. These are used for listening music% chatting %

seminars for presentations etc

&"'onitors: + monitor is a screen used to display the output. Images are represented

on monitors by individual dots called pi/els. + pi/el is the smallest unit on the screen

that can be turned on and off or made different shades
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Storae Devices

+lternatively referred to as storage% storage media% or storage medium% a storagedevice is a hardwaredevice capable of holding information

There are two storage devices used in computersB

rimary storage

4econdary storage

!"Primary storae:+lternatively referred to as main memory% primary memory%

or system memory

%andom Access $emory&%A$#: is a computer storage location that allows

information to be stored and accessed ,uickly from random locations within D+


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(O':4hort for ead$&nly


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-# )loppy Dis% Drive + )loppy Disk Drive% or )DD or )D for short% is a computerdisk drive that enables a user to save data to removable diskettes. +lthough F

disk drives were first made available in -06-% the first real disk drives used were

the 3 -=1 floppy disk drives% which were later replaced with > -=;floppy diskdrives. Today% because of the limited capacity and reliability of floppy diskettes

many computers no longer come e,uipped with floppy disk drives and are being

replaced with CD$% other writable discs% and flash drives.

;# *ard dis% drive: +lternatively referred to as a hard disk drive and abbreviatedas D or DD% the hard drive is the computer'smain storage media device that

permanently stores all data on the computer. The hard drive was first introduced

on 4eptember ->%-035and consists of one or more hard driveplattersinside of

air sealed casing.


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#ot$er%oard:


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other circuit board inside the computer are attached to this board i.e it is mother

of all circuit board.

PCB Printed Circuit Board": &n the mother C*% the component are placed and

connected with the help o+ thin copper trac%.'otherboard Pcb contain manysuch

track to make electrical connection between different part of the system.

&'pansion Slot

+lternatively referred to as an e/pansion port% an e/pansion slot is a slot located insidea computeron themotherboardorriser boardthat allows additional boards to be
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connected to it. )or e/ample% if you wanted to install a new video card in the computeryou'd purchase a video e/pansion card and install that card into the compatiblee/pansion slot. *elow is a listing of some of the e/pansion slots commonly found in I*.Network Cable: It is wires specially designed for connection system physically intonetworking to transfer and access data

4.+et*or,ing Attachment: TC=I for @=G< re,uires a network processor and

associated components for attachments to the teleprocessing network. The following are

possible network attachments that you may have installed or plan to install that work in

conHunction with TC=I.

'ypes o( +et*or,

0ocal-area net*or,s &0A+s: The computers are geographically close together"that is% in the same building#.
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$etropolitan-area net*or,s $A+s:+ data network designed for a town orcity.

Wide-area net*or,s &WA+s: The computers are farther apart and are

connected by telephone lines or radio waves.

+et*or, Ca#les:8etwork Cables are commonly used to carry communication signals

within +8. There are three common types of cable media that can be used to connect

devices to a network and they are coa/ial cable% twisted$pair cable% and fiber$optic cable.

Coaial Ca#le:

+ type of wire that consists of a center wire surrounded by insulation and then a

grounded shield of braided wire. The shield minimi@es electrical and radio fre,uency

interference. Coa/ial cabling is the primary type of cabling used by the cable television

industry and is also widely used for computernetworks% such as Ethernet.

'*isted )air Ca#le:+ cable made by intertwining two separate insulated wires

together. There are two twisted pair types: shielded and unshielded.4hielded Twisted

air "4T#has a fine wire mesh surrounding the wires to protect the

transmissionB!nshielded Twisted air "!T#does not. 4hielded cable is used in older

telephone networks% network% and data communications to reduce outside interference.

In the picture to the right% is an e/ample of what these cables look like inside.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/MAN.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/wide_area_network_WAN.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/Ethernet.htmlhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/stpcable.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/stpcable.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/stpcable.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/u/utpcable.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/u/utpcable.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/u/utpcable.htmhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/MAN.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/wide_area_network_WAN.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/N/network.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/Ethernet.htmlhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/stpcable.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/stpcable.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/u/utpcable.htm


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!nshielded Twistead air Cable:


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i#re ptic Ca#le:+ fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass

fibers inside an insulated casing. These cables are designed for long distance and very

high bandwidth "gigabitspeed# network communications.

)iber optic cables carry communication signals using pulses of light. While e/pensive%

these cables are increasingly being used instead of traditional copper cables% becausefiber offers more capacity and is less susceptible to electrical interference. 4o$called

)iber to the ome ")TT# installations are becoming more common as a way to bring

ultra high speed Internet service "-


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RJ 45 connector: It is a connector in which F wires can be inserted there is a

resemblance between telephone and K 13 connector the look like

D Type connector:This connector is like a gaming part connector in a narmal C it it

look as a D shape of capital


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'opology:The geometric arrangement of a computer system. 8etwok topology is a

property of various networks. It describes the shape of network.

Bus *opoloy

*us networks "not to be confused with the system bus of a computer# use a

common backbone to connect all devices. + single cable% the backbone functions

as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into with an

interface connector. + device wanting to communicate with another device on the

network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other devices see% butonly the intended recipient actually accepts and processes the message.
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+in *opoloy

In a ring network% every device has e/actly two neighbors for communication

purposes. +ll messages travel through a ring in the same direction "either

clockwise or counterclockwise#. + failure in any cable or device breaks the

loop and can take down the entire network.

Star *opoloy


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#es$ *opoloy

Mesh to$ologies in%ol%e the conce$t of routes. 9nli"e each of the $re%ious

to$ologies& messages sent on a mesh net!or" can ta"e any of se%eral

$ossible $aths from source to destination. (=ecall that e%en in a ring&

although t!o cable $aths e'ist& messages can only tra%el in one direction.

Some CA)s& most notably the Internet& em$loy mesh routing.

A hy#rid net*or,:is a local area network "+8#containing a mi/ of both

wired and wireless client devices. In home networks% wired computers and other

devices generally connect withEthernetcables% while wireless devices normally

useWi)itechnology. Consumer wirelessroutersobviously support Wi)i clients%

but do they also support the wired Ethernet onesL If so% howL
http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/lanvlanwan/g/bldef_wan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-lan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/ethernet1/g/bldef_ethernet.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/wireless80211/g/bldef_wifi.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/routers/g/bldef_router.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/routers/g/bldef_router.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/lanvlanwan/g/bldef_wan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-lan.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/ethernet1/g/bldef_ethernet.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/wireless80211/g/bldef_wifi.htmhttp://compnetworking.about.com/cs/routers/g/bldef_router.htm


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Network arcitect!re:

Network architecture refers to the layout of the network, consisting of the hardware,

software, connectivity, communication protocols and mode of transmission, such as

wired or wireless

client/server networA computer network in which one centralized, powerful

computer (called the server is a hu! to which many less powerful personal computers

or workstations (called clients are connected. "he clients run programs and access

data that are stored on the server. #ompare


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peer-to-peer networ:

A network of personal computers, each of which acts as !oth client and sever, so thateach can e$change files and email directly with every other computer on the network.%ach computer can access any of the others, although access can !e restricted tothose files that a computer&s user chooses to make availa!le. 'eertopeer networks areless e$pensive than client)server networks !ut less efficient when large amounts of dataneed to !e e$changed.

Network attac"ent:

Hu%:

A hu! is the simplest of these devices. Any data packet coming from one port is

sent to all other ports. *t is then up to the receiving computer to decide if the

packet is for it. *magine packets going through a hu! as messages going into a


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mailing list. "he mail is sent out to everyone and it is up to the receiving party to

decide if it is of interest.

Bride:

A !ridge goes one step up on a hu! in that it looks at the destination of the

packet !efore sending. *f the destination address is not on the other side of the

!ridge it will not transmit the data.

Switc$A switch steps up on a !ridge in that it has multiple ports. +hen a packet comes

through a switch it is read to determine which computer to send the data to.


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+outer:

A router is similar in a switch in that it forwards packets !ased on address. ut,

instead of the -A# address that a switch uses, a router can use the *' address.

"his allows the network to go across different protocols.


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Assem#ling and $aintenance

)C Assem#ly steps:

i$ the -other!oard !y fi$ing corner screw first .

i$ the /-'/.

i$ the 0 and # drive.

#onnect the power supply ca!les to the mother!oard, 0 and # drive.

#onnect the 0 and # drive *% ca!le to the -other!oard.#onnect the

front panel ca!les in mother!oard such as 0 %,'ower %, 'ower,

3eset /peaker.

#onnect the front audio and front 4/ ca!les in the mother!oard. Attach 3A- in to the 3am slot of the mother!oard.

'lace the #a!inet cover.

)C Dismantle Steps:

3emove all the e$ternal connections from the #'4 5 power ca!le.

3emove #'4 cover !y removing outer cover.

'lace the #'4 horizintaly on the ta!le 5 place , front panel facing

your right handside.

3emove the 3A-. 3emove all power ca!les from the -other!oard and all drives such

as 0,loppy,# 36- etc. 3emove *% ca!le and data ca!le from the devices and from the

mother!oard. 3emove the /-'/ !y removing the screws first then apply the

pressure one side.


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3emove the drives !y removing screw.

3emove the -other!oard !y removing corner screws firs the other

screws. /lightly shift the mother!oard !ack and slowly lift it up.

)C $aintenance:

7eep the #omputer away from the dust.

Attach your #omputer with saftier device like /pike

8uard,/ta!lizer,4'# etc. 4se #loth to clear outer !ody of the #omputer. 4sed soft !rush and

air !lower to clean the inner !ody of the #omputer. on9t use cloth or any kind of liuid on the #ircuit oard inside the

'#. *n every si$ month do system software upgradation and !ack up the

important data.

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