PROGRESS OF WATER ENVIRONMENT GOVERNANCE IN...
Transcript of PROGRESS OF WATER ENVIRONMENT GOVERNANCE IN...
ANG SHIN YING
National Hydraulic Research Institute of
Malaysia (NAHRIM)
The 14th WEPA Annual Meeting
22 February 2019
Tokyo
PROGRESS OF WATER
ENVIRONMENT GOVERNANCE IN
MALAYSIA
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
STATE OF RIVER WATER QUALITY IN MALAYSIA
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATAER MANAGEMENT
LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORK
ENFORCEMENT INSTRUMENTS FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
FUTURE TARGETS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES
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• Water resources in Malaysia – rivers, lakes, groundwater
• Annual rainfall around 3000mm
• Some 200 river systems
• Water pollution – population growth, urbanization, land clearing, increase of commercial area, industrial effluent discharge, agricultural activities
• Standards/ Criteria related to WQ in Malaysia:• National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia, Water Quality Index (WQI) – River
• National Lake Water Quality Standards (NLWQS)
• Marine Water Quality Standard and Criteria for Malaysia, Marine Water Quality Index
• National Drinking Water Quality Standards
INTRODUCTION
(2017)
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TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS IN MALAYSIA (2008 – 2017)
58
5351
59 58 58
51
58
47 46
3438
3632
3436
3935
43 43
8 913
8 86
107
10 11
579 577 570
464 477 477 477 477 477 477
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Number of River
Percentage Number of River (%)
Year
Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River
2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Total samples: 5,897 samples; Total manual monitoring stations: 891;
801 ambient & baseline stations, 55 upstream water intakes station, 35 stations for ROL project
Clean: 219 rivers (46%); Slightly polluted: 207 rivers (43%); Polluted: 51 rivers (11%)
2017: Total rivers: 477 rivers; Total samples: 5,897 samples; Total manual monitoring stations: 891;
801 ambient & baseline stations, 55 upstream water intakes station, 35 stations for ROL project
Clean: 219 rivers (46%); Slightly polluted: 207 rivers (43%); Polluted: 51 rivers (11%)
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CLASSIFICATION OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY IN MALAYSIA 2017
1Class I0.21%
305Class II63.94%
144Class III30.19%
26Class IV5.45%
1Class V0.21%
Total number of
river = 477 rivers
Source: DOE EQR 2017
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MAJOR POLLUTANTS IN RIVERS AND ITS SOURCES
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)• Sources: Sewage, agro-based, manufacturing industries
• Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN)• Sources: Animal farming, domestic sewage
• Suspended Solids (SS)• Sources: Earthworks, land clearing activities
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TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON BOD SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2017)
53.3
32.4
18.2
9.57.5
0.4 0.4
26.9
41.244.7
57.3 56.6
40.7
22.926.8
15.3
29.6
17.8
26.3
37.033.2
35.8
58.9
76.7 73.284.7
70.4
579 577 570
464 477 477 477 477 477 477
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Number of River
Percentage Number of River (%)
Year
Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River
Source of pollution: sewage, agro-based, manufacturing industries
Pollution indicator: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
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TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON AN SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2017)
49
39
26
38
31
36
3229
24
18
24
29
36 3638
3436
4245
49
28
32
38
27
3129
32 29
31
33
579 577 570
464 477 477 477 477 477 477
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Number of River
Percentage Number of River (%)
Year
Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River
Source of pollution: Animal farming, domestic sewage
Pollution indicator: Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N)
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TREND OF THE RIVER WATER QUALITY STATUS BASED ON SS SUB-INDEX (2008 – 2017)
Source of pollution: Earthworks, land clearing activities
Pollution indicator: Suspended Solids (SS)
4650
5963
72 7478 79
62
51
18 1714 15
13 1210 10 17
22
3532
27
22
15 13
12 10
21
27
579 577 570
464 477 477 477 477 477 477
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
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2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Number of River
Percentage Number of River (%)
Year
Clean Slightly Polluted Polluted Total Number of River
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WATER POLLUTION LOAD
• 5 major type of water pollution sources• Manufacturing industries, agricultural industries, sewage treatment plant, piggery and wet market
• 3 prime parameters with high impact to the water body:• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Suspended Solids (SS)
• Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN/ NH3-N)
• 5 major type of water pollution sources• Manufacturing industries, agricultural industries, sewage treatment plant, piggery and wet market
• 3 prime parameters with high impact to the water body:• Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
• Suspended Solids (SS)
• Ammoniacal Nitrogen (AN/ NH3-N)
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BOD LOAD BY WATER POLLUTION SOURCES IN 2017
268 tonnes/ daySewage49%
210 tonnes/ dayPiggery39%
11 tonnes/ dayAgro-based Industries
2%
6 tonnes/ dayWet Market
1%50 tonnes/ dayManufacturing Industries
9%
Total: 545
tonnes/ day
Source: DOE EQR 2017
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SS LOAD BY WATER POLLUTION SOURCES IN 2017
355 tonnes/ daySewage39%
437 tonnes/ dayPiggery48%
26 tonnes/ dayAgro-based Industries
3%
8 tonnes/ dayWet Market
1% 83 tonnes/ dayManufacturing Industries
9%
Total: 909
tonnes/ day
Source: DOE EQR 2017
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AN/ NH3-N LOAD BY WATER POLLUTION SOURCES IN 2017
190 tonnes/ daySewage82.9%
26 tonnes/ dayPiggery11.3%
8 tonnes/ dayAgro-based Industries
3.5%
0.3 tonnes/ dayWet Market
0.1%5 tonnes/ dayManufacturing Industries
2.2%
Total: 229.3
tonnes/ day
Source: DOE EQR 2017
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DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT -SEWERAGE STATISTIC-
TYPE OF SERVICES AND APPLICATION
Type of Services Units (PE)
OFF-SITE TREATMENT
Multipoint 10,373 (20,487,766)
Centralized (Regional) 101 (8,132,260)
ON-SITE TREATMENT
Individual Septic Tank 1,354,986 (6,547,041)
Communal Septic Tank (CST) 4,359 (531,127)
Small Sewage Treatment System
(SSTS)1
24,001 (240,000)
Cess Pit (Pour Flush) 1,171,555 (5,857,775)
Source: Malaysia Water Industry Guide 2017
Note: 1. Estimate installation of SSTS since year 2008
1 PE = 0.225m3
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DOMESTIC WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT -COMPLIANCE WITH EFFLUENT STANDARD-
� Total Public STPs in December 2017 (exclude East Malaysia): 6,687 unit
� Total samples taken and analyzed: 81,859 samples (2017)
Source: SPAN Water Services Industry Performance Report 2017
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SEWAGE POLLUTANT LOADS IN DISCHARGED EFFLUENTS (2011 – 2013)
Source: Indah Water Konsortium Sustainability Report 2012-2013
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YEAR
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT
REGULATIONS
SCHEDULED WASTE
REGULATIONS
No. of
Inspections
Compliance
(%)
No. of
Inspections
Compliance
(%)
2014 11,410 99 13,044 99
2013 7,201 99 8,475 99
2012 6,590 98 7,297 97
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT -COMPLIANCE STATUS OF INDUSTRY-
Industry Action 2015 2016 2017 2018
Palm Oil
Factory
Court 62 17 13 3
Notices 261 187 177 181
Natural
Rubber
Factory
Court 4 1 0 1
Notices 24 12 22 22
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LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974
Planning
Stage
Design
Stage
Operation
Stage
Waste
Generation
Waste
DisposalEQA
Coverage
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REGULATIONS UNDER EQA 1974 FOR WATER ENVIRONMENT
Source: Majid (2015)
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WATER SERVICES INDUSTRY ACT (WSIA) 2006 [ACT 655]
� An Act to provide for and regulate water supply
services and sewerage services
� Objective : to establish a licensing and regulatory
framework for regulatory intervention to promote
national policy objectives for the industry.
� Does not affect general applications of existing laws
on environment quality and land matters and existing
State powers on water source.� Approved in Parliament in June 2006
and gazetted on 20th July 2006
� Came into force on 1st January 2008
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Ministry of
Water, Land
and Natural
Resources
Ministry of
Water, Land
and Natural
Resources
Ministry of
Energy, Science,
Technology,
Environment and
Climate Change
National Water Council
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
Source: Adapted from Abidin (2015)
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INSTITUTION/ AGENCY RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIPTION
Federal Government (Ministry of
Water, Land and Natural Resources
(formerly know as Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment), Ministry
of Energy, Science, Technology,
Environment and Climate Change,
other related ministries)
Policy matters Development of a holistic
water policy for the country by
setting policy directions
State Government (e.g. Forestry
Department, Town and Planning
Department, Water Supply
Department and other related
agencies)
Raw water and land
development matters
Regulate raw water
abstraction and catchment
management
National Water Council (formerly
known as National Water Resource
Council)
Water matters –
cross boundaries/
inter-stated/ issue of
national interest
Ensures coordination between
Federal Government and
various State Government in
water planning and
development
National Water Services Commission Regulatory matters
(Water Services
Industry Act 2006 as
legal instrument
Regulate the water services
industry (water and sewerage
services)
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
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INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
-Governance Structure of Sewerage Services-
Ministry of Water,
Land and Natural
Resources
Ministry of Energy, Science,
Technology, Environment
and Climate changeSewerage
Services
Department
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WATER QUALITY MONITORING FRAMEWORK
Water Quality Monitoring
River
-Total rivers: 477 rivers
-Total monitoring station: 891 stations
-Ambient & baseline station: 801 stations
-Upstream of water intakes: 55 stations
-River of Life (ROL) project: 35 stations
-Water Quality Index (WQI) –used to indicate the level of pollution
-National Water Quality Standards of Malaysia (NWQS) – Suitability in terms of water uses
-6 parameters: DO, BOD, COD, AN, SS, pH
Marine & Island
-Monitoring since 1978 (Peninsular Malaysia)
-Sabah & Sarawak (1985)
-Objectives: to establish marine WQ status and pollution level from land-based and sea-based sources
-Coastal: 188 stations
-Estuary: 88 stations
-Island: 95 stations
-Marine Water Quality Index (Excellent to Poor)
-Marine Water Quality Criteria and Standard
-7 parameters: DO, Nitrate (NO3), Phosphate (PO4), Unionized Ammonia (NH3), Faecal Coliform, Oil & Grease (O&G), TSS
Groundwater
-Monitoring program established in 1997
-Total: 110 tube wells
-Monitoring based on specific land uses:
Agricultural (13), Urban & Suburban (12), Industrial Sites (19), Solid Waste Landfills (23), Golf Courses (7), Rural Areas (4), Ex-mining Area (Gold Mine) (3), Municipal Water Supply (6), Animal Burial Areas (14), Aquaculture Farms (7), Radioactive Landfill (1) and Resort (1)
-National Guidelines for Drinking WQ (Revised December 2000)
-VOCs, pesticides, heavy metals, anions, coliform, phenolic compounds, total hardness, TDS, pH, Temperature, conductivity & DO
DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT
(DOE)
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ENFORCEMENT & COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT
By Department of
Environment (DOE)
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ENFORCEMENT & COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT
By Department of
Environment (DOE)
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ENFORCEMENTSTRATEGIES
EQ
Industrial
Effluent
2009
EQ
Industrial
Effluent
2009
IE 2009 Section 7:
Monitoring effluent
discharge – submit
monitoring records
monthly (30 days from
previous month)
IE 2009 Section 7:
Monitoring effluent
discharge – submit
monitoring records
monthly (30 days from
previous month)IE 2009 Section 9:
Performance Monitoring of
IETS – based on Guidance
Document on Performance
Monitoring of Industrial
Effluent Treatment System
IE 2009 Section 9:
Performance Monitoring of
IETS – based on Guidance
Document on Performance
Monitoring of Industrial
Effluent Treatment System
IE 2009 Section 32:
Penalty – If convicted,
maximum penalty of RM
100,000 or/ and maximum
5 years jail
IE 2009 Section 32:
Penalty – If convicted,
maximum penalty of RM
100,000 or/ and maximum
5 years jail
Self
Regulatory
Mechanism
Self
Regulatory
Mechanism
� Performance monitoring of IETS
� Competent person to operate IETS
� Online reporting
� eSWIS - Electronic scheduled waste information
system (Hazardous waste)
� OER – online environmental reporting (effluent
discharge)
� Notification and Registration of Environmentally
Hazardous Substances – EHSNR (chemicals)
� Performance monitoring of IETS
� Competent person to operate IETS
� Online reporting
� eSWIS - Electronic scheduled waste information
system (Hazardous waste)
� OER – online environmental reporting (effluent
discharge)
� Notification and Registration of Environmentally
Hazardous Substances – EHSNR (chemicals)
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WAY FORWARD
• Under development (2018 – present) by Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources
• Formerly was National Water Resources PolicyNational Water Policy
• Revised by Department of Environment in 2018Marine Water Quality Standard and Criteria for
Malaysia
• Proposed revision of National Water Quality Standards of Malaysia and Water Quality Index in 2019 by DOE
• Determine the suitable parameter e.g. physical, chemical, biological, nutrient and emerging pollutants
National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia and Water Quality Index (WQI)
• Proposed stage to revise the effluent discharge standard into water ways and land
• Not executed yet
Palm Oil Effluent Discharge Standard
• Proposed stage to revise the effluent discharge standards
• Not executed yet
Rubber Effluent Discharge Standard
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REFERENCES
1. Abidin, N.A.Z. (2015). Holistic Management of Water Resources Management in Malaysia. Borneo Water & Wastewater Exhibition and Conference 14-16 December 2015. https://www.mwa.org.my/pdf/bwwe2015/keynote/Keynote%201%20-%20Hj.%20Noor%20Azahari.pdf
2. Abdul Rahman, Z. (2015). The State of Our Rivers: Social ad Enforcement Issues and Challenges – Case Study of Rivers in Selangor. Water Malaysia (WM 2015), Kuala Lumpur. 2224 April 2015. https://www.mwa.org.my/pdf/wm2015/d1/405%201100-1120%20Zulkifli%20%20abdul%20Rahman%20SLIDES_Water%20Conference-zar-21%20April%202015.pdf
3. DOE. Environmental Quality Report 2017. Malaysia.
4. Ithnin, I. (2015). Malaysia Industrial Pollution Prevention and Control Policies and Laws. Regional Forum on Environmental Compliance in Industrial Sector 24-25 September 2015. www.aecen.org/sites/default/files/country_report_malaysia.pdf
5. IWK. IWK Sustainability Report 2012-2013.
6. Mahyudin, M.R. (2018). Current Situation and Issue of Septage Management in Malaysia. 6th International Workshop on Decentralized Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Asia, Tokyo. 11 October 2018. http://www.jeces.or.jp/spread/2018_MOE_WS/06_Malaysia.pdf.
7. Majid, M.A. (2016). Water Pollution Control and Enforcement Status and Challenges in Malaysia. Strategies and Practices for Water Pollution Enforcement Workshop, Taipei, R.O.C. (Taiwan) 8-10 November 2016. https://www.aecen.org/sites/default/files/panel_4.2_mr._mokthar_abdul_majid_malaysiaa.pdf
8. SPAN. (2016). On-site Sewage Treatment Facilities in Malaysia. https://www.jeces.or.jp/spread/pdf/h26ws09.pdf
9. Tan, K.W., Mokhtar, M. & Hossain, M.A.A. (2012). Institutional Concerns towards Integrated Water Resources Management in Malaysia. In Gamini Herath (2012). Institutional Aspects of Water Management: Evaluating the Experience. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp. 109 – 127.
10. Wan Abdullah, W.A.R. (2011). An Overview of Sewerage Management in Malaysia. http://www.wepa-db.net/pdf/1203forum/20.pdf
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