PROJECT 1 (BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1)

Table Content

NO. SECTION Pages

1.0

INTRODUCTION OF GROUP MEMBERS DETAIL AND LOCATION (NAE)

1-2

2.0

SITE AND SAFETY (SJL) 3-10

3.0

EXTERNAL WORK (FA) 11-16

4.0

FOUNDATION (LKJ) 17-20

5.0

SUPERSTUCTURE (CCW) 21

5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN (CCW) 22-24

5.2 SLAB (LYC) 25-28

5.3 WALL (LYC) 29-33

5.4 STAIRCASE (NAE) 34-37

6.0 DOORS AND WINDOWS (GYN) 38-42

7.0

ROOF (PKWY) 43-45

8.0 SUMMARY (NAE) 46

8.1 REFERENCES (GYN) 47-48

INTRODUCTION

The site that we went to undergo our studies is located in Semenyih which is a small town in Selangor, about 8 km southeast

of Kajang along the Kajang-Seremban road.

Our group consist of eight members:

Loh Khai Jhung

Siew John Loong

Chong Chui Wern

Farah Akmal

Azalia Eliany

Lee Yen Chei

Patricia Kong

Goh Yen Nee

We went to the Story Terrace house in Kesuma Lakes, Beranang and the lorry factory site in Semenyih for the site analysis.

Introduction By Nor Azalia Eliany 1

LOCATION

Storey Terrace house in Kesuma Lakes, Beranag is a residential township located just off Jalan Semenyih in Semenyih. The

township is located near to Bandar Rinching, Taman Pelangi Semenyih, Taman Rinching Indah and Kampung Rinching Tengah.

Span over 1,357 acres land, Bandar Tasik Kesuma is planned to become a self-contained township with over 900 acres of

residential component and 457 acres of commercial properties. The township is also completed with recreational facilities. There

are several types of residences. Another site that we visited is a lorry factory which located in Semenyih as well and near to the

storey terrace house in Kesuma Lakes.

Site 1 Site 2

Building Type Storey Houses Lorry Factory

Location Kesuma Lakes, Beranag Semenyih

Stage of Construction Finishing Stage (Exterior and Interior touch up) Framing Stage (Installing windows and doors)

Data Obtained -Foundation construction photos -Columns and beam construction photos -Wall construction photos -Roof construction photos -Windows and door installations photos -Sewage construction photos -External touching up photos

-Windows’ frame installation -Doors’ frame installation -Steel columns and its functions -Staking of bricks -Tiles installation

Introduction By Nor Azalia Eliany 2

2.0 Site and Safety

Our chosen site is the Storey Terrace House in Kesuma Lakes, Beranang and the lorry factory site in Semenyih. In a site, there are

lots of safety protocols and regulations to be followed in order to reduce accidents from happening. Before entering a site, visitor or

workers are required to wear some equipments in order to protect themselves from construction site incidents like falling object.

Falling Object

Precaution against falling is still improvable. The site does not

provide proper equipment for the workers to go up and down

from the building.

Site & Safety By Siew John Loong 3

Fire Prevention Hygiene

Electricity

Untidy site can lead to

accident and unhygienic

condition

- Fire extinguisher is not

provided.

-The site is not ready in the

event of fire.

-Random connection of the wires are found and they are

not covered.

-The floors are floating with water and it is dangerous.


Material Handling Problem

Working At Height

.

The materials are not arranged well on the site and they are

just put randomly on it.

Workers are not wearing any safety equipment like safety

helmet or harness belt while working on the site


PLANTS AND MACHINERY

Concrete Mixer

Wheelbarrow

A few concrete mixers can be seen on the site. They are the

devices that combines concrete, aggregate such as sand and

gravel and water to form concrete.

The worker uses the wheelbarrow to transfer things from one to

another.


Loader

Excavators

The loader is used to handle and transport bulk materials such as rocks and sands.

The excavators are used to excavate the ground and the

worker uses it to dig a big trencher.


Electricity Generator Task Forklift

Material hoisting machine

-It is a device that converts

mechanical energy to

electrical energy for use in

an external circuit.

Equipment that relate to the movement, storage, control, and

protection of materials, goods and products throughout the

process of manufacturing , distribution, consumption and

disposal.

-It is used to move or carry

heavy loads from one place

to another.


Mobile Cranes

Concrete Casting Vibrator

Ready Mixed Concrete Barrier

The worker uses

the crane to hoist

and place

materials of the

buildings.

The worker uses

the concrete

casting vibrator on

the floor to balance

the amount of

concrete part.

Ready mix concrete is

concrete that is manufactured

in factory and then delivered

to a work site by truck

mounted in-transit mixers. his

results in a precise mixtures

to be developed and

implemented on construction

sites. The workers use the

barrier to store the concrete

and pour it to the slab.


Plate Vibratory Compactor

It is an engine-powered, walk behind machines that impact vibratory

compaction effort to lose materials and asphalt via a bottom-mounted

steel plate that might vary in area from 1.5 to 3 square feet. An

eccentric drive mechanism propels the compactor forward, and if the

compactor is 'reversible', the mechanism also propels the machine in

the opposite direction.


3.0 EXTERNAL WORK

It is a service provided around building to provide

convenience to the occupiers of the building.

SITE LAYOUT

It is prepared by the contractor before the work on site

commences as part of their mobilisation activities.

The site layout has to include the location of cranes, site offices,

welfare facilities, off-loading and storage areas, sub-contractor facilities,

car parking, entrances, temporary roads, separate pedestrian access,

signage, temporary services and etc.

Advantages of a well-planned site layout:-

To gives a good impression to the general public.

Improve the productivity.

To help in directing plant and materials deliveries.

To reflect on the efficiency of the site management by reducing

waste and eliminating unnecessary movement of plants and

materials.

When planning the site layout, we should consider the site activities,

efficiency, movement, control, accommodation for staff and storage of

materials.

External Work By Farah Akmal 11

FENCING/ HOARDING

It is a temporary wooden fence around a building or structure

under construction, repair or at the demolition site to secure the site,

prevent noise and dust nuisance to adjoining properties. It forms

boundaries between lands of different occupiers.

Functions of fencing

Security.

Excluding the view of the building construction surrounding from

outside.

Limits the accessibility to the building to the specified or accepted

entrance.

To forms boundaries between lands of different occupiers.

To keep out trespass or intruder to the site construction.

Type of fencing used:

Temporary fencing hoarding

SIGNS AND NOTICES


Signs and notices are essential elements in building construction

as it assists in directing the people or workers to the plants and

materials site. It also acts as a warning to the public and employees.

Functioned as:-

Notice of commencement of building construction or other

construction work.

To warn the people of all the dangerous activities taking place in

the site construction.

To help maintain a good public relations.

To shows the people and organization involve in this project.

To act as warnings to the public and the employees.

As part of a full security provided on the site

Types of Signs

Mandatory Sign

Warning signs

Danger signs

All mandatory signs can be identified by a blue

circle with white picture within.

Warning signs can be identified by a yellow

background.

Danger sign incorporate the word ‘danger’

in white letters on a red oval shape against a

black background.


DRAINAGE

The natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from

an area.

Type of Drainage used in the construction site

Channel drainage, which intercepts water along the entire run of the channel and it, is manufactured from concrete, steel, polymer or composites.

Function of drainage

To collect surface water and or ground water and direct it away. To protect the

substructure from erosion, sodden, and losing its load-bearing capacity and stability.Type of surface drain used in the construction Half Round Drain

Usually built in resident area and low level ground area.

PROGRESS WORK DONE FOR DRAINAGE WORKS

Excavation and base concrete for the

drain.

Laying works of drain brick wall.

BRC mesh laying to drain the base.

Plastering the drain wall.


Fixing works for formwork for entrance

slab.

Laying works of glaze ware drain.

Completed

drain.

MANHOLE

It’s a tube which connects underground utilities to the surface which

is large enough to accommodate the body of utility workers. It can be

found connected to water and sewer systems, along with electrical and

fibrotic cabling. In all cases, manholes are located at primary junctions,

and sometimes at intervals along the utility line, to allow workers easy

access to potential problems.

Manhole is located when there is:-

Change in drainage pipe direction

Junction

Change in ground levels

Change of drainage pipe size

Long pipeline


It is covered with a top that is flush to the ground called manhole

cover. Manhole cover comes in many shapes which is square, round

shape, ‘T’ shape and ‘L’ shape.

Purpose of having manhole:-

Inspections, cleaning and removing of the obstruction are carried

out in the sewer line.

It allows sewers to be attached, or alternating the direction or the

alignment of the sewers.

It can be used to facilitate the laying of sewer line in convenient

lengths.


FOUNDATION Foundation (also known as Base work) is the lowest and the most basic form and work to make an architectural structure possible to be built.

Procedures of Constructing Foundation

Setting out for footing

Marking of the spot of the footing / foundation To show also the area and space required to construct the foundation Use a wooden stick to mark the edge of the area

Removing the soil of the selected spot Using excavator to remove the soil

Excavation of pit for footing

Proper compaction to base footing

Compact and strengthen the soil of the base of the footing using compactor

Put up formwork of the footing Make sure every planes is supported with enough strength Adjustments to the form cannot be made after the concrete is poured because concrete is very heavy

Fixing works of footing formwork and bars

BRACES

CLEATS

SHEATHING STUDS

METAL BAR

METAL BAR

FOR

COLUMNS

4.0 FOUNDATION

Foundation (also known as Base work) is the lowest and the most basic form and work to make an architectural structure possible to be built. Before the

construction of foundation, detailed soil investigation is carry out to determine the type of foundation needed to construct in order to be able to support the

structure. Organization and analysis of all available information about the structure to be supported and the subsurface condition is also taken into

consideration. Optimal foundation solution transfers the structural load to the ground in a way that minimizes costs over the life of the structure without

sacrificing safety or performance.

Foundation By Loh Khai Jhung 17

Concrete casting into footing

Cast in concrete Bucket-casting method to transfer the concrete into the formwork Use concrete vibrator to vibrate to concrete so it flows evenly throughout the whole

form

Let cure the concrete and remove formwork

Dismantle of formwork for footing

Slump Test

Measures the consistency of the concrete in that specific batch Check the consistency of freshly made concrete

CURED

FOOTING

METAL BAR

FOR

COLUMNS


Additional Information on Foundation Construction

Excavation:

Types Description

Common Excavation

The excavation of all materials that can be excavated, transported, and unloaded by the use of heavy ripping equipment.

Rock Excavation

The excavation of all hard, compacted or cemented materials that requires blasting or the use of ripping and excavating equipment larger than defined for common excavation.

Compaction:

Soil before compaction Soil after compaction

-Large space between soil particles which leads to more flow and easily movable particle -Loose soil leads to poor load support

-Less space between soil particles which makes the matter more solid and smooth on the surface -Compacted soil improves load support

Formwork:

Components Uses

Sheathings The vertical planes that form the shapes of the concrete poured into the formwork.

Cleats The supporting elements on the top side which holds the opposite sheathings together when the heavy concreted is casting in and prevent tilting or the sheathings .

Studs The supporting elements on the side of the Sheathings which maintain the straightness of the sheathings when concrete is casting in.

Braces The additional supporting elements which hold the sheathing vertically in place by connecting the sheathings to the ground to withstand the weight of he concrete.

Stakes The cleats-like component which hold the formwork to the ground, making them stand firmly in place.

Wires Thin strings that hold opposing sheathings together by connecting the opposing cleats together.


Concrete Curing:

Curing plays an important role on strength development and durability of concrete. Curing takes place immediately after concrete placing and finishing, and involves maintenance of desired moisture and temperature conditions, both at depth and near the surface, for extended periods of time. Properly cured concrete has an adequate amount of moisture for continued hydration and development of strength, volume stability, resistance to freezing and thawing, and abrasion and scaling resistance. Factor affecting the curing process of concrete: - Mixture proportions - Size and shape of concrete member - Ambient weather conditions - Future exposure conditions

Slump Test:

The slump test result is a slump of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete. The test is carried out using a mold known as a slump cone.

Procedure of Slump Test: 1) The cone is placed on a hard non-absorbent surface 2) This cone is filled with fresh concrete in three stages, each time it is tamped

using a rod of standard dimensions 3) Concrete is struck off flush to the top of the mold 4) The mold is carefully lifted vertically upwards 5) Concrete subsides 6) The result is then taken down

(Different uses of concrete should have different results from this test)


5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline.

This term is applied to various kinds of physical structures such as buildings, bridges,

or ships.

Super-structure is that part of the structure which is above ground level, and which

serves the purpose of its intended use.

Superstructure of a building consist of:

Staircase

Beam

s

Column

s

Slabs

Wal

l

Superstructure By Chong Chui Wern 21

5.1 BEAM AND COLUMN

Columns

A column or pillar in architecture is a vertical structural element that transmits, through

compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below.

Construction site:

First, tie up rings around and into vertical steel bars, according to shape and design.

Nextly, fix the form work according to required size with vertical steel bars.

Then, pour reinforced concrete in form work according to design and size using

bucket-casting method.

Steel

Bars Rings

Wooden

formwork

Bucket with concrete.


Lastly, remove the form work and do proper curing.

Additional information: Wooden formwork is used as it can be constructed at a lower

initial cost than steel because of higher availability and lower production costs.It

requires no special tools nor high level construction experience. It is also easier to

handle due to its lighter weight.

Beam

A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily

by resisting bending.

Building of the ground floor beams.

The building uses cast in-situ to build the first floor beam. These will be supported by

walls or columns and the construction of a beam will require formwork. Once formwork

has been erected, reinforcing steel is fixed, making the necessary connection to the

reinforcement in the supporting elements. The side formwork is then fixed. The

concrete is then cast. Curing takes place after that.

Building of roof beams.

Scaffolding is used as

support for the cast

di-situ beams.


Cutting of concrete

Additional Information:

Curing is the process where the concrete is protected from loss of moisture and kept

within a reasonable temperature range. This process results in increased strength and

decreased permeability. Curing is also a key player in reducing cracks, which severely

impacts durability of concrete.

Before Curing After Curing


Advantages:

1. Durability

2. Possess adequate stiffness

3. Termite resistance

4. Damp resistance

5. High speed of construction

6. Fire resistance

Disadvantages:

1. Not east to rectify on defects

2. Cannot be satisfactorily repaired

by patch work.

3. Weak heat insulation

4. Weak sound insulation

5.2 Floor

- Floor slab: A flat piece of concrete, typically used as a

walking surface, but may also serve as a load bearing

device as in slab homes. Concrete slab floors come in

many forms and can be used to provide great thermal

comfort and lifestyle advantages.

- Slabs can be on-ground, suspended, or a mix of both.

They can be insulated, both underneath and on the edges.

According to our site, there are two types of slabs are being used.

Concrete floor

Superstructure By Lee Yen Chei 25

Ground floor

( which is constructed in non- suspended floor)

- Constructed using concrete

Why Concrete is used instead of timber?

- Timber is not used to prevent decay

Hard-core (broken bricks, stone or

concrete)

- To fill in small pockets that have

been formed during over site

excavation in order to provide firm

base.

Crusher run floor slab proper compaction

Step 1:

Clear the construction area

Step 2:

Remove top soil/ unsuitable material

( 225mm)

Step 3:

Compact and level the soil

Step 4:

Place hardcore and compact it

Step 5:

Place damp proof membrane

Step 6:

Prepare formwork

Step 7:

Prepare lean concrete

Step 8:

Place reinforcing bar

Step 9:

Pour concrete

Step 10:

Cure concrete slab

CONSTRUCTION OF GROUND FLOOR SLAB

Reinforcing bar is placed to

increase strength

Concrete is poured and cured in

the slab form. The curing process

may require several days

depending on the concrete mix

and the air temperature.

Concrete floor slab water curing

Anti- termite treatment is applied on the

prepared, compacted hardcore


Advantages:

1. Easy handling as it’s light weight

2. Easy to disassemble

3. Damaged parts can be replaced

4. Very flexible

5. Easy to produce and easily

available

Disadvantages:

1. Limited re-use

2. If timber is dry, will absorb

moisture from wet concrete

3. Time consuming for large

structure

4. Required high quality labour

force

Formwork which has been accurately built is

assembled on the ground to prepare for

construction

The concrete is poured into the ready formwork.

The workers are undergo a process of Screeding

Why Timber formwork is used?

The construction for ground floor slab

is completed

1. The worker is levelling the concrete with a straight edge using a back and forth motion while moving across the surface.

Screeding: process removes excess concrete and brings the

top surface of concrete to a proper grade.


Construction of Upper Floor Slab

The method of upper floor construction is cast in situ.

The concrete is lifted up by the crane.

Suspended slabs are slabs that are not in direct contact with the ground. They form roofs or floors above ground level.

Suspended slabs are grouped into two types:

one way slabs

-supported on two sides

two way slabs

- supported on all four sides.


Wiring system is fixed before the

application of concrete slab

One way slabs

usually rectangular where the length is

two or more times the width. These

slabs are considered to be supported

along the two long sides only even if

there is a small amount of support on

the narrow ends. The width of the slab

is also the short span.

Two way slabs

are approximately square where the

length is less than double the width and

the slab is supported equally on all four

sides. The pressure spans equally

across the width and length of the

concrete slab.

The workers are building a temporary

formwork for the upper floor concrete slab

The upper floor slab is completed

Types of wall

5.3 Wall

Building walls purposes are to support roofs, floors and ceilings,

enclose a space as part of the building envelope, along with a

roof to give buildings form, and to provide shelter and security.

In addition, the wall may house various types of utilities such

as electrical wiring or plumbing.

Solid Wall

Load- bearing wall

masonry wall, constructed of either brick, or blocks of stone, or concrete laid in mortar with blocks laid to overlap in bonding or as monolith (one solid interrupted material such as concrete which poured wet and hardened)

Frame Wall

Non-load bearing wall

Constructed from a frame of small section of timber, concrete or metal joined together provide strength over both faces where thin panels are fixed with some material

Load bearing wall

Non- load bearing wall

Non- load bearing wall is the wall that does not support other load

except its own. This wall is constructed on building which has frames

such as columns and concrete beams. The wall thickness is

sufficient only half a brick and normally constructed with stretcher

bond.

Load bearing wall is constructed to support the load other

than its own. The wall will support all loads before

transferring to the foundation. This wall uses reinforcement

steel bars or is combined with columns to strengthen its

position.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_envelope

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_wiring

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing

Load Bearing wall & Non-load bearing wall Site B

Site A

Our site B consists of two floors. The lower wall supports the floor

and wall above. The upper wall is non-load bearing since the weight

of the roof truss is totally borne at the trusses’ bearing points on the

outer walls.

For our site A, The top floor of the building is an open area, it does not

has a supporting roof. So the wall of the building built is non load

bearing wall. It does not need to support other load except its own.

Load bearing wall

Non- load bearing wall

Non- load bearing wall Non- load bearing wall

Concrete

beam Concrete

columns


Site B is a semi- detached bungalow. There are two types of walls. Standard Brick details

Masonry Wall

- The wall is built by clay bricks

- Openings are spanned with lintels

for installations of doors and windows

Party wall

- Is a dividing partition between two adjoining buildings (or units) that is shared by the tenants of each residence

- Acts as fire wall, slow down the spread of fire

To the neighbouring house

Masonry

wall Party

wall

Why Clay Brick is used?

Reason:

1. Thermal and Acostic insulation

2. Low maintenance cost

3. Fire resistance

4. Flexible in application

f

Every brick is separated by beds and

joints of mortar. The horizontal

section of mortars are called beds

and vertical sections joints. The

purpose of beds and joints is to allow

the slight variation in dimension of

each brick and to accommodate

slight structural movement of

building.

Bed

Joint


Construction of brick wall Exterior Finishes

Old gunny sack to keep the

footing covered so that it sets

well.

Hook a line so that the layer of

bricks lines with the top of the

bricks

A brick wall is completed and

ready for finishing

Cement plaster finishes

- Plastering will be the process need to be

done after masonry work.

- is a mixture of adhesive cement, sand

and water

- give extra protection against penetration

of moisture for outer wall

White paint

- Exterior look of the building

- Acts as protective layer


Interior Finishes Bond Used

Before After


White Cement

The worker is applying the white

cement on the finished tiles.

Reason:

- This is because the tiles

used on wall are light in

colour.

- The gaps between the tiles

turn white

- When there

Thin layer of Mortar

- Fills crack in masonry or brickwork

- Tiling trowel is used to spread

mortar around the surface

Wall Tiling

- Tiles are installed along

straight edge to ensure

that tiles would not be

crooked.

Flemish bond

Running bond

Quality of Work

Marking is used in order to provide a better quality of work

- A smooth and flat surface ( plastering)

5.4 STAIRCASE

INTRODUCTION

Stairs are essential building blocks of any two-story construction projects. Stairs are constructed of three main things:

stringers, treads, and risers. Stringers are the diagonal 2x12s that carry the weight of the people walking up the stairs.

Treads are the top baseboards onto which you step, and risers are placed perpendicularly under each tread.

COMPONENTS OF A STAIRS

FUNCTIONITY OF THE STAIRS

-stairs been using for people climb it to another level of

the building. Instead of using elevator, people use

staircase to go to upper level of the building. It is also for

emergency exit. People can’t use the elevator during

emergency like fire alarm is ringing; they need to use the

stairs to exit from the building.

Superstructure by Nor Azalia Eliany 34

THREAD AND RISER RELATIONSHIP

1. All risers in the same flight must be equal.2. All treads

in the same flight must be equal.

3. For residences, the maximum height of a riser shall be

eight inches. (F.H.A. permits 8¼ inches.)

4. For residences, the minimum tread run shall be nine

inches exclusive of nosing.

5. The stair ratio: The height of a riser plus the width of a

tread shall equal not less than 17 inches nor more than

18 inches.

Minimum R + T = 17”

Maximum R +T = 18”

Below is an example on how to calculate it.


BASIC STAIR ANATOMY

There are three main components in a typical staircase:

stringers, treads and risers. Stringers, typically cut from 2

x 12s, are the sloped boards that support the other

components and carry the weight of people walking on

the stairs.

Staircase that we saw in the site


STAIRCASE TYPES

HALF LANDING

The stairs that been using for our site is half landing. Half

landing is a platform in a stairway, where the stairs

change direction halfway between the floors of a building


6.0 Doors & Windows

Doors

Door or can been said as a doorway is a movable structure that play an important role in blocking off, and allow access to, an

entrance to or within an enclosed space. There are many different kinds of doors that have specific names, various types of

mechanism and materials depending on their purpose.

Type of Door Operation On Site

Type of Door Frame Used On Site

Sliding Door

-large glass windows opening in a

structure that provide a door access from

a room to the outdoors which tends to

bring natural lights to the house

-tend to bring natural light into homes that

considered as an eco-friendly to the house

Hinged Door

-Doors can be hinged so that the axis of

rotation is not in the plane of the door to

reduce the space required on the side to

which the door opens

-commonly chosen to use in mostly houses

and rooms

Timber Door Frame

-natural appearance with an

excellent insulating properties

-renewable raw materials

-do not get rusted and less

maintenance

Steel Door Frame

-available in a variety of

styles, colours and wonderful

finishes

-easy to install

-very reliable and resistant to

various common problems

Open

Close

Open

Close

Doors & Windows By Goh Yen Nee 38

Construction Method of Door

1) Identify the position of brickwork should be

done at and the location for door frame to be

placed before installation proceeds. Check

the sill area to make sure its plumb or level.

Door Frame is lifted up

and levelled

Used to cover the edge of

the frame from getting

dented and damaged

when delivery to the site



2) Hold and

support the door

frame by using

wood nailed so

that it stands

stabilize before

the wall was built

in order.

Front wood hooked to

hold the another wood at

the back

Nailed wood to another

wood to avoid from frame

damaging

3) Wall installation begins with laying the brick

into the rebate behind the back of the door

frame.

Brickworks placed at the door

frame

4) Placing the mortar cement into each layer of gap between the

bricks and the frame so that the door frame could be rigid and

become an integral part of structure. Please ensure that the door

frame is plumbed.

Layer of

mortar

cement

between

bricks


5) Door leaf is installed to the door frame. Next, the jamb is nailed at the

leg then to the header of door frame. To be ensure that the opening of

door frame is enough for jamb to flip over.

Reinforced

concrete cement

lintel placed at the

top of the door

frame to support

the weight of the

bricks.

6) After that, we have to install the door hardware such as the hinge to

the jamb, door strike and lastly the lockset to the door leaf and door

frame for safety purpose.

Door Hinge Door Strike Lockset

7) The door is completely installed and

finished


Window

Windows are known as an opening in a wall, door, or roof that allows the passage of light and, if not closed, air and sound. They

are usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material such as tinted glass. Many glazed windows may be

opened, to allow ventilation, or closed, to exclude inclement weather. They are held in place by various types of frames. There are

also lots of different types of mechanism window but this depends to their needs and purposes.

Type of Window Operation On Site

Type of Window Frame Used On Site

Top Hung Window

-the hinge is placed on the

top of the frame, thereby

allowing the bottom to

swing out

-

Casement Window

- window with a hinged sash

that swings in or out like a

door comprising

Aluminium Window Frame

-easy to maintain and are

sometimes less expensive than

other frame options

-light, strong and durable


Construction Method of Window Frame

The method that we know about installing the aluminium

window frame from the site is straight install the main frame

with lug system to the wall. Therefore, there is no sub frame

needed in this process.

Mortar cement to hold

the aluminium window

frame become rigid at

the bricks wall

Black tape is used to cover the aluminium

window frame for protection from getting

corroded by the cement.

1) Measure the

dimension of

the rough

opening.

2) The rough opening

of window is cleaned

and wet.

3) The frame is

positioned by metal

straps with mortar

cement placed to make

sure the frame is fixed

at the wall.

4) The straps are prepared

to be anchored and make

sure the alignment of the

frame is in position. Then,

process of plastering can

be started.

Additional Information:

Material for window is green or black tinted glass glazing

which can prevent from heating and seeing through it.


7.0 ROOF

INTRODUCTION Roof is an exterior structure that provides shed to the body of a building. By having a roof, the building is able to withstand and protects the inhabitants from weather conditions (sunlight, rain, thunderstorm, wind, etc) and animals.

ROOF TYPES COMPONENTS OF A ROOF

FUNCTIONALITY OF ROOF

A roof has a basic function of withstanding atmospheric pollution, frost and other harmful condition

It is able to prevent fire spreading from one building to another

Heat lost and excessive solar heat gain can be reduced during hot weathers with the presence of various sheathing and underlayment in the roof

Roof By Patricia Kong 43

CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF

OPEN GABLE ROOF

1. Scaffolding or in other words a temporary propping 2. The trussed rafter roofs method is used in order to support the

is set up in order to support the framework of the roof. walls from spreading out when extra force is exerted on the roof.

3. A layer of plywood sheathing and roofing felt are laid on the rafters.

This is to act as an insulator for the building. After that, the metal roof panels are then laid on.


SHED ROOF 1. The framework of the roof is set up and is supported by a temporary propping.

2. The trussed rafter roofs are then set up be it with a metal rafter or wood and notch a slot which is also known as a bird mouth at the point where the rafters meet the wall. This is so that the rafter is able to sit firmly onto the wall. 3. Sheathing is then added and it is optional to place roof shingles or roof planks onto the sheath.


Summary

We visited two sites in total. Both are located in Semenyih. One is terrace houses in Kesuma Lakes,

and the other one is a lorry factory. By visiting those two sites we were able to explore and understand the

actual construction sites and how it works. We are more exposed to the basic principle and procedures of

the construction process. From pre-construction procedure, excavation processes, superstructure

constructions, utilities installations to the touching-up processes external works and roofing. We also

learned about how important it is to know about the construction of a building. For us who are taking

architecture course, we were able to know about the material which is suitable and efficient to be used for

the building environment. We were also exposed more to the construction technology and the extensive

detail of the construction. Our group consist of eight members divided our work equally to do this report.

This experience is something that we cannot get from the lecture class.

Summary By Nor Azalia Eliany 46

References

1) http://www.tcd.ie/civileng/Staff/Brian.Caulfield/3A1/3A1%20Lecture%2011.pdf

2) http://unesco-

nigeriatve.org/download/instructional_materials/nd%20building%20technology/Semesters/Semester%204/BLD%20204%20Building%

20Construction%20III%20Combined.pdf

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http://civilblog.org/2015/02/18/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-concrete-flooring/

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http://www.claybricks.com/newsletter/newsletter-5/advantages-of-brick.html

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wall.html

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References 47

http://www.tcd.ie/civileng/Staff/Brian.Caulfield/3A1/3A1%20Lecture%2011.pdf

http://unesco-nigeriatve.org/download/instructional_materials/nd%20building%20technology/Semesters/Semester%204/BLD%20204%20Building%20Construction%20III%20Combined.pdf



http://www.studylecturenotes.com/engineering-technology/manhole-purpose-location-and-types-of-manholev

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-manhole.htm

http://www.fao.org/docrep/r4082e/r4082e07.htm#TopOfPage

https://trv.jbv.no/PDF/Translations/Technical%20regulations/Substructure/Design%20and%20construction/11%20Drainage.pdf

https://trv.jbv.no/PDF/Translations/Technical%20regulations/Substructure/Design%20and%20construction/11%20Drainage.pdf

http://www.logibrik.co.za/building-a-brick-wall-step-by-step.php

http://www.claybricks.com/newsletter/newsletter-5/advantages-of-brick.html

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-to-build-a-brick-wall.html

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-to-build-a-brick-wall.html

http://www.slideshare.net/ELFIndia/wall-finishes-and-wall-patterns

http://www.slideshare.net/ELFIndia/wall-finishes-and-wall-patterns

http://www.home-building-answers.com/walls.html

http://www.steeldoor.org/installation.php

http://www.cooldec.com.my/doorwindow.html

http://www.slideshare.net/minhbuisi/method-aluminum-door-window

http://us.allegion.com/products/doors_frames/solutions/Pages/details2.aspx?InfoID=28

http://www.slideshare.net/Welltan/building-construction-36880123

24) http://www.slideshare.net/dexterys/final-building-construction-1

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26) https://books.google.com.my/books?id=KKeipCXitkMC&pg=PA182&dq=types+of+roof&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GrYnVdilC8WeugSlmIC4Cw&re

dir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=types%20of%20roof&f=false

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PA38&dq=types+of+roof&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GrYnVdilC8WeugSlmIC4Cw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=types%20of%20roof&f=false

28) https://maps.google.com/maps/place?ion=1&espv=2&bav=on.2,or.r_cp.&bvm=bv.93112503,d.c2E&biw=1517&bih=676&um=1&ie=UTF-

8&q=BANDAR+TASIK+KESUMA+SEMENYIH&fb=1&hq=BANDAR+TASIK+KESUMA+SEMENYIH&cid=0

29) http://homes.mitula.my/homes/semenyih-new-built-house-3-bedroom

References 48

http://www.slideshare.net/dexterys/final-building-construction-1

http://www.slideshare.net/XingYue0907/building-construction-1-group-report

https://books.google.com.my/books?id=KKeipCXitkMC&pg=PA182&dq=types+of+roof&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GrYnVdilC8WeugSlmIC4Cw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=types%20of%20roof&f=false

https://books.google.com.my/books?id=KKeipCXitkMC&pg=PA182&dq=types+of+roof&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GrYnVdilC8WeugSlmIC4Cw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=types%20of%20roof&f=false

https://books.google.com.my/books?id=degWAAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA38&dq=types+of+roof&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GrYnVdilC8WeugSlmIC4Cw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=types%20of%20roof&f=false

https://books.google.com.my/books?id=degWAAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA38&dq=types+of+roof&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GrYnVdilC8WeugSlmIC4Cw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=types%20of%20roof&f=false

https://maps.google.com/maps/place?ion=1&espv=2&bav=on.2,or.r_cp.&bvm=bv.93112503,d.c2E&biw=1517&bih=676&um=1&ie=UTF-8&q=BANDAR+TASIK+KESUMA+SEMENYIH&fb=1&hq=BANDAR+TASIK+KESUMA+SEMENYIH&cid=0

https://maps.google.com/maps/place?ion=1&espv=2&bav=on.2,or.r_cp.&bvm=bv.93112503,d.c2E&biw=1517&bih=676&um=1&ie=UTF-8&q=BANDAR+TASIK+KESUMA+SEMENYIH&fb=1&hq=BANDAR+TASIK+KESUMA+SEMENYIH&cid=0

http://homes.mitula.my/homes/semenyih-new-built-house-3-bedroom

PROJECT 1 (BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1)

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Transcript of PROJECT 1 (BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 1)