MGA IMPERYO SA TIMOG -SILANGANG ASYA

MAP of Southeast Asia and Khmer Empire

A short history of southeast Asia

The history of Southeast Asia has

been characterized as interaction

between regional players and

foreign powers. Though 11

countries currently make up the

region, the history of each country

is intertwined with all the others.

For instance, the Malay empires of

Srivijaya and Malacca covered

modern day Indonesia, Malaysia,

and Singapore while the Burmese,

Thai, and Khmer peoples governed

much of Indochina. At the same

time, opportunities and threats

from the east and the west shaped

the direction of Southeast Asia.

The history of the countries within the

region only started to develop

independently of each other after

European colonialization was at full

steam between the 17th and the 20th

century.

KINGDOMS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA

Ayutthaya [1351-1767](Thailand)

After the Siamese conquered Angkor, they brought

many Khmer captives back to Ayutthaya. Some of

these had been officials or craftsmen at the Khmer

royal court and Ayutthaya's rulers adopted many

Hindu practices that had been followed by the

Khmer, including the concept of the ruler as god-

king. The king acquired powers of life and death

over all his people. Only members of the royal

family could gaze upon his face and he had to be

addressed in a special language used exclusively

for royalty. The power of the ruler was enhanced

not only through symbolic and ideological

concepts drawn from Khmer-Hindu beliefs about

the god-king but also through the centralization of

political power. The Thai developed a state in

which the ruler stood at the centre of a series of

concentric circles. The outer circles were governed

by hereditary lords, while the inner circles were

administered by office-holders appointed by the

king.

- The kings of Ayutthaya also issued formal codes

of civil and criminal law based on ancient Indian

jurisprudence. At the same time, a formal and

highly complex hierarchical system assigned each

person a varying number of units that designated

one's rank within society. At the bottom of the

scale, a slave was worth 5 units; freemen were

ranked at 25 and above, while the heir apparent

was assigned no fewer than 100,000 units.

-The mass of the people in Ayutthayan times were

peasant farmers, either freemen or slaves. The

latter included war captives, bondsmen, and

debtors. Freemen were obliged to work for six

months each year for the local representatives of

the king, to pay taxes, and to provide military

service as required.

Bagan kingdom [849-1287](Myanmar)

Between about 500 and 950, people of the Burman

ethnic group had been infiltrating from the north into

the central region of Myanmar which was occupied

by Pyu people that had come under the influence of

Mahayana Buddhism from Bihar and Bengal. The

Burmans centred on the small settlement of Bagan

on the left bank of the Irrawaddy River 150 km

southwest of Mandalay. By the mid-9th century,

Bagan had emerged as the capital of a powerful

kingdom that would unify Myanmar and would

inaugurate the Burman domination of the country

that has continued to the present day. During the

8th and 9th centuries the kingdom of Nanzhao

became the dominant power in southwestern

China.

Nanzhao mounted a series of raids

on the cities of mainland Southeast

Asia in the early decades of the 9th

century and even captured Hanoi in

861. The Mon and Khmer cities held

firm, but the Pyu capital of Halingyi

fell. The Burmans moved into this

political vacuum, establishing

Bagan as their capital city in 849. In

1287 Bagan was overrun by the

Mongols during their wide-ranging

conquests, and it never recovered

its predominant position.

Bagan is now a pilgrimage centre

and contains ancient Buddhist

shrines that have been restored and

redecorated and are in current use.

Ruins of other shrines and pagodas

cover a wide area. An earthquake, in

1975, severely damaged more than

half of the important structures and

irreparably destroyed many of them.

British period [1824-

1948](Myanmar)

The First Anglo-Burmese War arose from friction between Arakan

in western Burma and British-held Chittagong to the north. After

Burma's defeat of the kingdom of Arakan in 1784-85, Arakanese

refugees went north into British territory and, from their

sanctuaries in Bengal, formed armed contingents and recrossed

the border, attacking Burmese garrisons in Arakan. In retaliation,

Burmese forces crossed into Bengal, withdrawing only when

challenged by Bengal authorities. In 1823, Burmese forces again

crossed the frontier and the British responded with a large

seaborne expedition that took Rangoon (1824) without a fight. The

British hope of making the Burmese submit by holding the delta

region and threatening the capital failed as Burmese resistance

stiffened. In 1825 the British Indian forces advanced northward.

In a skirmish south of Ava, the Burmese general Bandula was

killed and his armies routed. The 1926 Treaty of Yandabo formally

ended the First Anglo-Burmese War. The British victory had been

After 25 years of peace, the British Indian

government sent a naval officer,

Commodore Lambert, to Rangoon to

investigate British merchant's complaints of

extortion. When Lambert seized a ship that

belonged to the Burmese king, another war

began. By July 1852 the British had

captured the ports of Lower Burma and had

begun a March on the capital. Slowly but

steadily the British-Indian forces occupied

the central teak forests of Burma. The new

king Mindon Min (ruled 1853-78) requested

the dispersal of British forces. The British

were unreceptive but were hesitant to

advance farther northward; with both sides

at an impasse, the fighting simply ceased.

The British now occupied all Lower Burma

Champa kingdom [192-1700](Vietnam)

Champa was formed in AD 192, during the breakup of the Han

dynasty of China, when the Han official in charge of the region

established his own kingdom around the area of the present

city of Hue. Although the territory was at first inhabited mainly

by wild tribes involved in incessant struggles with the Chinese

colonies in Tonkin, it gradually came under Indian cultural

influence, evolving into a decentralized country composed of

four small states, named after regions of India, Amaravati

(Quang Nam), Vijaya (Binh Dinh), Kauthara (Nha Trang), and

Panduranga (Phan Rang). The four states had a powerful fleet

that was used for commerce and for piracy. The Cham people,

of Malayo-Polynesian stock and Indianized culture, were finally

united under the rule of King Bhadravarman around 400AD.

In retaliation for Cham raids on their coast, the Chinese

invaded Champa in 446, bringing the region under their

suzerainty once again. Finally, under a new dynasty in the 6th

century, Champa threw off its allegiance to China and entered

into an era of great independent prosperity and artistic

Chiang Mai [1292-1558](Thailand)

The Chiang Mai kingdom(also called LanNa)in what is today northern Thailand,

was founded by the Thai ruler of Chiang Rai, Mangrai, who conquered the

ancient(9th century) Mon kingdom of Haripunjaya and built a new capital at

Chiang Mai in 1296. Under Mangrai and his successors Chiang Mai became not

only powerful but also a centre for the spread of Theravada Buddhism to Thai

peoples in what are now northeastern Myanmar, southern China, and northern

Laos. Under Tilokaracha (ruled 1441-87), Chiang Mai became famous for its

Buddhist scholarship and literature. It was conquered by the Toungoo and

incorporated into the Burman empire in 1558 but the central Thai states of

Ayutthaya and Bangkok challenged Burman control over the area. In 1774, the

Thai king Taksin drove out the Myanma; but Chiang Mai retained a degree of

independence from Bangkok until the late 19th century.

Chiang Mai is the largest city in northern Thailand and the third largest city in

the nation after Bangkok and Khorat(Nakhon Ratchasima). It is located on the

Ping River, a major tributary of the Chao Phraya River, near the centre of a

fertile intermontane basin at an elevation of 335 meters. It serves as the

religious, economic, cultural, educational, and transportation centre for both

northern Thailand and part of neighbouring Myanmar. The older part of town

and particularly the 18th-century walled settlement, is on the west bank of the

river; it contains ruins of many 13th and 14th century temples of which Wat

Phra Sing (1345) that houses Phra Sing, the most venerated Buddha figure of

the north and Wat Chedi Luang (1411) that held Bangkok's famous Emerald

Khmer

ALPHABETH

Khmer kingdom [802-1432](Cambodia)

Khmer civilization developed over several distinct periods. The first was

marked by the small, somewhat decentralized Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms of

Funan and Chenla, beginning in the 1st century AD and extending into the

8th century.

In the late 8th and early 9th centuries, Jayavarman II founded the dynasty

that became established at Angkor by the early 10th century. This era has

been called the classical period of Khmer civilization (802-1432). Jayavarman's

successors constructed great architectural monuments at Angkor. The power

of the Khmer empire peaked in the 12th century under Suryavarman II, who

built the temple complex of Angkor Wat. His armies ranged as far west as

northern Thailand and as far east as northern Vietnam. The Khmer empire's

strength was based on a well-developed system of irrigated rice cultivation and

Lan Xang kingdom [1353-

1713](Laos)

Recorded Laotian history begins with Fa

Ngum, the ruler who founded the first Laotian

state, Lan Xang, with the help of the Khmer

sovereign at Angkor. Fa Ngum was a great

warrior and, between 1353 and 1371, he

conquered territories that included all of

present-day Laos and much of what is today

northern and eastern Thailand. He extended

the Indo-Khmer civilization to the upper

Mekong River and introduced Theravada

Buddhism, which had been preached by

Khmer missionaries from Angkor. In 1373 Fa

Ngum was succeeded by his son Oun Hueun,

who did much to organize the pattern of

administration and defense for the kingdom.

After his death in 1416, a long period of calm,

broken only by a Vietnamese invasion in

1479, allowed his successors to complete the

work of organizing Lan Xang.

This period of peace and tranquility

ended with Photisarath (ruled 1520-

48), who involved Lan Xang in a

struggle against Myanmar and the

Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya that lasted

two centuries. Photisarath waged three

wars against Ayutthaya and succeeded

in placing his son Setthathirath on the

throne of the Thai state of Chiang Mai

(Lan Na), marking Lan Xang's

maximum territorial expansion. On

Photisarath's death, his son returned

to rule Lan Xang as Setthathirath I

(ruled 1548-71). His reign was marked

by the loss of Chiang Mai to the

Myanma, by the transfer of the capital

from Luang Prabang to Vientiane(Vien

Pyu kingdoms [100BC- 840AD](Myanmar)

Between the 1st century BC and the 9th century AD,

speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages known as the Pyu

were establishing city-kingdoms in Myanmar at Binnaka,

Mongamo, Shri Ksetra, and Halingyi. For a long time, a

trade route between China and India had passed through

northern Myanmar and then across the Chindwin River

valley. In 97 and 121 AD, Roman embassies to China chose

the overland route through Myanmar for their journey. The

Pyu, however, provided an alternative route down the

Irrawaddy to Shri Ksetra and then by sea westward to India

and eastward to insular Southeast Asia.

Chinese historical records noted that the Pyu claimed

sovereignty over 18 kingdoms. The same Chinese records

emphasized the humane nature of the Pyu government and

the elegance and grace of Pyu life. Fetters, chains, and

prisons were unknown, and punishment for criminals was

a few strokes with the whip. The men, gaily dressed in blue,

wore gold ornaments on their hats, and the women wore

jewels in their hair. The Pyu lived in houses built of timber

Tabinshwehti

King Minkyinyo (1486-1531) of

Toungoo is considered the founder

of the dynasty which conquered

the Mohnyin Shan peoples in

northern Myanmar, thus

eliminating one element of the

fragmentation that had existed in

Myanmar since the demise of the

Bagan dynasty in 1287.

Consolidating his power in

Toungoo, far up the Sittang River,

Tabinshwehti pushed southward,

overrunning the Irrawaddy delta

region and crushing the Mon

capital of Bago(Pegu). After

defeating a Shan-led counterattack

at Pyay(Prome)in 1544,

Tabinshwehti was crowned as king

of all Myanmar at the ancient

capital of Bagan. He then began

assembling an army for an attack

on coastal Arakan to the west. The

Myanmar forces were defeated at

Arakan but Tabinshwehti led his

retreating army eastward to

Ayutthaya where he was defeated

Toungoo dynasty

Ang Kultura ng Timog Silangang Asya

Panimula

Gaano kahalaga ang ating pagiging mula sa

Timog Silangang Asya? Ano ang alam natin tungkol

sa rehiyong ito na ating kinabibilangan? Mayroon ba

tayong alam tungkol sa mga kultura ng ating mga

karatig-bansa? Ano ang kaibhan at/o pagkapareho

ng kanilang kultura sa kulturang Pilipino?

Masasagot natin ang mga tanong na ito sa

pamamagitan ng pagbabasa ng ilang teksto tungkol

sa kultura ng Indonesia at Malaysia, dalawa sa mga

bansa sa Timog Silangang Asya.

Ang mga bansa sa Timog Silangang Asya ay

naniniwala sa maraming iba't ibang mga relihiyon.

Ang mga bansang nasa kalupaang Asya. gaya ng

Thailand. Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar. at Vietnam ay

pangunahing naniniwala sa Budhismo. Ang

Singapore ay pangunahin din Budhista. Ang mga

paniniwalang namana at Confucianismo ay

malawak din pinananaligan sa Vietnam at

Singapore. Sa Kapuluaang Malay, ang mga taong

nakatira sa Malaysia, kanlurang Indonesia at Brunei

ay pangunahing naniniwala sa Islam.

AngKristiyanismo ay ang pangunahing relihiyon sa

Pilipinas, silangang Indonesia at Silangang Timor.

AngPilipinas ang pinakamalaking Katolikong

populasyon na sinundan naman ng vietnam sa

malayong agwat. Ang Silangang Timor ay isa ring

predominanteng Katoliko dahil sa matagal na

RELIHIYON

Ekonomiya

Ang rehiyon ay isa sa pinakaproduktibo. Ang mga

imbak ng langis ay mayroon sa rehiyon.

Labingpitong kumpanyang pangtelekomunikasyn

ang kumontrata upang buuin ang bagon kableng

submarino upang ikonekta ang Timog Silangang

Asya sa Estados Unidos. Ito ay upang maiwasan

ang pagkaabala na tulad ng nangyaring

pagkaputol ng kable mula Taiwan patungong E.U.

sa isang lindol.

MGA NAGING AMBAG

NG IBA’t IBANG

IMPERYO

MGA NAGAWA AT AMBAG NG

IMPERYONG KHMER

-NAGPATAYO NG MGA NAGLALAKIHAN

AT NAGGAGANDAHANG TEMPLO

-ITINAYO ANG ANGKOR WAT, KINILALA

BILANG PINAKAMATANDA AT

PINAKAMALAKING ESTRUKTURANG

PANGARKITEKTURA

ANG KHMER NA CAMBODIA SA

KASALUKUYAN ANG DATING

PINAKAMAKAPANGYARIHANG KAHARIAN

SA KALAKHANG LUPAIN NG TIMOG

SILANGANG ASYA.

SA ILALIM NG PAMUMUNO NI

JAYAVARMAN II ANG PINAKADAKILANG

HARI NG MGA KHMER. SINAKOP NI

JAYAVARMAN II ANG KALAPIT NA

KAHARIAN AT IKINABIT ANG MGA ITO SA

KANYANG IMPERYO.

- ITINATAG NIYA ANG KABISERA NG

KHMER SA LUNGSOD NG ANGKOR.

NATAMO NG KHMER ANG TUGATOG NG

KAPANGYARIHAN NOONG PANAHON NG

ANGKOR SA ILALIM NI JAYAVARMAN II

BUMAGSAK ANG IMPERYO NOONG 1430

DAHIL SA DI MAPIGILANG REBELYON

ANG IMPERYO NG ANNAM

ANG MGA ANNAMESE ANG ITINUTURING NA

PINAKADOMINANTENG TAO SA VIETNAM.

-SILA AY NAGMULA SA LAHI NG MGA

MONGOLIAN TSINO NA NANINIRAHAN SA

TONKIN

-ANG TONKIN NA MATATAGPUAN SA TIMOG

HANGGANAN NG TSINA NA KINIKILALANG

ORIHINAL NA ESTADO NG MGA ANNAMESE.

-ANG VIETNAM AY NAGING ISANG MALAYANG

KAHARIAN 939 CE AT PINAMAHALAAN NG

DINASTIYANG LY.

- ANG HANOI ANG NAGING KABISERA NITO .

-ANG RELIHIYONG BUDDHISM ANG

PINAKAMAHALAGANG PAMANA NG MGA TSINO

SA MGA VIETNAMESE.

ANG IMPERYONG SIAM

.

ANG SIAM NA THAILAND SA

KASALUKUYAN ANG KAISA-ISANG

BANSA SA TIMOG SILANGANG ASYA NA

NANATILING MALAYA SIMULA PA NONG

SINAUNANG PANAHON.

BUNGA NITO TINAWAG ANG MGA

MAMAMAYAN NITO NA THAI (MALAYA)

ANG KANILANG LAHI AT MUANG THAI

(LUPAIN NG MALALAYA) ANG KANILANG

BANSA. ITINATAG ANG KANILANG

MAY MGA NAKARATING SA BURMA AT MENAM

VALLEY.

ANG MGA NAKARATING SA MENAM VALLEY AY

NAGTATAG NG KAHARIANG TINAWAG NA

SUKHOTAI

DITO LUMITAW ANG KULTURANG THAI NA

NAKABATAY SA KULTURANG TSINO AT HINDU.

KAHARIANG SUKHOTAI-PINAMUNUAN NI RAMA KANKEN NA KINILALANG

MAHUSAY NA HARI

-SIYA ANG LUMIKHA NG SULAT KAMAY NA THAI

SINUNDAN SIYA NI RAMA TIBODI NA PINALAWAK

ANG TERITORYO NG KAHARIAN SA KATIMUGANG

BAHAGI . SIYA’Y PINALTAN NI PHRA NARET

TANYAG NA BAYANING THAI NA NAGPASIMULA SA

GROUP 4

MEMBERS :

APRIL GARRIDO

GINO CANDOLESAS

EDDIE VIBAR

ALBERT DESTAJO