2017. 9. 26

SKKU (Sungkyunkwan University)

National Institute of Environmental Research

YEOM, ICK TAE

Management of Indus t r i al Was tewater i n K orea

1

2

I. Water Pollution Control in Korea

- Transition of Target Pollutants

70~80’s

1

3

2

90’s 00’s

General Organi cs(BOD, COD, SS)

Nut r i ent s(TN, TP)

Ha za rd ous p ollu ta n ts(Heavy metal s /Tox i c Organ i cs )

+

+4

10’s

+Emerg ing Pollu ta n ts

(Mi c ropo l l u tant s , EDCs, Pops )

2

3

I. Water Pollution Control in Korea- Pollution Incidents & Increasing Social Pressure

Unregul ated Chemi cal s (Vi ny l Chl or i de)

Dr i nk i ng Water Sources (1,4- Di oxane, perchl orate)

3

4

II. Industrial Wastewater Management- Current Status

Wastewater Di scharge Permi t · No permi t (Regi s t rat i on)

Vo l umeNo

permi t84%

Permi t14%

Permi t +

Regi s t .2%

Disc ha rg er

Regi s trat i on 56%

Permi t39%

Bot h5%

Type o f Treatment

Indi rec tCent ral

4%Indi rec tDomest i

c33%

Di rec t Di s .27%

Out source

36%

Cent ral12%

Domest ic

33%Di rec t42%

Out source

13%

Vol ume

Disc ha rg er

(1000m 3/d)

<# of Di scharger>

<Vol ume>

Disc ha rg er

4

5

II. Industrial Wastewater Management- Regulatory Framework

5

Ef f luent

Limit at ions

Permit and/or

Report System

Inspect ion &

Audit System

Penalt ies and

Fines

Publically Owned

Treatment

System

Ho w t o s e t up ELVs ?

Type o f wa s t e wa t e r, Size , Lo c a l

Se ns it ivit y

Ave ra ge ? Co nc e nt ra t io n o r Ma s s ?

Ins pe c t io n Fre que nc y

Se lf Ins pe c t io n Re quire me nt

Ins pe c t io n by a ut ho rit y

Ve rif ic a t io n o f c o mplia nc e ?

Re ne wa l o f t he pe rmit ?

Re quire me nt fo r Pe rmit o r Re po rt

Ho w t o de t e rmine Vio la t io n ?

Ec o no mic pe na lt y : Fining s ys t e m

Adminis t ra t ive Pe na lt y : Orde r, Shut

do wn, Crimina l c ha rge

Ce nt ra l Wa s t e wa t e r Tre a t me nt Sys .

Re s po ns ibilit y o f individua l

dis c ha rge r a nd Ce nt ra l Wa s t e wa t e r

Tre a t me nt Fa c ilit y5

6

1) Regulatory Standards for Water Pollutants

- Water Related Regulatory Standards & Limitations

Eff l uent L i m i t at i ons vs . Water Qual i t y Standards(Human/Ecol ogy) vs . Dr i nk i ng Water Standards

61compounds

48 25 17

DrinkingWater

Standard

PriorityToxic

Pollutants

WaterQualityStandard

(Human Health)

WaterPollutants

2-4

(In progress)

6

WaterQualityStandard(General)

WaterQualityStandard

(Ecology)

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7

Wat er Qual i t y St andard(Human, Ecol ogy)

Ef f l uent L i m i t at i on val ues

Goal o f Water Qual i t y Cont ro lSafe Water for Human

Protec t i on of Sound Ecol ogy

Dilution fa ctor

To meet the WQSs

Max Discharge Load

Wat er Qual i t y Cr i t er i a(Sc i ent i f i c Data )

Other Rea listic Fa ctors

Drinking Water Standards

Swimmable, Fishable Water

1) Regulatory Standards for Water Pollutants

- Water Quality Standards vs. Effluent Limitation Values

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8

1) Regulatory Standards for Water Pollutants - Process for Water Pollutants Designation

Pollutant s

Fo r Mo nit o ring

Se le c t io n Ba s e d o n Ra nking (To xic it y, Us a ge )

Co lle c t io n o f Info rma t io n o n t he Ta rge t Po llut a nt s

Prio rit ize d Lis t o f Che mic a ls o f Co nc e rn

Ye s

Prio rit y Po llut a nt s Wa t e r po llut a nt s

Ca ndida t e fo r Re gula t o ry Enfo rc e me nt

Po llut a nt s

o f Int e re s t

Mo nit o ring o f Po t e nt ia l So urc e s a nd Ne a rby St re a ms

De t e c t e d in t he s t re a m ?

Ye s Ye s

De t e c t e d Co nc . > Wa t e Qua lit y Crit e ria )

De t e c t e d Co nc , > Wa t e r Qua lit y Crit e ria X 10 To xic it y a nd Ris k

Le ve l

Lo w

Ye sNo NoYe s

Ha za rd ba s e d a ppro a c h

Ris k ba s e d a ppro a c h

No De t e c t io n

Toxic it y a nd Ca rc inoge nic it y No

High

De t e c t e d in t he e fflue nt s ?

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9

1) Regulatory Standards for Water Pollutants

- How to derive Water Quality Standards

Protec t i on of Human & Ecol ogy

Human Toxicity

Water Quality Criteria

Ecological Toxicity

Consideration

Ca lcula tion ba sed on toxic ity da ta : Sta nda rdized Me thod

Ke y fa c tors : Ca rcinogenic potent(slope fa ctor), Rfd for Non- ca rcinogen

Fore ign sta nda rds

Consideration

Ca lcula tion ba sed on USEPA ECOTOX da ta ba se

Fore ign sta nda rds (EU, Austra lia e tc .)

Considered for only 10 polluta nt ite ms re cently re gula ted

Cal cu l at i on

Other s tandards

Forei gn val ues

Cur rent Water

Qual i t y

ProfessionalJudgment

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1) Regulatory Standards for Water Pollutants - Process for Effluent Limitation Values

Regulatory

Ca ndida t e s

Addit io na l Mo nit o ring &

Co nfirma t io n

ELV ba s e d o nWa t e r Qua lit y St a nda rd

■ To xic it y Da t a■ Fo re ign Ca s e s■ De t e c t io n Limit

Wa t e r Qua lit yCrit e ria

Ec o no mic Fe a s ibilit y / Indus t ry Opinio n

Ye s

Ye s

No

No

Re a s s e s s me nt

Wa t e r Qua lit y St a nda rd

Ava iilble ?

Efflue nt Limit a t io n Va lue s

Co mpa ris o n

◈ Te c hno lo gy Ba s e d ELV◈• Curre nt Le ve l o f Tre a t me nt

• Fo re ign Ca s e s

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1) Regulatory Standards for Water Pollutants - Process for Determination of Effluent Limitation Values

Water Quality- Based ELVs (WQBEL)

Technology- BasedELVs(TBEL)

Determi ne Water Qual i t y Cr i t er i a, t hen Appl y Standard Di l u t i on Rat i o (10 t i mes)

Water Qual i t y Cr i t er i a- Human and Eco Effec t s- Use of t he Water (not yet )

Issue : WQG ELV- Based on Model i ng (USA)

for each d i scharger- Based on Di l u t i on Rat i o

(UK , Japan)

The average l evel whi ch can be

sat i s f i ed wi t h cur rent t reatment

fac i l i t i es under normal operat i on

(BPT: Bes t Prac t i cabl e Technol .)

Comparison Data col l ec t i on bymoni t or i ng for years

Data sel ec t i on/anal ys i s• Normal operat i on• Other fac tors (ex t ra case)

Average eff l uentconcent rat i on

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2) Permitting System

- Goa l: Effe c t ive c ont ro l o f wa t e r po llut a nt dis c ha rge by re vie wing t he (will- be )

dis c ha rge d po llut a nt s a nd prope r t re a t me nt /ma na ge me nt s ys t e m

Permi t Type Perm i t Procedure

- Dis c ha rge Prio rit y To xic Po llut a nt s

- Dis c ha rge int o Spe c ia lly De s igna t e d Are a

(Drinking wa t e r s o urc e , Re s t ric t e d Are a )

- Ze ro Dis c ha rge Fa c ilit ie s

Document s

· Process Di agram · drawi ng of

t reat ment sys t em

Rev i ew Per i od

• Wi t hi n 10 d• Local aut hor i t y

Inspec t i on

• Wi t h i n 15 days

• I f no t sat i s fy , o rder o f cor rec t i on

Permit

application

(Di scharger )

Inc l ude

· Expec t ed pol l ut ant s and t he vol ume

. Treat ment fac i l i t yOt her

Zero Di scharge

Separat e Rev i ew

Wai ver o f Ins t al l at i on

· Raw wat er l evelbel ow ELV

· Ex- Si t uTreat ment

TEST RUN

· B i ol ogi cal : 50 d

· Phys i co- chem i cal :30d

Appl i cat i on Rev i ew

( l ocal Aut hor i t y )

Permi t Issuance

Installation of

Treatment Facility

• Report the beginning

of operation

· Tes t run

←

←

←

←

←

←

←

Pe rmit

- No n- pe rmit Fa c ilit ie s

- Off- s it e Tre a t me nt o f Wa s t e wa t e r

- Dis c ha rge int o Co lle c t ive /Ce nt ra l Wa s t e wa t e r

Tre a t me nt Sys t e m

Re po rt

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3) Penalties & Fine- Fine for Violation and Non-compliance

Class Ba s ic Impo s it ion Impos it io n fo r Vio la t ion

Ta rge t- Individua l Dis c ha rge r

- Ce nt ra l Tre a t me nt Fa c ilit y- Individua l Dis c ha rge r

Po llut a nt s 2 it ems (Organics, SS) All polutant s

Crit eria Below ELVs Over ELVs

Amount

of FineBased on Emit t ed Load

When Violat ion was f ound

by Inspect ion

Two Types of Fine Imposit ion

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3) Penalties & Fine- Fine for Violation and Non-compliance

Calculat ion Table

Ba s icImpos it io n

Emit t e d Po llut a nt s Amo unt (Kg) (Efflue nt c o nc . < ELV)

St a nda rd f ine pe r kg o f a po llut a nt e mis s io n

Ye a rly Inc re a s e Inde x (Infla t io n) > 1

Lo c a l Inde x (Lo c a l s e ns it ivit y) > 1

Emit t e d Po llut a nt s Amo unt (Kg) (Efflue nt c o nc . Exc e e d ELV]

St a nda rd f ine pe r kg o f a po llut a nt e mis s io n

Ye a rly Inc re a s e Inde x (Infla t io n) > 1

Lo c a l Inde x (Lo c a l s e ns it ivit y) > 1

Inde x fo r t he e xt e nt o f vio la t io n > 1

Inde x fo r re pe a t e d vio la t io n > 1

Impos it io n fo r

Vio la t ion

14

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3) Penalties & Fine- Administrative Action

Operat ion Suspension

In c a s e o f vio la t io nAdminis t ra t ive Orde rs

1s t 2nd 3rd 4t h

Lo c a t e d In Ge ne ra l Are a Orde r o f c o rre c t io n

Orde r o f c o rre c t io n

Orde r o f c o rre c t io n

Sus pe ns io nfo r 10da ys

Lo c a t e d in Re s t ric t e d Are a Orde r o f c o rre c t io n

Orde r o f c o rre c t io n

Sus pe ns io nfo r 10da ys

Sus pe ns io nfo r 20da ys

Crimina l Cha rge

- For ille ga l a c t ivit ie s o t he r t ha n c omplia nc e o f ELVs

- Int e nt iona l o r Ma lic ious Vio la t ion

- Who is re s po ns ible ? Sma ll s o urc e s

- Furt he r Me a s ure s : Ca nc e lla t ion o f Pe rmit , Fa c ilit y Shut - down

15

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III. Challenges in Industrial Wastewater Management

- History of Water Pollutants Regulation

1991.2 1999.8 2006.1

□ 1s t Re vis ion

- 5 Prio rit y Po llut a nt s Adde d

(Se le nium, Dic hlo rome t ha ne

Be nze ne , Te t ra c hlo roc a rbon,

1,1- Chlo roe t hyle ne

□ 5t h Re vis ion

- Addit ion : Na pht ha le ne ,

Forma lde hyde , Epic hlo rohydrine

To lune , Xyle ne

□ 4t h Re vis ion

- Addit ion : Nic kle , Ba rium

a c ryla mide

2008.1 2010.10

□ Wa t e r Pro t e c t ion La w

- 29 Wa t e r Po llut a nt s

- 12 Prio rit y Po llut a nt s

□ 2nd Re vis ion

- Addit ion

: 1,2- Dic hlo roe t ha ne ,

Chlo ro fo rm

- ELV re vis ion :Pb, As

□ 3rd Re vis ion

- Addit ion : 1,4 Dioxa ne

Bis pt ha la t e , Vinyl c hlo ride

Ac rylonit rile , Bromoform

Sys t e ma t ic Approa c h fo r

Addit ion o f Wa t e r Po llut a nt s

2016.52017.12013.9

□ 6t h Re vis ion :

- Addit ion :

Pe nt a c hlo rophe no l

St yre ne , Bis - a dipa t e ,

Ant imony

16

1 7

III. Challenges in Industrial Wastewater Management 1. Newly Regulated Pollutants and ELVs not Easy to Comply

Priorit y Po llut a nt s Efflue nt Limit a t ion Va lue s (mg/L) ELVs Re vis e d (mg/L) Enfo rc e me ntNo Na me Re vis ion CLEAN A, B Spe c ia l Re vis ion Cle a n Ot he r Re vis ion1 Coppe r & Compounds

1991.2.2

0.5 3 3

1991.2.2

1 3 2006.32 Le a d & Compounds 0.2 1 1 0.1 0.5

2006.1.23 Ars e nic & Compounds 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.05 0.254 Me rc ury & Compounds ◈◈◈ 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.005 2006.35 Cya nide Compounds 0.2 1 16 Orga noPhos phorous 0.2 1 17 6+ Chrmium Compounds 0.1 0.5 0.58 Ca dmium & Compounds 0.02 0.1 0.19 Te t ra c hlo roe t hyle ne 0.02 0.1 0.1

10 Tric hlo roe t hyle ne 0.06 0.3 0.311 Phe no ls 1 3 5 Prio rit y Wa t e r Po llut a nt12 PCB N.D. 0.003 0.00313 Se le nium & Compounds

1999.8.9

0.1 1 1 2008.10.29 2011.1.114 Be nze ne 0.01 0.1 0.1 2006.1.215 Te t ra c hlo roc a rbon 0.004 0.04 0.04 2008.10.29 2011.1.116 Dic hlo rome t ha ne 0.02 0.2 0.2 2006.1.217 1,1- dic hlo roe t hyle ne 0.03 0.3 0.3 2008.10.29 2011.1.118 1,2- dic hlo roe t ha ne

2006.1.20.03 0.3 0.3 2008.10.29 2011.1.1

19 Chlo ro fo rm 0.08 0.8 0.8 2008.10.29 2011.1.120 1,4- Dioxa ne

2008.10.29

0.05 4.0 4.0

2010.10.1 2014. 1. 121 Bis (2- e t hyl he xyl)pht ha la t e 0.02 0.2 0.222 Vinyl c hlo ride 0.01 0.5 0.523 Ac rylonit rille 0.01 0.2 0.224 Bromofo rm 0.03 0.3 0.325 Ac ryl a mide 0.015 0.04 0.04 2017.01.19 2019.1.126 Na pht ha le ne

2013.09.050.05 0.5 0.5

2013.09.05 2016.1.127 Forma lde hyde 0.5 5 528 Epic hlo rohydrin 0.03 0.3 0.329 Phe no l

2017.01.19

0.1 1 1

2017.01.19 2019.1.130 Pe nt a c hlo rophe no l 0.001 0.01 0.0131 St yre ne 0.02 0.2 0.232 ◈ Bis (2- e t hyl he xyl)a dipa t e 0.2 2 233 Ant imony 0.02 0.2 0.2

17

Perclorate

- Highly So luble - Indust r ial Use

: Non- met al smel t ing, Ref iningExplosive gunpowder ,LCD, Chemical Indust ry

Toxicit y & Regulat ions - Carcinogen: Not likely (EPA)- Thyroid Insuf f iciency, dysf unct ion

RfD : 0.0007 mg/kg-day- California : MCL 6ppb- EPA Action Level : 4 – 18 ppb

Rugulat ion & Cont roversy

ELVs o f 20 – 200 ppb wa s pro po s e d (2008)

St ro ng o ppo s it io n fro m t he indus t ry due t o t he

la c k o f pro pe r t e c hno lo gie s

De s igna t e d a s Wa t e r po llut a nt but no ELVs

17, ELVs e nfo rc e d: Cle a n 30ppb, Ot he r 300ppb

Is s ue s Po llut io n Inc ide nt s in Na kdo ng Rive r

(Drinking wa t e r s o urc e fo r 10M in So ut he a s t e rn Are a ]

2006, LCD fa c t o ry 160,000 ppb, Mult iple o t he r s o urc e s (zinc s me lt ing fa c t o rie s )

ide nt if ie d, High le ve l de t e c t io n a t t he po int o f ra w wa t e r int a ke St ro ng Pu b lic Co n c e rn

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Case I. Perchlorate

Cha lle nge s

Te c hno lo gy : wa s t e wa t e r wit h high s a lt le ve l

bio lo gic a l re duc t io n is limit e d

Indus t rie s (No n- me t a l re f ining) a re s t ill

c ha lle nging o n t he t e c hnic a l fe a s ibilit y 18

Case 2. 1,4 Dioxane

1,4 Dioxane

St ruc t ure

High So lubi l i t y , Low Vo lat i l i t y , Low Biodegradabi l i t y Persist ent in St reams

By produc t s f rom Sy nt het ic Fiber Manuf ac t ur ingSo lvent f o r Resins, Wax, Sur f ac e c oat ing, adhesives, sealant s, c osmet ic s, e t c

Toxicit y and Regulat ions

- Carcinogen: IARC Group 2B (Possible)US (reasonable believed)

- Damages t o Cent ral Nervous system, Liver, Kidney (LD50 = 5170 mg/kg)

- US Drinking water Guideline Value 50 ppb- Calif ornia not if icat ion level as low as 1 ppb

Regulat ion & Cont roversy

- 2008 : 1,4- dioxane was designated as priorit y water pollut ant s – no ELVs

- Indust ry st rongly opposed t he proposed0.05~0.5 ppm ELVs due t o lack of proper t reatment t echnologies.

- Cont roversy between NGOs, local authorit y, expert s and t he Minist ry created great conf usion and social t urmoil f or f ew years

- In 2012, 4 ppm ELVs instead of 0.5ppm were enf orced (water st andard 0.05ppm)

Issues

Det ec t ed at h igh c onc . in upst ream NakdongRiver (2004)

Sourc es are ident i f ied and Vo lunt ary reduc t ionprogram was agreed.

Tec hnic al problems: Convent ional Bio logic al Treat ment didn’ t work wel l

1919

2 0

Challenges in Industrial Wastewater Management 2. Introduction of Eco-toxicity Based Water Quality Standards

1. Target Compounds

- Co mpo unds unde r c o ns ide ra t io n : Co ppe r, Zinc , Ars e nic , Ammo nia

- Mo s t c rit ic a l c o mpo unds a re Cu, Zn : Ec o t o xic it y a t ppb le ve l, mo s t c o mmo n po llut a nt s

- Ec o - t o xic it y ba s e d Wa t e r Qua lit y St a nda rds will be muc h lo we r t ha n huma n he a lt h ba s e d WQSs

2. Cha lle nge s

- Curre nt ELVs ba s e d o n Huma n He a lt h Effe c t s : Cu (3ppm), Zn (5ppm), As (0.5ppm)

- Wit h int ro duc t io n o f muc h low wa t e r qua lit y s t a nda rds , ELVs fo r t he s e c o mpo unds a re e xpe c t e d

t o ge t lo we r t o e ve n ppb le ve ls .

- Tho us a nds o f indus t rie s dis c ha rge Cu a nd Zn a t le ve ls highe r t ha n t he e xpe c t e d ELVs o f 00 ppb

3. Ke y Is s ue s

- Bio lo gic a l s e pa ra t io n o f Co ppe r a nd Zinc a re ve ry limit e d (Bio - s o rpt io n)

- Che mic a l t re a t me nt t o t he ve ry lo w le ve l is po s s ible but ve ry c o s t ly.

- De ve lo pme nt o f e c o no mic a lly fe a s ible t e c hno lo gie s fo r Cu a nd Zn c o nt a ining wa s t e wa t e r

a re e s s e nt ia l be fo re a c t ua l e nfo rc e me nt o f t he ne w re gula t io n. 20

2 1

Challenges in Industrial Wastwater Management 3. Recent Change of Regulatory Framework

1. Introduction of Bespoke Regulation System

- Pe rmit s ys t e m re fle c t ing t he s pe c if ic s o f wa s t e wa t e r ge ne ra t io n a nd dis c ha rge

- ELVs ba s e d o n 1) Te c hno lo gy a va ila bilit y (BAT: Be s t Ava ila ble Te c hnique s )

2) Enviro nme nt a l Impa c t [Sc re e ning To o l fo r Enviro nme nt a l As s e s s me nt )

- Re quire s mo re s c ie nt if ic a nd t e c hno lo gic a l da t a o n wa s t e wa t e r c o nt ro l (t ime & mo ne y)

2. Effective Permit System with Verification

- Te c hnic a l Ve rif ic a t io n o f Pe rmit Co ndit io ns a nd Co mplia nc e

- Re gula r Pe rmit Re ne wa l & Re vie w (fo r Eve ry 5 ye a rs )

- Se lf Mo nit o ring Re quire me nt s a re inc lude d in t he Pe rmit

3. Int e gra t e d Ma na ge me nt Approa c h

- An Int e gra t e d pe rmit inc luding a ll e nviro nme nt a l Effe c t s

(wa t e r, a ir, wa s t e , ma lo do r, no is e e t c )

- Cro s s - Me dia Tra ns po rt s a re c o ns ide re d a s no t re a t me nt

- Expa ns io n o f Pe rmit Co ndit io ns inc luding Ene rgy, Wa t e r, Glo ba l Enviro nme nt a l Is s ue s21

2 2

Challenges in Industrial Wastwater Management 3. Recent Change of Regulatory Framework

4. Enforcement of New Regulation

- Enfo rc e me nt in pro gre s s ive ma nne r :‘ 17 – ‘ 21 fo r 19 indus t ry Ca t e go rie s

- Allie d o nly fo r Re la t ive ly La rge So urc e s (1,400 s o urc e s )

- 4 ye a r Ada pt a t io n Pe rio d

5. Pra c t ic a l Implic a t ions on Indus t ry

- Re gula t o ry Fra me wo rk To wa rds mo re So urc e - Spe c if ic Ma na ge me nt

- Mo re Ra t io na l Re gula t io ns Re fle c t ing Te c hno lo gy De ve lo pme nt a nd Ava ila bilit y

Indus t ry + Expe rt s Pa rt ic ipa t e in Re gula t io n Pro c e s s

- Mo re Co mpre he ns ive , a nd Vo lunt a ry Enviro nme nt a l Ma na ge me nt Effo rt s a re Re quire d

- Gro wt h o f Enviro nme nt a l Co ns ult ing Ma rke t

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