PROGRAMMER’S MANUAL - hardingeservice.com C-0009500-0312.pdfPROGRAMMER’S MANUAL Cobra™ Series...

PROGRAMMER’S MANUAL

Cobra™ Series CNC Lathes

Equipped with theGE Fanuc 21T Control

TP1480B

TP2580

TP3264

Manual No. M-312C Litho in U.S.A.Part No. M C-0009500-0312 October, 1998

- NOTICE -Damage resulting from misuse, negligence, or accident is not covered by theHardinge Machine Warranty.

Information in this manual is subject to change without notice.

This manual covers the programming of Hardinge Cobra™ series CNClathes equipped with the GE Fanuc 21T control.

In no event will Hardinge Inc. be responsible for indirect or consequentialdamage resulting from the use or application of the information in thismanual.

Reproduction of this manual, in whole or in part, without written permis-sion of Hardinge Inc. is prohibited.

CONVENTIONS USED IN THIS MANUAL

- WARNINGS -Warnings must be followed carefully to avoid the possibility of personal in-jury or damage to the machine, tooling, or workpiece.

- CAUTIONS -Cautions must be followed carefully to avoid the possibility of damage to themachine, tooling, or workpiece.

- NOTES -Notes contain supplemental information.

Hardinge Inc.One Hardinge Drive

P.O. Box 1507Elmira, New York 14902-1507

© 1998, Hardinge Inc. M-312C

READ COMPLETE INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE OPERATING MACHINE

When this instruction book was printed, the information given was current. However, sincewe are constantly improving the design of our machine tools, it is possible that the illustrationsand descriptions may vary from the machine you received.

- WARNING -Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communica-tion Standard 1910.1200, effective September 23, 1987, and various state “em-ployee right-to-know laws” require that information regarding chemicals usedwith this equipment be supplied to you. A complete list of the chemicals usedwith this machine, their reference data sheet numbers, and their suppliersappears as an insertion at the end of this manual. Refer to the applicablesection of the Material Safety Data Sheets supplied with your machine whenhandling, storing, or disposing of chemicals.

Machine should only be used with a bar feed approved by Hardinge Inc.

HARDINGE SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS

Your Hardinge machine is designed and built for maximum ease and safety of operation.

However, some previously accepted shop practices may not reflect current safety regula-tions and procedures, and should be re-examined to insure compliance with the current safetyand health standards.

Hardinge Inc. recommends that all shop supervisors, maintenance personnel, and machinetool operators be advised of the importance of safe maintenance, setup, and operation of allequipment. Our recommendations are described below. READ THESE SAFETY RECOM-MENDATIONS BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER.

READ THE APPROPRIATE MANUAL OR INSTRUCTIONS before attempting operation ormaintenance of the machine. Make sure you understand all instructions.

CONSULT YOUR SUPERVISOR when in doubt as to the correct way to do a job.

DON’T OPERATE EQUIPMENT unless proper maintenance has been regularly performedand the equipment is known to be in good working order.

DON’T REMOVE any warning or instruction tags from machine.

DON’T OPERATE EQUIPMENT if unusual or excessive heat, noise, smoke, or vibrationoccurs. Report any excessive or unusual vibration, sounds, smoke, or heat as well as anydamaged parts.

MAKE SURE equipment is properly grounded. Consult National Electric Code and all localcodes.

DISCONNECT MAIN ELECTRICAL POWER before attempting repair or maintenance.

DON’T REACH into any control or power case area unless electrical power if OFF.

DON’T TOUCH ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT when hands are wet or when standing on awet surface.

M-312C i

ALLOW ONLY AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL to have access to enclosures containingelectrical equipment.

DON’T ALLOW the operation or repair of equipment by untrained personnel.

REPLACE BLOWN FUSES with fuses of the same size and type as originally furnished.

ASCERTAIN AND CORRECT cause of a shutdown caused by overload heaters beforestarting machine.

WEAR SAFETY GLASSES AND PROPER FOOT PROTECTION at all times. When nec-essary, wear respirator, helmet, gloves and ear muffs or plugs.

KEEP AREA THE AROUND THE MACHINE well lighted and dry.

KEEP CHEMICAL AND FLAMMABLE MATERIAL away from electrical or operating equip-ment.

HAVE THE CORRECT TYPE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER handy when machining combus-tible material and keep chips clear of the work area.

DON’T USE a toxic or flammable substance as a solvent cleaner or coolant.

MAKE SURE PROPER GUARDING is in place and all doors are closed and secured.

TO REMOVE OR REPLACE the collet closer it is necessary to remove the guard door atleft end of the machine. Make certain the guard door is replaced before starting the ma-chine.

DON’T ALTER THE MACHINE to bypass any interlock, overload, disconnect or othersafety device.

DON’T OPEN GUARD DOORS while any machine component is in motion. Make certainthat all people in the area are clear of the machine when opening the guard door.

MAKE SURE chucks, closers, fixture plates and all other spindle-mounted work-holdingdevices are properly mounted and secured before starting machine.

MAKE CERTAIN all tools are securely clamped in position before starting machine.

REMOVE ANY LOOSE PARTS OR TOOLS left on machine or in the work area beforeoperating machine. Always check machine and work area for loose tools and parts espe-cially after work has been done by maintenance personnel.

REMOVE CHUCK WRENCHES before starting the machine.

BEFORE PRESSING THE CYCLE START PUSH BUTTON, make certain that properfunctions are programmed and that all controls are set in the desired modes.

KNOW WHERE ALL stop push buttons are located in case of an emergency.

ii M-312C

CHECK THE LUBRICATION OIL LEVEL and the status of indicator lights before operatingthe machine.

MAKE CERTAIN that all guards are in good condition and are functioning properly beforeoperating the machine.

INSPECT ALL SAFETY DEVICES AND GUARDS to make certain that they are in goodcondition and are functioning properly before the cycle is started.

CHECK THE TURRET POSITION before pressing the Cycle Start push button.

CHECK SETUP, TOOLING AND SECURITY OF WORKPIECE if the machine has beenOFF for any length of time.

DRY CYCLE a new setup to check for programming errors.

MAKE CERTAIN you are clear of any “pinch point” created by moving slides before start-ing the machine.

DON’T OPERATE any equipment while any part of the body is in the proximity of apotentially hazardous area.

DON’T REMOVE CHIPS with hands. Use a hook or similar device and make certain thatall machine movements have ceased.

BE CAREFUL of sharp edges when handling newly machined workpieces.

DON’T REMOVE OR LOAD workpieces while any part of the machine is in motion.

DON’T OPERATE ANY MACHINE while wearing rings, watches, jewelry, loose clothing,neckties or long hair not contained by a net or shop cap.

DON’T ADJUST tooling or coolant hoses while the machine is running.

DON’T LEAVE tools, workpieces or other loose items where they can come in contactwith a moving component of the machine.

DON’T CHECK finishes or dimensions of workpiece near running spindle or movingslides.

DON’T JOG SPINDLE in either direction when checking threads with a thread gage.

DON’T ATTEMPT to brake or slow the machine with hands or any makeshift device.

ANY ATTACHMENT, TOOL OR MACHINE MODIFICATION not obtained from HardingeInc., must be reviewed by a qualified safety engineer before installation.

USE CAUTION around exposed mechanisms and tooling especially when setting up. Becareful of sharp edges on tools.

DON’T USE worn or defective hand tools. Use the proper size and type for job beingperformed.

M-312C iii

USE ONLY a soft-faced hammer on turret tools and fixtures.

DON’T USE worn or broken tooling on machine.

MAKE CERTAIN that all tool mounting surfaces are clean before mounting tools.

INSPECT ALL CHUCKING DEVICES daily to make sure they are in good operating con-dition.

REPLACE DEFECTIVE CHUCK before starting machine.

USE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE gripping pressure on the chuck. Consider weight, shapeand balance of workpiece.

USE LIGHTER THAN NORMAL feedrates and depth of cut when machining a workpiecediameter that is larger than the gripping diameter.

DON’T EXCEED the rated capacity of machine.

DON’T LEAVE the machine unattended while it is operating.

DON’T CLEAN the machine with an air hose.

DON’T OVERFILL tote pans.

KEEP TOTE PANS a safe distance from machine.

DON’T LET STOCK project past the back end of the collet closer or machine spindlewithout being adequately covered and properly supported.

Follow each bar feed manufacturer’s guidelines. For performance and safe application,size and use feed tube bushings, pushers, and spindle liners according to bar feed infor-mation.

MAKE CERTAIN that any bar feed mechanism is properly aligned with spindle. If floor-mounted type, it must be securely bolted to floor.

UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED, all operating and maintenance procedures are to be per-formed by one person. To avoid injury to yourself and others, be sure that all personnelare clear of the machine when opening or closing the coolant guard door and any accesscovers.

DON’T USE any chuck that is not a counterbalanced chuck. When a chuck is required fora machining operation, a counterbalanced chuck MUST be used.

FOR YOUR PROTECTION - WORK SAFELY

iv M-312C

- Contents -

CHAPTER 1 - PART PROGRAM LANGUAGEIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1Programming the GE Fanuc 21T Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Legal Programming Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3Special Programming Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3Programming Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4Programming Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

Tape Programming Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4Keyboard Programming Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5

Program Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6X and Z Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6Decimal Point Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7

Data Word Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8O Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8N Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8G Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9

G00 Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9G01 Linear Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10G02 Clockwise Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10G03 Counter-Clockwise Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10G04 Dwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11G10 Data Setting ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11G20 Inch Data Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12G21 Metric Data Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12G22 Stored Stroke Limits ON [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12G23 Stored Stroke Limits OFF [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12G28 Return to Reference Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13G31 Skip Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13G32 Threadcutting (Constant Lead) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14G40 Cancel Tool Nose Radius Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-14G41 Tool Nose Radius Compensation - Workpiece Right of Tool . . . . . . . . 1-15G42 Tool Nose Radius Compensation - Workpiece Left of Tool . . . . . . . . 1-15G50 Maximum RPM Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15G65 Macro Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15G70 Automatic Finishing Cycle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16G71 Automatic Rough Turning Cycle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16G72 Automatic Rough Facing Cycle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16G73 Automatic Rough Pattern Repeat Cycle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16G74 Automatic Drilling Cycle (Constant Depth Increments) [Option] . . . . . . 1-17G75 Automatic Grooving Cycle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17G76 Automatic Threading Cycle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17G90 Canned Turning Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-17G92 Canned Threading Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18G94 Canned Facing Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18G96 Constant Surface Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18G97 Direct RPM Programming (Constant Surface Speed Cancel) . . . . . . . 1-19G98 Inches/Millimeter per Minute Feedrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19G99 Inches/Millimeter per Revolution Feedrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19

M-312C v

X Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20U Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-21Z Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22W Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-23I Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-23K Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-23R Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24

Linear Interpolation (G01) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24Circular Interpolation (G02/G03) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24Tool Nose Radius Compensation (G41/G42) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24Defining Tapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24

P Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25Q Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25F Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26S Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26T Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27M Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28

M00 Program Stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28M01 Optional Stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28M02 End of Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28M03 Spindle Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28M04 Spindle Reverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-28M05 Spindle Stop/Coolant OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-29M08 Coolant ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-29M09 Coolant OFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-29M10 High Pressure Coolant ON (Cobra™ 51 & 65 lathes only) [Option] . . . . 1-29M11 High Pressure Coolant OFF (Cobra 51 & 65 lathes only) [Option] . . . . . 1-29M13 Spindle Forward/Coolant ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-29M14 Spindle Reverse/Coolant ON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-29M21 Open Collet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30M22 Close Collet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30M25 Part Catcher Retract [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30M26 Part Catcher Extend [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30M28 External Chucking Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30M29 Internal Chucking Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30M30 End of Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30M31 Program Rewind and Restart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-30M48 Enable Feedrate and Spindle Override . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31M49 Disable Feedrate and Spindle Override . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31M61 Load New Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31M84 Tailstock Quill Forward [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31M85/M86 Tailstock Quill Retract [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31M93 Steady Rest Open [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31M94 Steady Rest Closed [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31M98 Subprogram Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31M99 Subprogram End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31

Diameter Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-32Programming Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-32

General Program Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-33

vi M-312C

CHAPTER 2 - TOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATIONIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1Tool Orientation Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Activating Tool Nose Radius Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3Entering and Exiting the Workpiece with Tool Nose Radius Compensation Active . . . 2-5Switching G41/G42 Code with Tool Nose Radius Compensation Active . . . . . . . . 2-6Axis Reversals with Tool Nose Radius Compensation Active . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6Canned Turning and Facing Cycles with Tool Nose Radius Compensation Active . . 2-7Modes in which Tool Nose Radius Compensation is not Performed . . . . . . . . . . 2-8Tool Moved Away from the Workpiece with Tool Nose Radius Compensation Active . 2-8Tool Nose Radius Compensation Related Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8Deactivating Tool Nose Radius Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8Tool Nose Radius Compensation Programming Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9

CHAPTER 3 - LINEAR AND CIRCULAR INTERPOLATIONFeedrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1Absolute and Incremental Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3

Linear Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3Insert Chamfer or Corner Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

Insert Chamfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4Insert Corner Radius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5Alarm Messages for Insert Chamfer/Insert Corner Radius . . . . . . . . . . 3-5

Circular Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7G02 Clockwise Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7G03 CounterClockwise Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7Sample Part Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7Programming Notes for Circular Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

CHAPTER 4 - WORK SHIFT AND TOOL OFFSETSWork Shift (Zero Offset) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

To Store a Work Shift Offset from the Part Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1Tooling and Tool Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Square Shank Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2Qualified Tool Holders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2Top Plate Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Round Shank Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4Double Tool Holder Positioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4Left Hand/Right Hand Tooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

Tool Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6Tool Nose Radius Value and Tool Orientation Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8To Store Tool Offsets from the Part Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9Activating Tool Offsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10

M-312C vii

CHAPTER 5 - WORK COORDINATE SYSTEMHow the Control Positions the Slides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1X and Z Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2Rectangular Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3Work Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

Machine Position Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4Absolute Position Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6

CHAPTER 6 - MACHINING CYCLESG90 Canned Turning Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

Example 1: G90 Straight Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1Example 2: G90 Taper Turning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

G71/G70 Multiple Repetitive Rough and Finish Turning [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3Example 3: G71/G70 Turning Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4G71 Turning Programming Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7

G94 Canned Facing Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8Example 4: G94 Straight Facing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8Example 5: G94 Taper Facing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10

G72/G70 Multiple Repetitive Rough and Finish Facing [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11G72 Programming Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14

G73/G70 Automatic Rough and Finish Pattern Repeat [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15G73 Programming Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-17

G70 Automatic Finishing Cycle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18G70 Programming Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18

Automatic Drilling Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19G74 Constant Depth Increment Auto Drilling Cycle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19

Q Word Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20G74 Auto Drilling Sample Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21

Variable Depth Increment Auto Drilling Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22Block Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22Positioning the Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23Calculating the Drill Pass Increments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24Optional Z Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25

G75 Automatic Grooving Cycle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27P and Q Word Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28Tool Movement Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28G75 Automatic Grooving Sample Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-30

viii M-312C

CHAPTER 7 - THREADING CYCLESSingle Block Threadcutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

To Establish a Start Point for Threading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2G32 Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

Example 1: G32 Straight Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3Example 2: G32 Tapered Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4

G92 Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5Example 3: G92 Straight Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5Example 4: G92 Tapered Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

Plunge Infeed Threading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7Compound Infeed Threading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8G76 Multiple Repetitive Threading Cycle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11

Example 5: G76 Straight Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12Example 6: G76 Tapered Thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13G76 Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14G76 Execution Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15G76 Programming Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

Tapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17

Sample Program Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18Left-Hand Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18

CHAPTER 8 - MISCELLANEOUSConstant Surface Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1Subprograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2

Manual Data Input Keyboard Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3Tape or Floppy Disk Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5Subprogram Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5

Safe Start Subprograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6Inch Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6

Hardinge Permanent Macro Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7Macro 9115: Safe Tool Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7Macro 9136: Deep Hole Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7Macro 9150: Collet Dwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

Recommended Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8To Set the Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

Macro 9333: Parts Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9How the Parts Counter Macro Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9Checking/Clearing Macro Variable #500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10Programming the Parts Counter Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10

Tailstock Programming [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11Tailstock Quill Feedrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11Tailstock M Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11

M84 - Tailstock Quill Extend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11M85/M86 - Tailstock Quill Retract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11

Tailstock Programming Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11English/Metric Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12

Establishing English/Metric Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12

M-312C ix

CHAPTER 9 - SAMPLE PART PROGRAMSafe Start Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1Sample Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

APPENDIX ONETurret Travel Specifications

Cobra™ 42 & 51 LathesHardinge Top Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-1VDI Top Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-2

Cobra 65 LatheHardinge Top Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-3VDI Top Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-4

Tailstock Travel SpecificationsCobra 42 & 51 Lathes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-5Cobra 65 Lathe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-5

Work Envelope with Qualified Square Shank ToolingCobra 42 & 51 Lathes

Hardinge Top Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-6VDI Top Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-7


Turret Top Plate DimensionsCobra 42 & 51 Lathes



Sample Tooling Configurations with Maximum Workpiece Diameters IllustratedCobra 42 & 51 Lathes



Spindle Drive Motor Horsepower/Torque CurvesCobra 42 Lathe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-18Cobra 51 Lathe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-19Cobra 65 Lathe

Standard Spindle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-20High Torque Spindle [Option] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1-21

APPENDIX TWOStandard G Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2-1Optional G Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2-1Standard M Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2-2Optional M Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2-2Alarm Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2-3Operator Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2-5

x M-312C

- NOTES -

M-312C xi

- NOTES -

xii M-312C

CHAPTER 1 - PART PROGRAM LANGUAGE

INTRODUCTIONA part program is an ordered set of instructions which define slide and spindle motion as well

as auxiliary functions. These instructions are written in a part program language consisting of aseries of data blocks. Each data block contains adequate information for the machine tool toperform one or more machine functions.

A data block consists of one or more data words, which are treated together as a unit. Eachdata word consists of a word address followed by a numerical value. A word address is a letterwhich specifies the meaning of the data word.

The value of the number that follows the word address has a format which specifies thenumber of characters the word contains as well as the range these values must fall within.These formats are outlined in each of the data word descriptions and are also listed in the tableon page 1-2.

PROGRAMMING THE GE FANUC 21T CONTROLProgramming Hardinge Cobra™ series lathes equipped with the GE Fanuc 21T control re-

quires an understanding of the machine, tooling, and control.

Extreme care must be exercised when writing a part program or punching a tape since allmachine movements will be executed as programmed. A miscalculation or selection of an incor-rect function can result in an incorrect motion.

The basic unit for part program input is the “BLOCK”. Normally, one line or block of informa-tion represents one describable operation or several describable operations that are independentof each other. (For example, axis movement and spindle speed changes are independent opera-tions which may be programmed in the same block.) A block may contain any or all of thefollowing:

1. Block Skip code (/)

2. Sequence number (N Function)

3. Preparatory Functions (G Functions)

4. Axis Movement Instructions (X or U and Z or W Functions)

5. Feedrate Command (F Function)

6. Spindle Speed Command (S Function)

7. Turret Station (T Function)

8. Miscellaneous Functions (M Functions)

A block MUST contain a valid End of Block character.

M-312C 1-1

FUNCTION(Word)

PREPARATORYCOMMANDS

INCH MODE (G20) METRIC MODE (G21)

Format Min. Max. Format Min. Max.

O (Prog. #)N (Block #)G (Command)M (Command)P (Block #)P (Dwell)Q (Block #)

-------

O4N4G3M2P4P8Q4

1100111

89999999

99999

999999999999

9999

O4N4G3M2P4P8Q4

1100111

89999999

99999

999999999999

9999

U (Coordinate)U (Dwell)W (Coordinate)X (Coordinate) 1

X (Coordinate) 2

X (Dwell)Z (Coordinate) 1

Z (Coordinate) 2

G00, G01, G02, G03G04G00, G01, G02, G03G00, G01, G02, G03G00, G01, G02, G03G04G00, G01, G02, G03G00, G01, G02, G03

U±2.4U5.3

W±2.4X±2.4X±2.4

X5.3Z±2.4Z±2.4

0.00010.0010.00010.00010.00010.0010.00010.0001

-99999.999

-13.132016.516

99999.99915.772033.165

U±3.3U5.3

W±3.3X±3.3X±3.3

X5.3Z±3.3Z±3.3

0.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.0010.001

-99999.999

-333.550419.51

99999.999400.610842.39

X (Tool Offset)X (Wear Offset)X (Zero Offset)Z (Tool Offset)Z (Wear Offset)Z (Zero Offset)

G10G10G10G10G10G10

X±2.4X±0.4X±2.4Z±2.4Z±0.4Z±2.4

0.0.0.0.0.0.

-0.5000--0.5000-

X±3.3X±2.3X±3.3Z±3.3Z±2.3Z±3.3

0.0.0.0.0.0.

-12.700

--

12.700-

I (Circ. Inter.)K (Circ. Inter.)K (Lead Change)

G02, G03G02, G03G34

I±3.4K±3.4K±1.6

0.0.0.000001

999.9999999.9999

9.999999

I±4.3K±4.3K±3.4

0.0.0.0001

9999.9999999.999

500.0000

F (per min) [X/U]F (per min) [Z/W]F (per rev)F (Thread Lead)

G98G98G99G32, G92

F3.2F3.2F1.6F1.6

0.010.010.0000010.000001

400.00400.00

9.9999999.999999

F5.0F5.0F3.4F3.4

1.1.

.001

.0001

10160.10160.

500.0000500.0000

S (Spindle rpm) 3

S (Spindle rpm) 4

S (Spindle rpm) 5

S (Spindle rpm) 6

S (Surface Speed)

G50, G97G50, G97G50, G97G50, G97G96

S4S4S4S4S4

00001

50004500450030009999

S4S4S4S4S4

00001

50004500450030009999

T (Tool Function) 7

T (Tool Function) 8--

T4T4

00

12161232

T4T4

00

12161232

C (Chamfer)R (Radius)R (Circ. Inter.)

G01G01G02, G03

C2.4R2.4R2.4

0.00010.0001-

---

C3.3R3.3R3.3

.001

.001-

---

Table 1.1 - Data Word Formats and Min/Max Increments1 - Cobra™ 42 & 51 lathes.2 - Cobra 65 lathe.3 - Cobra 42 lathe.4 - Cobra 51 lathe.5 - Cobra 65 lathe standard spindle drive.6 - Cobra 65 lathe high torque spindle drive [Option].7 - Standard Feature.8 - Optional Feature.

1-2 M-312C

LEGAL PROGRAMMING CHARACTERS

Legal alpha characters for the GE Fanuc 21T control are those used as word addresses in apart program block that the control will accept and act on. All illegal alpha characters inputthrough the RS-232 serial port will be loaded into memory, but will result in a decoding errorwhen program execution is attempted. The illegal character must be removed or replaced with alegal character. The following characters are illegal:

B, C, D, E, J, and L

SPECIAL PROGRAMMING CHARACTERS

An End of Record character should be the first and last character in a program which is to beuploaded to the machine control through the RS-232 serial port. If multiple programs are to beloaded from a single punched tape, it may be desirable to place an End of Record characterbetween each of the programs. All End of Record characters will be followed by an End of Blockcharacter.

The End of Block character must be used after the last character in each data block of a partprogram that is to be loaded into the memory of the control. If the End of Block character isomitted from a part program data block, the control will consider the next block to be part of theblock missing the End of Block. This may cause undesirable machine behavior.

The End of Block character is a Carriage Return character in EIA (RS-224-B) format and aLine Feed character in ASCII (ISO) (RS-358-B) format. When programming from the keyboard,use the EOB key. This character will be displayed as a semicolon (;) on the control displayscreen.

Operator messages and comments can be included in a part program loaded from tape,provided they are enclosed in parentheses. Any legal ASCII character can be used when writinga comment.

The Block Skip (/) code inserted at the beginning of a data block will cause that block of datato be ignored by the control when Block Skip is activated by the machine operator. When BlockSkip is not active, the data block will be executed.

M-312C 1-3

PROGRAMMING FORMAT

Programs to be executed by the GE Fanuc 21T control consist of alpha-numeric words thatthe control recognizes as specific commands. These words consist of one letter addresses andthe designated numbers for that address. Words within a block may follow any convenient se-quence. However, Hardinge recommends the following sequence:

/, N, G, X, Z, U, W, I, K, P, Q, R, A, F, S, T, M

The software for the system is configured to provide the following programming resolution:

.0001 inch [.001 mm]

This causes specific data word formats to be applied to the associated values. These formatsare outlined in each of the data word descriptions and are also listed in the table on page 1-2.These numbers indicate the maximum number of places allowed to the right and left of thedecimal point.

A plus sign need not be entered since the control assumes plus if no sign is entered. A minussign MUST be programmed, if needed.

The general part program format is shown on page 1-33. The Safe Start Subprogram shownin the program format is described in Chapter 8 of this manual.

PROGRAMMING SEQUENCE

Tape Programming SequenceThe sequence in which a tape should be programmed is as follows:

1. A few inches of tape feed (leader), as required.

2. Enter program ID code and program number. All programs are identified by the letter “O”in front of the part program ID number and may have 4 place ID numbers (1 - 8999).Program numbers 9000 through 9999 are reserved for macro programs. The program IDcode and program number are followed by a valid End of Block character.

3. Enter the program.

4. End of Program command (M02, M30) in the last data block. All data blocks must endwith a valid End of Block character.

5. Enter an End of Record character.

6. A few inches of tape feed (trailer), as required.

1-4 M-312C

Keyboard Programming Sequence

- NOTE -If necessary, refer to the Cobra™ series lathe operator’s manual (M-313C) for infor-mation on using the Manual Data Input keyboard.

To program from the keyboard, follow this procedure:

1. Activate Edit mode.

2. Set Protect Key to Release.

3. Press the Program key.

- NOTE -Part programs are identified by the letter “O” in front of the part program ID numberand may have 4 place ID numbers (1 - 8999). Program numbers 9000 through9999 are reserved for macro programs. The program ID code and program numberare followed by a valid End of Block character.

4. Key in the letter O and the program number at the Manual Data Input keyboard.

Example: O1111

5. Press the Insert key.

6. Press the EOB key.

7. Press the Insert key.

8. Enter each data block as follows:

a) Key in the letter addresses and values.b) Press the EOB key.c) Press the Insert key.

9. Set Protect Key to Protect.

M-312C 1-5

PROGRAM NUMBER

Part programs stored in the control memory must be assigned a part program number. Theprogram numbers are used by the control to identify the various programs and subprogramswhich are stored in the control memory.

The program number MUST be identified by the letter “O” followed by the program identifica-tion number. It is not necessary to program the leading zeros as these are automatically insertedby the control, when needed. The program number must be on the first line of the program. Itmay be programmed on a line by itself or it may be the first entry in the first data block.

The part program numbers range from 1 to 8999. However, the following restrictions must beobserved when assigning program numbers:

1. Alpha and other miscellaneous characters (such as dashes) are not allowed.

2. Program numbers 9000 through 9999 are reserved for permanent macro programs en-tered on the Master Macro Tape. These numbers cannot be assigned to other partprograms or macros.

- NOTE -When entering a program from the keyboard, if the program identification number isomitted, the active part program will be edited according to the data entered whenthe Insert key is pressed. If one of the 9000 series permanent macro programs isactive and no program number is entered, the first program data block will berejected and the message “Write Protect” will be displayed on the control displayscreen.

When a tape which does not contain a program identification number is loaded into memory,the control will automatically assign the first programmed sequence number as the programnumber.

Any attempt to store programs having numbers already stored in program memory will causethe message “Already Exists” to be displayed on the control display screen. This message indi-cates that the program identification number has already been assigned.

X AND Z AXES

The axis of motion parallel to the spindle face is the X axis and the axis of motion parallel tothe spindle centerline is the Z axis. From this point on, the cross slide will be referred to as the Xaxis and the carriage as the Z axis. These letter designations for the two axes are recommendedby the Electronic Industries Association (E.I.A.). In an effort to promote interchangeability andprevent misunderstandings between CNC manufacturers and purchasers, recommended stand-ards have been set forth by E.I.A. These standards include the following: axis designation, axismotion nomenclature, character codes for perforated tape, operational command format, dataformat, and electrical interface between controls and machine tools.

1-6 M-312C

DECIMAL POINT PROGRAMMING

A decimal point should be used with the following address words: A, C, F, I, K, R, U, W, X,and Z. If a decimal point is programmed in a word in which a decimal point is not allowed (P orQ word) or if two or more decimal points appear in any one data word, an error message will bedisplayed.

Values with or without decimal points may be commanded in the same data block.

Trailing zeros need not be programmed when using decimal point programming.

If no decimal point is programmed, the control uses the appropriate data word format to insertleading zeros and properly position the decimal point.

Example: In Inch mode, the format for the Z word is ±2.4 . If Z4. is programmed, thecontrol will assume Z4.0000 .

- CAUTION -The programmer must make certain all decimal points are correctly positionedto prevent undesirable machine behavior.

This assumed decimal point is an important concept to keep in mind. There can be a greatdeal of difference between values with and without decimal points.

Example: The command “X2.” sends the cross slide to coordinate X2.0000; however, thecommand “X2" (no decimal point) sends the cross slide to X.0002 . Be sure thedecimal point is programmed when allowed.

In addition to specifying the location of the assumed decimal point, the word address formatalso indicates the maximum number of digits which can appear to the left and right of thedecimal point.

M-312C 1-7

DATA WORD DESCRIPTIONSOn the following pages are descriptions of the data words used with the GE Fanuc 21T

control.

O WORD

The O word is used as the letter address for part program numbers and must precede thepart program identification number. Refer to “Program Number”, on page 1-6.

N WORD

The N word provides a sequence number consisting of the letter “N” and up to four digits(0000 - 9999). It is not required to have a sequence number in any block. When used, they maybe placed anywhere in the block; however, it is customary to program them as the first word inthe block, except when a Block Delete (/) is programmed. Block Delete codes, when pro-grammed, will be the first character in a block.

The N word does not affect machine operation. However, it does give operators a valuablereference should they wish to relate an operation being performed to the program manuscript.

The numbering sequence can begin with any number, such as N0001. It is recommended thatthe programmer assign sequence numbers in intervals of five or ten so that additional blocks canbe inserted into the program if necessary. This eliminates the necessity of reassigning sequencenumbers after blocks are added to the program. The only exception to this recommendation isthat the block starting each operation be assigned the number of the turret station to be used forthat operation. For example, when using turret station #6, N6 will be the block number to startthe operation.

Leading zeros may be omitted.

1-8 M-312C

G WORD

The G word is a preparatory command which sets up the control for a specific type of opera-tion. It has the word format G3, with a range of 00 to 999. Certain G codes are default codesand are automatically activated by the control under the following conditions:

1. Machine Power-up

2. Reading an End of Program Code (M02/M30)

3. Control Reset

4. Emergency Stop

The G codes are of two types:

1. Non-modal G codes are effective only in the block in which they are programmed.

2. Modal G codes remain effective until replaced by another G code in the same group.

The chart in Appendix Two lists the G codes that are used with the GE Fanuc 21T control bygroups.

Only one G code from each group is permitted in a data block. If more than one G code froma group is programmed in a data block from the keyboard or tape, the last of the conflicting Gcodes entered in the data block will be the active G code.

G codes containing a leading zero may be programmed without the zero.

Example: G01 may be programmed as G1

G00 Positioning(Group 1 G Code)

This positioning command generates linear motion on one or more axes (X or Z) from thecurrent position to the programmed end points at a rate determined by the Rapid Overrideswitch. When this switch is set to 100%, axis motion takes place at the rapid traverse ratesshown below. Rapid traverse rates are shown as inches per minute [millimeters per minute].

X Axis: 400 [10160] Cobra™ 42 LatheX Axis: 472 [12000] Cobra 51 & 65 Lathes

Z Axis: 630 [16000] Cobra 42 LatheZ Axis: 787 [20000] Cobra 51 & 65 Lathes

Axis distance may be expressed as X and Z for absolute moves or U and W for incrementalmoves.

A programmed feedrate (F Function) in a G00 block is ignored by the control.

When the turret is programmed to move in both axes (X & Z), the axes execute a vectorialmove at a traverse rate which is a result of the X and Z rapid traverse. When a G00 positioningmove is programmed and the Rapid Override switch is set to 100%, both axes will move atmaximum traverse.

The G00 command is modal. A programmed G00 command will cancel any currently activeGroup 1 G code. Any other Group 1 G code will cancel an active G00 command.

M-312C 1-9

G01 Linear Interpolation(Group 1 G Code)

Linear Interpolation generates linear motion on one or more axes (X or Z) from the currentposition to the programmed end points at a rate specified by a feedrate command in the sameblock or by an active feedrate from a preceding block. The programmed feedrate is directlyaffected by the Feedrate Override switch.

The maximum programmable feedrate for the X and Z axes is 400 inches per minute [10160millimeters per minute].

Axis distance may be expressed as X and Z for absolute moves or U and W for incrementalmoves. When both the X and Z axes are programmed for a taper cut, the control will compen-sate X and Z axis feedrates to produce a vectorial velocity equal to the programmed feedrate.That is, when both axes are programmed, a vectorial move is generated.


G02 Clockwise Arc(Group 1 G Code)

Refer to Figure 3.4 for the path traced by the tool for a clockwise arc.

The arc direction is determined by the rotational direction of the cutting tool when lookingdownward at the plan view of the workpiece.

The G02 command is used with I and K words (arc center offset) or R word (radius) toprovide the necessary qualifying dimensions of the arc.


Refer to “Circular Interpolation”, in Chapter 3.

G03 Counter-Clockwise Arc(Group 1 G Code)

Refer to Figure 3.4 for the path traced by the tool for a counter-clockwise arc.

The arc direction is determined by the rotational direction of the cutting tool when lookingdownward at the plan view of the workpiece.

The G03 command is used with I and K words (arc center offset) or R word (radius) toprovide the necessary qualifying dimensions of the arc.



1-10 M-312C

G04 Dwell(Group 0 G Code)

A dwell command must be programmed with a X, U, or P word to specify the duration of thedwell in seconds. The range of dwell is as follows:

.001 to 99999.999 seconds.

The G04 Preparatory Command and its associated X, U, or P word must be programmedtogether in a data block that does not generate axis motion.

- NOTE -Decimal point programming cannot be used when the P word is used to specify thedwell period. The P word specifies dwell in milliseconds. Leading zero suppressionformat must be used.

Dwell in Seconds:

A dwell of 2.5 seconds may be programmed in any of the following ways:

G04 X2.5G04 U2.5G04 P2500

The dwell code is non-modal and does not change the status of any modal condition of thecontrol. Following the dwell, the operating mode reverts to the same status as before the dwell.The previous feedrate is reinstated.

G10 Data Setting ON(Group 0 G Code)

The G10 command permits entering the Work Shift Offset and Tool Offsets with the partprogram or as a separate program instead of entering the offset(s) individually from the ManualData Input keyboard.

When offsets are entered as a separate program, this program must be executed prior to partprogram execution to insert the offset values into the offset registers.

As many offsets as needed may be entered from a separate tape. The G10 is non-modalwhen used for tool offset entry and must be programmed in each offset entry block.

Refer to Chapter 4, “Work Shift and Tool Offsets”.

M-312C 1-11

G20 Inch Data Input(Group 6 G Code)

Inch mode allows the programmer to program in inch units. The command is modal and canbe canceled only by a G21 (metric mode) command. Pressing the Reset key has no affect onG20. If G20 is active when power is turned OFF, it will be active when power is restored. G20must be programmed in a block by itself.

- NOTE -It is recommended that all programs written with inch dimensions have the G20code at the beginning of the program to ensure the correct format is active in casethe previously executed program was in metric mode.

G21 Metric Data Input(Group 6 G Code)

Metric mode allows the programmer to program in metric units. The command is modal andcan be canceled only by a G20 (inch mode) command. Pressing the Reset key has no affect onG21. If G21 is active when power is turned OFF, It will be active when power is restored. G21must be programmed in a block by itself.

- NOTE -It is recommended that all programs written with metric dimensions have the G21code at the beginning of the program to ensure the correct format is active in casethe previously executed program was in inch mode.

G22 Stored Stroke Limits ON [Option](Group 9 G Code)

With G22 active, stored stroke limit #2 is active. The tool cannot enter the stroke limits estab-lished by these stored stroke limits.

- NOTE -Stored stroke limit #1 is active even if G22 is inactive.

G22 is active at power-up regardless of whether it was active when the power was turnedOFF. However, a control reset will not return the control to G22 if G23 is active when the controlreset is performed.

G23 Stored Stroke Limits OFF [Option](Group 9 G Code)

With G23 active, stored stroke limit #2 is inactive. The tool is free to move within the rectangu-lar areas established by these limits.

- NOTE -Stored stroke limit #1 is active even if G23 is active.

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G28 Return to Reference Position(Group 0 G Code)

- CAUTION -Tool offsets and Tool Nose Radius Compensation should be canceled BEFOREcommanding G28.

- NOTE -The turret reference position is the intersection of the X and Z axis reference coor-dinates.

The G28 command performs an automatic return of the turret to the reference position for oneor both axes. The move may be through an intermediate position or directly to the referenceposition. The move is performed at rapid traverse for each axis commanded.

Move Directly to the Reference Position:

G28 U0. ; Move turret to X axis reference coordinate

or

G28 W0. ; Move turret to Z axis reference coordinate

or

G28 U0. W0. ; Move turret to X and Z axis reference coordinates

Move Through an Intermediate Position:

G28 X4. Z6. ; Move turret to X4. Z6., then to X and Z axis reference coordinates

G31 Skip Function(Group 0 G Code)

The G31 command allows the programmer to command linear interpolation (similar to G01)with the added capability of responding to an external skip signal.

If no skip signal is detected, program execution occurs as if G01 has been commanded.

If a skip signal is detected, program execution immediately moves to the next data block.The move currently being executed is not completed.

G31 is non-modal and must be programmed each time it is to be effective.

M-312C 1-13

G32 Threadcutting (Constant Lead)(Group 1 G Code)

The G32 threadcutting command is used when the programmer wishes to maintain completecontrol over the depth of each cutting pass.

Threading may be done in either, or both the X and Z axes. The length of the thread isdetermined by the distance command for X and/or Z. If a linear thread is to be cut, it requiresprogramming one axis. If a tapered thread is to be cut, it requires both the X and Z axes to beprogrammed.

The lead command is entered as an F word whose value is determined by the distancebetween each thread. The data word format is F1.6 in inch mode and 3.4 in metric mode.

Example: The command “G32 W-6. F.05" will result in a linear thread cutting pass 6 incheslong with a .05 inch lead.

The Feedrate Override switch is not effective during the threading pass unless it is set to 0%.Setting the Feedrate Override switch to 0% during a threading pass will stop X and Z axismotion. The Feedrate Override switch is active during the return pass. The Emergency Stoppush button and Reset key are active during the threading pass.


Refer to Chapter 7, “Threading Cycles”.

G40 Cancel Tool Nose Radius Compensation(Group 7 G Code)

Tool Nose Radius Compensation (G41/G42) is canceled by a programmed G40. If G40 isprogrammed in a block by itself, tool compensation is canceled. If the G40 block contains anaxis move, tool compensation is canceled; then, the programmed move occurs without compen-sation. Tool Nose Radius Compensation will be canceled when the Emergency Stop push buttonor the Reset key is pressed.

Refer to Chapter 2, “Tool Nose Radius Compensation”.

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G41 Tool Nose Radius Compensation - Workpiece Right of Tool(Group 7 G Code)

Tool Nose Radius Compensation with the workpiece to the right of the tool is established byprogramming G41. Imagine the operator sitting on the tool facing in the direction of the toolmotion. If the workpiece is to the right of the operator, the correct code is G41. G41 may beprogrammed with or without position data in the same data block.


G42 Tool Nose Radius Compensation - Workpiece Left of Tool(Group 7 G Code)

Tool Nose Radius Compensation with the workpiece to the left of the tool is established byprogramming G42. Imagine the operator sitting on the tool facing in the direction of the toolmotion. If the workpiece is to the left of the operator, the correct code is G42. G42 may beprogrammed with or without position data in the same data block.


G50 Maximum RPM Limit(Group 0 G Code)

The G50 command is used with Constant Surface Speed to establish a spindle rpm limit. Thefollowing example establishes a spindle speed limit of 4000 rpm.

Example: G50 S4000;

A Control OFF cancels a G50 rpm limit.

Refer to Chapter 8 for additional information on Constant Surface Speed.

G65 Macro Call(Group 0 G Code)

To activate a particular macro and have it executed from the current slide position, programthe following macro call command:

G65 P_____ ;

Where: G65 = Macro Call CommandP = Macro Program Number

The G65 command is non-modal. After the G65 command block is executed, G65 mode isdeactivated.

Refer to Chapter 8 for additional information on the G65 Macro Call command.

M-312C 1-15

G70 Automatic Finishing Cycle [Option](Group 0 G Code)

The G70 command is used in conjunction with canned roughing cycles G71, G72, or G73 tospecify the section of the workpiece to be finish contoured. The G70 data block specifies the firstand last block in the part program controlling the section to be finish contoured. Refer to thefollowing sections for additional information:

G71/G70 Multiple Repetitive Rough and Finish Turning, Chapter 6G72/G70 Multiple Repetitive Rough and Finish Facing, Chapter 6G73/G70 Rough and Finish Pattern Repeat, Chapter 6

G71 Automatic Rough Turning Cycle [Option](Group 0 G Code)

The G71 canned cycle provides the programmer with the capability to program rough contour-ing of a workpiece with multiple turning passes. This automatic cycle is usually used in conjunc-tion with the G70 Auto Finishing Cycle. The G71 blocks specify the amount of stock to beremoved on each roughing pass, the amount of stock to be left for finish contouring, and the firstand last block in the part program controlling the rough contouring.

Refer to “G71/G70 Rough and Finish Turning Cycle”, in Chapter 6, for additional information.

G72 Automatic Rough Facing Cycle [Option](Group 0 G Code)

The G72 canned cycle provides the programmer with the capability to program rough contour-ing of a workpiece with multiple facing passes. This automatic cycle is usually used in conjunc-tion with the G70 Auto Finishing Cycle. The G72 blocks specify the amount of stock to beremoved on each roughing pass, the amount of stock to be left for finish contouring, and the firstand last block in the part program controlling the rough contouring.

Refer to “G72/G70 Rough and Finish Facing Cycle”, in Chapter 6, for additional information.

G73 Automatic Rough Pattern Repeat Cycle [Option](Group 0 G Code)

The G73 canned cycle provides the programmer with the capability to program rough contour-ing repeatedly cutting a fixed pattern (contour). This automatic cycle is usually used in conjunc-tion with the G70 Auto Finishing Cycle. The G73 blocks specify the incremental distance be-tween the first and last roughing pass, the number of roughing passes, and the first and lastblock in the part program controlling the rough contouring.

Refer to “G73/G70 Rough and Finish Pattern Repeat”, in Chapter 6, for additional information.

1-16 M-312C

G74 Automatic Drilling Cycle (Constant Depth Increments) [Option](Group 0 G Code)

The G74 command activates an automatic drilling cycle that uses constant depth increments.In the G74 block, the programmer specifies the hole depth, size of depth increment, and drillingfeedrate. The G74 command is non-modal, it is effective only in the block in which it is pro-grammed.

Refer to “Constant Depth Increment Auto Drilling Cycle (G74)”, in Chapter 6, for additionalinformation.

G75 Automatic Grooving Cycle [Option](Group 0 G Code)

The G75 command activates an automatic grooving cycle that uses constant depth incre-ments. All information for the G75 Auto grooving Cycle is programmed in two data blocks. TheG75 command is non-modal; it is effective only in the blocks in which it is programmed.

Refer to “G75 Auto Grooving Cycle”, in Chapter 6, for additional information.

G76 Automatic Threading Cycle [Option](Group 0 G Code)

The G76 Automatic Threading Cycle provides the programmer with the capability to programmultiple threading passes with two blocks of information instead of programming four blocks perthreading pass. The G76 command is non-modal and is canceled when the threading cycle iscompleted. Straight and tapered threads using plunge or compound infeed can be programmed.


The Feed Hold push button is not active during the threading pass.

Refer to “Multiple Repetitive Threading Cycle (G76)”, in Chapter 7, for additional information.

G90 Canned Turning Cycle(Group 1 G Code)

The G90 Canned Turning Cycle provides the programmer with the capability to program multi-ple turning passes by specifying only the depth of cut in each data block after the G90 block.Straight or tapered turn operations may be performed. The G90 command is modal. A pro-grammed G90 command will cancel any currently active Group 1 G code. Any other Group 1 Gcode will cancel an active G90 command. G90 can also be canceled by a control OFF or Reset.The Spindle Increase and Decrease push buttons, Feedrate Override switch, and Feed Holdpush button are active.

Refer to “Canned Turning Cycle (G90)”, in Chapter 6, for additional information.

M-312C 1-17

G92 Canned Threading Cycle(Group 1 G Code)

The G92 Canned Threading Cycle provides the programmer with the capability to programmultiple threading passes by specifying only the depth of cut in each data block after the G92block. Straight or tapered threads may be cut in this mode. Compound infeeding is not possiblein this mode. The G92 command is modal. A programmed G92 command will cancel any cur-rently active Group 1 G code. Any other Group 1 G code will cancel an active G92 command.G92 can also be canceled by a control OFF or Reset. The Feed Hold push button is not activeduring the threading pass, but is active during the return pass.


Refer to “G92 Programming”, in Chapter 7, for additional information.

G94 Canned Facing Cycle(Group 1 G Code)

The G94 Canned Facing Cycle provides the programmer with the capability to program multi-ple facing passes by specifying only the depth of cut in each data block after the G94 block.Straight or tapered facing operations may be performed. The G94 command is modal. A pro-grammed G94 command will cancel any currently active Group 1 G code. Any other Group 1 Gcode will cancel an active G94 command. G94 can also be canceled by a control OFF or Reset.The Feedrate Override switch and Feed Hold push button are active.

Refer to “Canned Facing Cycle (G94)”, in Chapter 6, for additional information.

G96 Constant Surface Speed(Group 2 G Code)

The G96 mode allows programming the speed of the workpiece with respect to the tool pointdirectly in surface feet per minute in inch mode (G20) and surface meters per minute in metricmode (G21). Constant Surface Speed is a function of the spindle speed range and the pro-grammed constant surface speed (S word). The control automatically adjusts the spindle speedwithin its range to maintain the constant surface speed as the cutting radius varies. Refer to“G50 Spindle Limitation” for limiting spindle rpm while using G96 programming. G96 is canceledby G97. If a new spindle speed is not programmed, the spindle will remain at the speed that wasactive when Constant Surface Speed was canceled.

Refer to “Constant Surface Speed”, in Chapter 8, for more information.

1-18 M-312C

G97 Direct RPM Programming (Constant Surface Speed Cancel)(Group 2 G Code)

G97 allows the programmer to program spindle speeds directly in revolutions per minute.When G97 cancels G96, the spindle speed in rpm equals the speed at which the spindle wasturning when Constant Surface Speed was canceled. If a different spindle speed is desired, an Sword specifying the new spindle speed should be programmed in the same block as the G97command. The S word format for direct rpm programming is S4.0 .

G98 Inches/Millimeter per Minute Feedrate(Group 5 G Code)

The feedrate (F word) is programmed directly in inches/mm per minute. The feedrate remainsunchanged until reprogrammed. The F word format is F3.2 in inch mode (G20) and F5.0 inmetric mode (G21). When entering G98 mode, a new feedrate should be programmed. G98 ismodal and cancels G99. The decimal point must be programmed. The following examples arewritten for inch mode (G20):

Example 1: F400 results in a feedrate of 4.00 inches per minute.

Example 2: F400. results in a feedrate of 400.00 inches per minute.

G99 Inches/Millimeter per Revolution Feedrate(Group 5 G Code)

This is the power-up or reset state. The feedrate (F word) is programmed directly ininches/mm per revolution. The feedrate remains unchanged until reprogrammed. The F wordformat is F1.6 in inch mode (G20) and F3.4 in metric mode (G21). The maximum programmablefeedrates are 9.999999 inches/revolution and 500.0000 millimeters/revolution. When enteringG99 mode, a new feedrate should be programmed. G99 is modal and cancels G98.

M-312C 1-19

X WORD

- CAUTION -Programming an X axis move without the correct Tool or Zero Offset active couldcause the tool to strike the workpiece or optional tailstock.

The X word is a DIAMETER DIMENSION for the cross slide. It is measured relative to thespindle centerline and is written with an X followed by a plus or minus sign. The plus sign maybe omitted because the control assumes plus (+) if no sign is programmed. The X commandestablishes the absolute position of the turret top plate reference location in relation to the spin-dle centerline after movement has been completed.

- NOTE -Refer to Appendix One for travel specifications.

Only one X command is permitted in a data block. If more than one X command is pro-grammed in a data block from the keyboard or tape, the control will act on the X commandprogrammed closest to the End of Block character.

The data word format is shown in the table on page 1-2.

Assuming tool offsets are inactive, X is positive when the turret reference point is programmedto move to a position behind the spindle centerline. X is negative when the turret reference pointis programmed to move to a position in front of the spindle centerline. X axis programmingresolution is discussed under “Diameter Programming”, page 1-32.

With no tool offset active and no work shift (zero offset) active, all programmed motions will bethe final position of the turret reference point in relation to the spindle centerline. The position willbe displayed as a diameter whose center is on the spindle centerline. When X axis tool offsetsare activated by an offset command (T word), the programmed position will be modified accord-ing to the offset.

Example: A command of X2.5 will cause the control to position the cross slide with theturret reference point 1.25 inches behind the spindle centerline.

A work shift (zero offset) can be used to establish a work coordinate system in which X0 doesnot coincide with the spindle centerline. If X0 for the work coordinate system used is not on thespindle centerline, all programmed motions will be relative to the X0 established by the workshift. A movement in the +X direction will cause the X axis to be positioned one-half the pro-grammed distance behind the zero point. A movement in the -X direction will cause the X axis tobe positioned one-half the programmed distance in front of the zero point. Refer to Chapter 4 forinformation regarding the work shift.

The X word is also used to give a time factor to a “Dwell” command (G04). The X word formatin a G04 command is 4.4, in seconds. Refer to “G04 Dwell”, page 1-11.

1-20 M-312C

U WORD

- CAUTION -Programming a U axis move without the correct Tool Offset or Zero Offset activecould cause the tool to strike the workpiece or optional tailstock.

The U command establishes the incremental move of the cross slide position in relation to thecurrent cross slide location.

Only one U command is permitted in a data block. If more than one U command is pro-grammed in a data block from the keyboard or tape, the control will act on the U commandprogrammed closest to the End of Block character.


U is positive when the cross slide is programmed to move toward the back of the machine. Uis negative when the cross slide is programmed to move toward the front of the machine.

Example: A command of U2.5 will cause the control to position the cross slide 1.25 inchesin the +X direction from the previous position on the X axis.

The U word is also used to give a time factor to a “Dwell” command (G04). The U word formatin a G04 command is 4.4, in seconds. Refer to “G04 Dwell”, page 1-11.

M-312C 1-21

Z WORD

- CAUTION -Programming a Z axis move without the correct Tool Offset or Zero Offset activecould cause the tool to strike the workpiece, or optional tailstock.

The Z word is a distance command for the carriage. It is measured relative to the spindle faceand is written with a Z followed by a plus (+) or minus (-) sign. The plus sign may be omittedbecause the control assumes plus (+) if no sign is programmed.

- NOTE -Refer to Appendix One for travel specifications.

Only one Z command is permitted in a data block. If more than one Z command is pro-grammed in a data block from the keyboard or tape, the control will act on the Z commandprogrammed closest to the End of Block character.


Assuming tool offsets are inactive, Z is positive when the turret reference point is programmedto the right of Z0 on the Machine Work Coordinate System. Z is negative when the turret refer-ence point is programmed to the left of Z0 on the Machine Work Coordinate System.

With no tool offset active and no work shift (zero offset) active, all programmed Z axis move-ments will be the final position of the turret face in relation to the spindle face. Since all carriagemovement must take place to the right of the headstock, all movements regardless of directionwill be plus (+). When a tool offset and/or a zero offset are active, the programmed position willbe modified accordingly.

Example: A command of “Z5.” with a feedrate will cause the control to position the carriagewith the turret face 5 inches from the spindle face. A command of “Z9.” with afeedrate will cause the control to position the carriage with the turret face 9inches from the spindle face.

A work shift (zero offset) is used to establish a work coordinate system in which Z0 does notcoincide with the spindle face. If Z0 for the work coordinate system used is not the spindle face,all programmed Z axis movements will be relative to the Z0 established by the work shift. Apositive Z value describes a coordinate point to the right of the Z0 point. A negative Z valuedescribes a coordinate point to the left of the Z0 point.

1-22 M-312C

W WORD

- CAUTION -Programming a W axis move without the correct Tool Offset or Zero Offset activecould cause the tool to strike the workpiece or optional tailstock.

The W command establishes the incremental move of the carriage in relation to the currentcarriage location.

Only one W command is permitted in a data block. If more than one W command is pro-grammed in a data block from the keyboard or tape, the control will act on the W commandprogrammed closest to the End of Block character.


W is positive when the carriage is programmed to move away from the spindle face. W isnegative when the carriage is programmed to move toward the spindle face.

Example:

A command of “W5.” with a feedrate will cause the control to position the carriage 5inches in the +Z direction from the previous position on the Z axis. A command of “W-5.”with a feedrate will cause the control to position the carriage 5 inches in the -Z directionfrom the previous position on the Z axis.

I WORD

The I word is used during Circular Interpolation (G02/G03). The I word is a signed valuedefining the distance on the X axis from the start point of an arc to the arc center. The sign is aresult of the coordinate direction from the start point to the arc center.



K WORD

The K word is used during Circular Interpolation (G02/G03). The K word is a signed valuedefining the distance on the Z axis from the start point of an arc to the arc center. The sign is aresult of the coordinate direction from the start point to the arc center.



M-312C 1-23

R WORD

Linear Interpolation (G01)When Linear Interpolation (G01) is active, “R” defines the numerical values of a corner radius

between any linear (G01) moves. The data word format is R2.4 in inch mode and R3.3 in metricmode.

Refer to “Insert Chamfer or Corner Radius”, in Chapter 3.

Circular Interpolation (G02/G03)When Circular Interpolation (G02 or G03) is active, R defines the numerical value of a radius

connecting two points. The data word format is R2.4 in inch mode and R3.3 in metric mode.


Tool Nose Radius Compensation (G41/G42)When Tool Nose Radius Compensation (G41 or G42) is active, R defines the numerical value

of the tool nose radius. Values are stored in the Tool Offset Tables and are activated by a Tcommand. The data word format is R1.4 in inch mode and R2.3 in metric mode.

Refer to “Tool Nose Radius Compensation”, in Chapter 2.

Defining TapersWhen used with the following cycles, the R word defines the amount of taper when a tapered

turning, threading, or facing cycle is executed:

Canned Turning Cycle (G90), Chapter 6Canned Threading Cycle (G92), Chapter 7Canned Facing Cycle (G94), Chapter 6

1-24 M-312C

P WORD

The P word is used in the following functions:

Automatic Finishing Cycle (G70), Chapter 6Multiple Repetitive Rough Turning Cycle (G71), Chapter 6Multiple Repetitive Rough Facing Cycle (G72), Chapter 6Rough Pattern Repeat Cycle (G73), Chapter 6Subprogram Calling, Chapter 8Storing Work Shift from Program, Chapter 4Storing Tool Offsets from Program, Chapter 4

The P word may also be used to establish a time factor for a G04 Dwell. The P word has thedata word format P8 when used to specify dwell. Refer to “G04 Dwell”, page 1-11.

- NOTE -Decimal Point programming cannot be used with the P word. Leading zero sup-pression must be used.

When used with subprogram calling, the P word appears in the M98 calling block of the mainpart program and specifies the program I.D. number of the subprogram to be called. The dataword format is P4. Leading zeros may be omitted.

When used with tape entry of tool offsets or work shift offsets, the P word specifies the offsetnumber and has the following numerical ranges:

Work Shift: P00 when used with work shift offset

Standard Tool Offsets: P01 to P16 when used with tool wear offsetsP10001 to P10016 when used with tool geometry offsets

Optional Tool Offsets: P01 to P32 when used with tool wear offsetsP10001 to P10032 when used with tool geometry offsets

Refer to Chapter 4 for information on storing tool offsets in memory.

Q WORD

The Q word is used in the following functions:

Automatic Finishing Cycle (G70), Chapter 6Multiple Repetitive Rough Turning Cycle (G71), Chapter 6Multiple Repetitive Rough Facing Cycle (G72), Chapter 6Rough Pattern Repeat Cycle (G73), Chapter 6Storing Tool Offsets from Program, Chapter 4Programming Multiple Start Threads, Chapter 7

When tool geometry offsets are entered by tape, the Q word specifies the tool tip orientationnumber. The data word format is Q1, with numerical values ranging from 0 to 9. Refer to “ToolOffsets”, in Chapter 4.

M-312C 1-25

F WORD

The F word is used to establish a feedrate. When used with the G98 command, it expressesthe feedrate in inches or millimeters per minute. The word format is F3.2 for inch mode (G20)and F5.0 for metric mode (G21). The decimal point must be programmed.

When used with the G99 command, it expresses the feedrate in inches or millimeters perrevolution. The word format is F1.6 for inch mode (G20) and F3.4 for metric mode (G21). Thedecimal point must be programmed. If more than one feedrate is programmed in a data block,the last feedrate programmed will be the active feedrate.

Due to the maximum feedrates on the X and Z axes, the feedrate in G99 mode is “LeadLimited”. When G99 mode is active, the maximum feedrate in G01 mode is derived from thefollowing formulas:

Maximum Feedrate (in/rev) = inches per minute ÷ rev/minMaximum Feedrate (mm/rev) = mm per minute ÷ rev/min

The maximum programmable feedrate for the X and Z axes is 400 inches per minute [10160millimeters per minute].

The F word, which can be placed anywhere in the data block, remains unchanged until repro-grammed. If G00 is used to obtain the rapid traverse rate, be sure it is canceled by anotherGroup 1 G code after the rapid traverse move is completed.

The Feedrate Override switch modifies the programmed feedrate from 0% (Feed Hold) to150%. When Dry Run mode is active, the control causes all slide motion to take place at afeedrate selected with the Feedrate Override switch.

S WORD

The S word has several functions, depending on the G code it is associated with:

Code Function:

G50 S word selects the spindle rpm limit for Constant Surface SpeedG96 S word specifies surface feet/meters per minute in Constant Surface SpeedG97 S word selects direct spindle rpm

When used with G50, the S word specifies the maximum rpm the spindle can attain duringConstant Surface Speed programming (G96).

In G96 Constant Surface Speed programming, the format is S4 in both inch and metricmodes. The units are surface feet per minute in inch mode (G20) and surface meters per minutein metric mode (G21). Refer to “Constant Surface Speed”, in Chapter 8.

When used in G97 direct rpm mode, the word format is S4. Maximum spindle speeds arelisted in the table on page 1-2. The S word is modal and, once programmed, need not beprogrammed again until a different spindle speed is required.

Do not program a decimal point with the S word.

1-26 M-312C

T WORD

The T word selects the turret station that is to be indexed to the cutting position and activatesthe Tool Offset number. The Tool Offset number selects the following:

Tool Geometry Offset File:

1. X and Z axis Tool Dimensions.2. Tool Nose Radius Value.3. Tool Orientation Number.

Tool Wear Offset File:

1. X and Z axis Tool Wear adjustments.The T word has the word format T4. The first two digits specify the turret station and the last

two digits specify the location of the tool offsets. Note that both the geometry and wear offsetsare activated by the last two digits.

Example: N0120 G04 T0515;

Block N0120 calls for turret station 5. Tool geometry offsets on line 15 of the Tool OffsetGeometry File will be activated and tool wear offsets on line 15 of the Tool Wear File will also beactivated.

- CAUTION -If no tool offsets are to be activated, the last two digits MUST be 00. If no digitsare programmed in the last two places, the turret will not index. Instead, the con-trol will use the turret station number as an offset and activate that offset. Thiscould result in a collision as the control will attempt to position the previouslyactive tool using incorrect offsets or no offsets at all.

For example, if the turret is to be indexed to station 5 without an offset, T0500 must beprogrammed. If T05 is programmed, the turret will not be indexed to station 5, but offset 05 willbe activated.

A turret command of “T0" should be inserted before indexing to a new turret station and at theend of each operation to cause the active tool offsets to be cleared from the offset registers.

- NOTE -When the Hardinge Safe-Start formats are used, it is not necessary to program“T0" before indexing to a new turret station. ”T0" is included in the Safe-Start sub-programs. Refer to Chapter 8 for information on Safe Start subprograms.

Refer to “Tool Offsets”, in Chapter 4, for additional information.

M-312C 1-27

M WORD

The M words convey action to the machine. They are known as miscellaneous functions andare designated by a programmed M word having the format M2.

Only one M code is allowed in a data block. If more than one M code is programmed in ablock from the keyboard or tape, the last M code entered will be the active M code. Refer also tothe M code chart in Appendix Two.

The M code may be placed anywhere in the data block.

The following M codes have been assigned to Cobra™ series lathes equipped with the GEFanuc 21T control:

M00 Program StopThe M00 command stops the program, stops the spindle, and turns the coolant off. The

Collet/Chuck push button is enabled. This function can be used for gauging and end-for-endingthe workpiece. Pressing Cycle Start causes the program to continue. It is the programmer’sresponsibility to program an M03, M04, M08, M13, or M14 to restart the spindle or live tooling(Option) and/or coolant pump when restarting the program after an M00 Program Stop.

M01 Optional StopThe M01 command performs the same function as M00, if the Optional Stop push button on

the control panel has been activated before the block containing the M01 is read by the control.If the Optional Stop push button has not been activated by the operator, the control will ignorethe programmed M01 and will continue to execute the program. This function is useful when it isnecessary to gauge the workpiece during setup. Pressing Cycle Start causes the program tocontinue. It is the programmer’s responsibility to program an M03, M04, M08, M13, or M14 torestart the spindle or live tooling (Option) and/or coolant pump when restarting the program afteran M01 Optional Stop.

M02 End of ProgramM02 indicates the end of a part program and is usually found in the last block programmed. It

stops the spindle and turns the coolant off. The Collet Open/Close push button is enabled. Referalso to M30.

M03 Spindle ForwardThe M03 command causes the spindle to run in the forward direction at the programmed

spindle speed (S word). The spindle is running in the forward direction when rotating clockwiseas viewed from the headstock end of the machine. M03 remains active until canceled by M00,M01, M02, M04, M05, M14, M30, or by pressing the Reset key or Emergency Stop push button.

M04 Spindle ReverseThe M04 command causes the spindle to run in the reverse direction at the programmed

spindle speed (S word). The spindle is running in the reverse direction when rotating counter-clockwise as viewed from the headstock end of the machine. M04 remains active until canceledby M00, M01, M02, M03, M05, M13, M30, or by pressing the Reset key or Emergency Stoppush button.

1-28 M-312C

M05 Spindle Stop/Coolant OFFThe M05 command causes the spindle to stop and turns the coolant off, but DOES NOT stop

axis motion unless G99 is active. M05 remains active until canceled by M03, M04, M13, or M14.M05 is active at machine start-up and can also be activated by M00, M01, M02, M30, Reset,and Emergency Stop.

M08 Coolant ONM08 turns the coolant pump ON and remains active until canceled by M00, M01, M02, M05,

M09, M30, Reset, or Emergency Stop.

M09 Coolant OFFM09 turns the coolant pump OFF and remains active until canceled by M08, M13, or M14.

M09 is active at machine start-up and is activated by M00, M01, M02, M05, M30, Reset, orEmergency Stop.

M10 High Pressure Coolant ON (Cobra™ 65 lathes only) [Option]M10 turns the high pressure coolant ON if this option is activated. The spindle must be rotat-

ing and the guard door must be closed to turn high pressure coolant ON. M10 remains activeuntil canceled by M00, M01, M02, M11, M30, or Emergency Stop.

M11 High Pressure Coolant OFF (Cobra 65 lathes only) [Option]M11 turns the high pressure coolant OFF. M11 is active at machine start-up and remains

active until canceled by M10.

M13 Spindle Forward/Coolant ONThe M13 command causes the spindle to run in the forward direction at the programmed

spindle speed (S word) and turns the coolant pump ON. The spindle is running in the forwarddirection when rotating clockwise as viewed from the headstock end of the machine. M13 re-mains active until canceled by M00, M01, M02, M04, M05, M14, M30, or by pressing the Resetkey or Emergency Stop push button.

If M04 is programmed after M13, the spindle will run in the reverse direction and the coolantpump will remain ON.

M14 Spindle Reverse/Coolant ONThe M14 command causes the spindle to run in the reverse direction at the programmed

spindle speed (S word) and turns the coolant pump ON. The spindle is running in the reversedirection when rotating counterclockwise as viewed from the headstock end of the machine. M14remains active until canceled by M00, M01, M02, M04, M05, M13, M30, or by pressing theReset key or Emergency Stop push button.

If M03 is programmed after M14, the spindle will run in the forward direction and the coolantpump will remain ON.

M-312C 1-29

M21 Open ColletThe M21 command causes the collet closer to release the workpiece. M21 remains active

until canceled by M22.

M22 Close ColletThe M22 command causes the collet closer to grip the workpiece. M22 remains active until

canceled by M21.

M25 Part Catcher Retract [Option]The M25 command causes the part catcher to move toward the machine headwall, away from

the part pickup position. This is a linear motion.

M26 Part Catcher Extend [Option]The M25 command causes the part catcher to move toward the part pickup position, away

from the machine headwall. This is a linear motion.

M28 External Chucking ModeM28 commands the control to use the collet closer with external-gripping style work-holding

devices. The position of the collet closer is checked on power-up and the closer is initializedaccordingly; for example, if the collet closer is open at power-up, it will remain open.

Refer to the Cobra™ series lathe operator’s manual (M-313C) for information on establishingchucking modes.

M29 Internal Chucking ModeM29 commands the control to use the collet closer with internal-gripping style work-holding

devices. The position of the collet closer is checked on power-up and the closer is initializedaccordingly; for example, if the collet closer is open at power-up, it will remain open.

Refer to the Cobra series lathe operator’s manual (M-313C) for information on establishingchucking modes.

M30 End of ProgramM30 indicates the end of a program and is usually found in the last block programmed. It

stops the spindle, turns the coolant off, and rewinds the program to its beginning. The ColletOpen/Close push button is enabled. Refer also to M02.

M31 Program Rewind and RestartThe M31 command causes the program to be restarted automatically, when followed by an

M30 command.

1-30 M-312C

M48 Enable Feedrate and Spindle OverrideM48 is the Power-up or Reset state of the control. It enables the use of the feedrate and

spindle override features. M48 remains active until canceled by M49.

M49 Disable Feedrate and Spindle OverrideM49 cancels M48 and causes the feedrates and spindle speeds to operate at 100% of the

programmed values, ignoring the feedrate and spindle override controls. M49 remains active untilcanceled by an M02, M30, M48, a control OFF, or a control Reset.

M61 Load New BarsIf an M61 command is read by the CNC control and an “End of Bar” condition exists, the

magazine bar feed system is commanded to load a new bar.

If an M61 command is read by the CNC control and an “End of Bar” condition does not exist,program execution will continue.

M84 Tailstock Quill Forward [Option]M84 causes the tailstock quill to move toward the machine spindle.

Refer to Chapter 8 for information on programming the tailstock.

M85/M86 Tailstock Quill Retract [Option]M85 causes the tailstock quill to move away from the machine spindle. M86 performs the

same function.

Refer to Chapter 8 for information on programming the tailstock.

M93 Steady Rest Open [Option]M93 commands the steady rest to release the workpiece.

M94 Steady Rest Closed [Option]M93 commands the steady rest to clamp the workpiece.

M98 Subprogram CallThis code must be in the main part program block which activates a subprogram. It is pro-

grammed with a P word, which specifies the subprogram number. Refer to “Subprograms”, inChapter 8.

M99 Subprogram EndThis code is used to return to the main part program after a subprogram has been completed.

Refer to “Subprograms”, in Chapter 8.

M-312C 1-31

DIAMETER PROGRAMMINGHardinge Cobra™ series lathes are configured to allow the programmer to use part diameter

dimensions from the workpiece drawing as X word entries. With diameter programming, theworkpiece centerline coincides with the spindle centerline unless an X axis Zero Offset is active.Refer to Chapter 4, “Work Shift and Tool Offsets”.

- CAUTION -It is strongly recommended that the X axis register in the Work Shift file be setto zero at all times.

PROGRAMMING NOTES

1. X words are programmed as diameters.

2. Data word formats for diameter programming:

X ±2.4 in inch mode (G20) and X ±3.3 in metric mode (G21). Maximum resolution is.00005 inches [.0005 mm] on the diameter.

3. Dwell (G04) is not affected by diameter programming and is entered directly in secondsor milliseconds, depending on the data word used.

4. Incremental or continuous jogs are unaffected by diameter programming. The actualmoves are incremental, but the final absolute X position will be displayed on the controldisplay screen as an X diameter.

5. Tool geometry offsets in the X axis are entered and displayed as diameters. Tool wearoffsets in the X axis are entered and displayed as diameters. Z moves are not affected.

6. X axis “Distance to Go” is displayed as a diameter value.

1-32 M-312C

GENERAL PROGRAM FORMAT

BEGINNING OF PROGRAM% Stop Code (End of Record)

O_________ Letter “O” and the Program Number

G65 P9150 H___ Collet Dwell Macro (Cobra™ 42 lathes only)

G20 or G21 Inch or Metric Mode

BEGINNING OF OPERATIONN _____ (___________) Sequence Search Number and Message

G97 S1000 M13 (or) M14 1000 RPM and Spindle Direction

M98 P1 Call: Safe Start Subprogram

T_____ Index to Tool Station and Call Offset

X _____ Z_____ Move Tool To Activate Tool Offset

IF USING CONSTANT SURFACE SPEEDG50 S ______ Maximum RPM Limit

G96 S ______ Surface Feet (Meters) Per Minute Speed

IF USING TOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATIONG1 G41 (or) G42 X ____ Z ____ F100. Tool Nose Radius Compensation,

Non-Cutting Move Required, IPM Feedrate

G1 G99 X ____ Z ____ F ____ Machine Part, Inches [mm] Per Revolution Feed

X ____ (and/or) Z ____ Clear Part by 3 Times the Tool TipDiameter

M98 P1 (or) M98 P2 Call: Safe O.D. or I.D. End Subprogram

M01 Operation Stop

PROGRAM ENDINGM30 Rewind Program - Stop Machine

% Stop Code (End of Record)

BAR JOBActivate Repeat Mode, on the Software Operator’s Panel

M-312C 1-33

- NOTES -

1-34 M-312C

CHAPTER 2 - TOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATION

INTRODUCTIONRegardless of the location of the origin of the work coordinate system used, execution of the

part program causes a single point (tool nose reference point) to be moved relative to andpositioned at coordinates specified by the program. However, the tool nose is not a point; it is aradius. Metal removal does not always take place at the same section of the tool nose. Orienta-tion of the tool nose relative to the work surface determines which portion of the tool is involvedin metal removal. (Orientation depends on tool geometry and the type of cut.) Programming theproper tool path for radius and angle contouring requires Tool Nose Radius Compensation. Thefollowing example illustrates the need for such compensation.

To machine the 30 degree taper shown in Figure 2.3, a contouring tool with a tool nosesimilar to the one shown in Figure 2.1 is used. The distance this tool nose extends from the Xaxis turret face is measured from the turret reference point to the X axis touch-off point. Theposition of the tool nose relative to the Z axis turret face is measured from the turret referencepoint to the Z axis touch-off point. If a Tool Offset is active while a part program is being exe-cuted, the “Actual Position” register will display the coordinates of the tool nose reference point.This point is formed by the X coordinate of the X axis touch-off point and the Z coordinate of theZ axis touch-off point. In this case, the tool nose reference point is not on the tool nose. Refer toFigure 2.1 .

However, this is not always the case. Some tools have only one touch-off point. Refer toFigure 2.2 . In such a case, the distance the nose extends from the turret centerline and Z axisturret face to this single touch-off point becomes the tool nose reference point. For such tools,the tool nose reference point is located on the tool nose. Some numerical control manuals referto the tool nose reference point as the “imaginary tool tip”. This term can be misleading and isavoided in this manual.

TI2373

Z-AXISTOUCH-OFF

POINT

X-AXISTOUCH-OFF

POINT

TOOL NOSEREFERENCE POINT

+Z

+X

Figure 2.1 - Tool Nose with X and Z-AxisTouch-off Points

TI2374

X-AXISTOUCH-OFF

POINT

+Z

+X

Figure 2.2 - Tool Nose with an X-AxisTouch-off Point

M-312C 2-1

To properly machine the section of the part shown in Figure 2.3, metal removal must takeplace along the line connecting X.4 Z0. and X6. Z-.1732 . However, if Tool Nose Radius Com-pensation is ignored and these coordinates are programmed, the resulting cut will be oversize.Block N50 (See Figure 2.3) moves the tool nose reference point from X.4 Z.2 to X.4 Z0. andblock N60 moves the reference point from X.4 Z0. to X6. Z-.1732 . The tool does not reach thefull depth of cut, represented by the dashed line in Figure 2.3 . The actual cut, represented bythe solid line parallel to the dashed line, is oversize. The amount oversize is a function of theangle of the taper and the size of the tool nose radius.

Without automatic Tool Nose Radius Compensation to make the control generate the propertool path, the programmer must perform the necessary calculations to offset the effect of the toolnose radius.

As with tapers, any change in the tool nose radius will require program revisions for all con-touring involving arcs.

With automatic Tool Nose Radius Compensation, the programmer can write a part program asif a zero radius tool were being used. Programs are written using coordinates taken directly fromthe workpiece. The operator stores the radius value of each tool in the Tool Offset files and thecontrol makes all necessary calculations and compensations as the program is executed. If atool is changed, the operator simply modifies the radius in the Tool Offset file and the controlrecalculates the compensation as the program is executed again. Time consuming manual calcu-lations are eliminated, as is the threat of large scale part program revisions due to toolingchanges.

N40 G01 G99 ;N50 Z0. F.01 ;N60 X.6 Z-.1732 ;N70 Z-.75 ;

TI2375

START POINT(X.4 Z.2)

A(X.4 Z0.)

B(X.6 Z-.1732)

C(X.6 Z-.75)

30°

30°

.1732

.1

Z ZEROCL

+X

+Z

r=.01

Figure 2.3 - Example of Oversize Cut Caused ByAbsence of Tool Nose Radius Compensation

2-2 M-312C

TOOL ORIENTATION NUMBERBefore Tool Nose Radius Compensation can be activated in a program, the tool nose radius

value and the tool orientation number must be stored in the tool geometry offset file. The toolorientation number describes the center of the tool nose radius relative to the X and Z touch-offpoints. A diagram of the orientation codes appears in Figure 2.4 . A diagram showing the propersigns for tool offsets appears in Figure 2.5 .

Refer to Chapter 4 for information on storing tool nose radius values and tool orientationnumbers in the tool offset file.

ACTIVATING TOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATIONA tool nose radius value and tool orientation number must be activated before entering Tool

Nose Radius Compensation mode. Tool nose radius values and tool orientation codes are acti-vated along with Tool Offsets by a programmed T word with the data word format T4: Txxyy

Where: xx = Turret Stationyy = Tool Offset Number

A programmed T0 command deactivates all active tool offset data.

A G41 or G42 Preparatory Command is programmed to activate Tool Nose Radius Compen-sation. This block is called the Tool Nose Radius Compensation entry block. The G41 or G42Tool Nose Radius Compensation entry block must be a non-cutting move on both axes. At leastone axis must move a distance equal to or greater than the radius of the tool nose.

To determine which G code to use, imagine you are sitting on the tool nose facing the direc-tion of tool motion. If the workpiece is on your right, G41 is the correct code. If the workpiece ison your left, G42 is the correct code. (Refer to Figure 2.6)

The GE Fanuc 21T control has a two block look-ahead capability, which enables the control tocomplete a compensated move with the tool in position to begin the next compensated move.While the currently active block is being executed, the control searches ahead to read andprocess the next two data blocks. Refer to Figure 2.7 for an comparison of programmed toolpaths with and without Tool Nose Radius Compensation based on similar workpiece contours.

TI2376

8

6TURRET FACESPINDLE

5 7

34

21

+X

+Z

Figure 2.4 - Tool Nose Radius OrientationCodes

TI3637

Turret Top Plate

Spindle Face

+X -Z+X +Z

-X +Z

Tool Reference Position

Centerline of I.D.Tool Holder

Figure 2.5 - Tool Dimension Signs

M-312C 2-3

TI2378G41 G42

+X

+Z

+X

+Z

CL

CL

CL

CL

Figure 2.6 - G41/G42 Diagram

TI2379

COMPENSATIONACTIVE

COMPENSATIONNOT ACTIVE

CL

CLCL

CL

Compensation

Compensation

Compensation

Compensation

Figure 2.7 - Tool Path Comparisons

2-4 M-312C

ENTERING AND EXITING THE WORKPIECE WITHTOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATION ACTIVE

When entering and exiting the workpiece, axis motion should be perpendicular to the surfaceof the workpiece. Refer to Figure 2.8 for an illustration of correct axis motion.

If axis motion is not perpendicular with the surface of the workpiece, the tool may be “boxedin”. When a tool is “boxed in”, it will not reach the programmed end point. Refer to Figure 2.9 foran illustration of incorrect axis motion and “boxing the tool in”.

TI2380

G42

ENTRY

EXIT

WORKPIECE

G42

Figure 2.8 - Correct Axis Motion

TI2381

G42

ENTRY

EXIT

WORKPIECE

G42

Figure 2.9 - Incorrect Axis Motion

M-312C 2-5

SWITCHING G41/G42 CODE WITH TOOLNOSE RADIUS COMPENSATION ACTIVE

- CAUTION -Due to the way in which Tool Nose Radius Compensation is interpolated, G41or G42 should be programmed in a block with non-cutting linear motion. IfTool Nose Radius Compensation is activated in a block in which cutting iscommanded, undesirable axis motion may occur.

To switch from G41 to G42 or vice versa while Tool Nose Radius Compensation is active, it isnot necessary to program a G40 to cancel the active compensation code. Programming thedesired G41 or G42 will cancel the active code and activate the new G code. For example, ifG41 is active and G42 is programmed, G41 will be canceled and G42 will be activated.

Due to the way Tool Nose Radius Compensation is interpolated, this linear move shouldusually be a non-cutting move. The notable exception is an axis reversal. Axis reversal is dis-cussed below.

AXIS REVERSALS WITH TOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATION ACTIVEAxis reversals are possible with Tool Nose Radius Compensation active. As mentioned in the

previous section, an axis reversal represents a case when a G41/G42 switch can occur in acutting move.

In the sample program shown in Figure 2.10,G41 is activated in the move to Point A (BlockN60).

Block N60 establishes the feedrate and movesthe tool nose reference position to point “A” for thefacing operation.

Block N70 commands the facing move frompoint “A” to point “C”. The position of the center ofthe tool nose radius at the end of block N70 is onthe spindle centerline. Therefore, at the end ofblock N70, the tool nose reference point is onetool nose radius to the -X side of the spindle cen-terline.

Block N80 switches the Tool Nose Radius Com-pensation code to G42. No Z axis motion takesplace as a result of the G41/G42 switch. If com-pensation was not changed from G41 to G42 inblock N80, the control would assume that the partis still on the right side of the tool and an overcut-ting alarm would occur.

N50 G00 G41 X1.2 Z.1 ;N60 G01 G99 Z0. F.01 ;N70 X-.02 ;N80 G42 ;N90 X.8 ;N100 Z-5. ;

TI2382

r=.01A(X1.2 Z0.)

B(X.8 Z0.)

B’(X.79 Z0.)

C(X0. Z0.)

C’(X-.01 Z0.)

CL

CL

C(X0. Z0.)

C’(X-.01 Z0.)

D(X.8 Z0.)

A

B

Figure 2.10 - Axis Reversal with ToolNose Radius Compensation Active

2-6 M-312C

Block N90 moves the tool back up the face of the part to point “D”.

Block N100 commands the turning move from point “D” in the -Z direction.

Be aware of the tool nose radius “overshoot” at the end of the move prior to the reversal.

CANNED TURNING AND FACING CYCLES WITHTOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATION ACTIVE

Tool Nose Radius Compensation can be used with the G90 Canned Turning Cycle and theG94 Canned Facing Cycle, but it must be activated prior to the block that specifies the G90 orG94 canned cycle. If Tool Nose Radius Compensation is used in either cycle, axis motion is asfollows:

G90 Canned Turning Cycle (Figure 2.11):

1. The tool moves from the start point to thecompensated position to begin the turn.

2. The tool ends the turn at the compensatedposition to begin facing the shoulder.

3. At the end of the facing move, the toolnose reference point is at the X coordinateof the start point.

4. The tool then returns to the start point. Atthe end of the move, the tool nose refer-ence point is at the coordinates of thestart point.

G94 Canned Facing Cycle (Figure 2.12):

1. The tool moves from the start point to thecompensated position to begin the turn.

2. The tool ends the face at the compen-sated position to begin the turn.

3. At the end of the turn, the tool nose refer-ence point is at the Z coordinate of thestart point.

4. The tool then returns to the start point. Atthe end of the move, the tool nose refer-ence point is at the coordinates of thestart point.

TI2383

Feed

Start Point

Rapid Traverse

CL

Figure 2.11 - Axis Motion During a G90Canned Turning Cycle with Tool Nose

Radius Compensation Active

TI2384

Start Point

Rapid TraverseFeed

CL

Figure 2.12 - Axis Motion During a G94Canned Facing Cycle with Tool Nose

Radius Compensation Active

M-312C 2-7

MODES IN WHICH TOOL NOSE RADIUSCOMPENSATION IS NOT PERFORMED

Tool Nose Radius Compensation is not performed in the G32 or G92 Threading Cycle.

If Tool Nose Radius Compensation is active before this cycle is executed, Tool Nose RadiusCompensation is deactivated during the cycle and then reactivated after the cycle is completed.

TOOL MOVED AWAY FROM THE WORKPIECE WITHTOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATION ACTIVE

If a program is stopped during the execution of contouring with Tool Nose Radius Compensa-tion active and the tool is moved away from the workpiece, either by a manual Jog operation oran Manual Data Input command, do not resume the cycle from this new position. Reset theprogram and perform a Program Restart operation.

TOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATION RELATED ALARMSThere are a number of alarm messages generated by the GE Fanuc control that relate to tool

nose radius compensation. Refer to the GE Fanuc 21T operator’s manual for an explanation ofthese alarm messages.

DEACTIVATING TOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATIONTo deactivate Tool Nose Radius Compensation, program a G40 along with a non-cutting lin-

ear move in both axes. As with Tool Nose Radius Compensation activation, it is important thatthe motion in this block be non-cutting due to the way Tool Nose Radius Compensation isinterpolated. Alarm “034 Program” will appear if circular motion is programmed in the exit block.Alarm “039 Program” will appear if an Insert Chamfer or Insert Radius is programmed in the ToolNose Radius Compensation exit block.

2-8 M-312C

TOOL NOSE RADIUS COMPENSATION PROGRAMMING RULES1. Store tool nose radius values and orientation codes along side the appropriate offset

numbers in the Tool Offset file. The offset must be activated prior to activation of ToolNose Radius Compensation.

2. To activate Tool Nose Radius Compensation, program a G41 or G42 along with non-cut-ting linear motion in both axes. The motion on either axis must be equal to or greaterthan the radius value of the tool nose. To determine which G code to use, image your-self sitting on the tool tip facing in the direction of the tool motion. If the workpiece is onyour right, the correct code is G41. If the workpiece is on your left, the correct code isG42.

3. Entry to and exit from the workpiece should be perpendicular to the surface of the work-piece.

4. To switch from G41 to G42 and vice versa, program the appropriate G code in a blockby itself before motion in the other direction.

5. Tool Nose Radius Compensation is not performed during G32 or G92 threading.

6. When Tool Nose Radius Compensation is active, only one data block which does notcontain axis motion may be programmed between blocks which contain axis motion. Iftwo or more non-motion blocks are programmed consecutively, undesirable machine be-havior in the form of under-cutting or over-cutting may occur.

7. If Tool Nose Radius Compensation is to be used with G90 or G94 canned cycles, ToolNose Radius Compensation must be activated prior to the block that specifies the G90or G94 cycle.

8. When clearing the workpiece, axis motion should move the tool nose a distance of atleast three times the tool nose diameter from the workpiece

M-312C 2-9

- NOTES -

2-10 M-312C

CHAPTER 3 - LINEAR AND CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION

FEEDRATEFeedrate is specified by the value after the word address F. This value can be expressed in

inches/millimeters per minute (G98 mode) or as inches/millimeters per revolution (G99 mode).The maximum programmable feedrates are listed below. Programmed feedrates greater than themaximum feedrate allowed will default to the maximum value upon program execution.

The maximum programmable feedrate for the X and Z axes on Cobra series lathes is 400inches per minute [10160 millimeters per minute].

To convert in/min [mm/min] to in/rev [mm/rev], divide the in/min [mm/min] feedrate by theprogrammed spindle speed:

English: in/min ÷ rev/min = in/revMetric: mm/min ÷ rev/min = mm/rev

To convert in/rev [mm/rev] to in/min [mm/min], multiply the in/rev [mm/rev] feedrate by theprogrammed spindle speed:

English: in/rev x rev/min = in/minMetric: mm/rev x rev/min = mm/min

The machine operator has the capability of overriding programmed feedrates through the useof the Feedrate Override switch. The Feedrate Override switch is disabled during threading cy-cles, except when set to 0%.

- CAUTION -If the machine operator sets the Feedrate Override switch is set to 0% duringa threading cycle, X and Z axis motion will STOP.

M-312C 3-1

ABSOLUTE AND INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMINGIn absolute programming, the X and Z data words are used to specify the end point of a move

as a coordinate on the work coordinate system. For example, the following command calls for alinear move to position the tool nose reference point at X.25 Z5. on the work coordinate system:

G01 G98 X.25 Z5. F10. ;

In incremental programming, the U and W words are used to specify the end point of a moveas an incremental distance from the current position on the work coordinate system.

U = Incremental distance on the X axis

U- = Toward the operator

U+ = Away from the operator

W = Incremental distance on the Z axis

W- = Toward the face of the spindle

W+ = Away from the face of the spindle

For example, the following command calls for a linear move in which the cross slide moves.25 inches away from the operator and the carriage moves 2.5 inches toward the spindle face:

G01 G98 U.5 W-2.5 F10. ;

Absolute and Incremental commands may be used together in a block. For example, thefollowing command causes the cross slide to move .375 inches toward the operator from thecurrent cross slide position and also positions the carriage at Z coordinate point 6.5 on the workcoordinate system:

G01 G98 U-.75 Z6.5 F10. ;

If both X and U, Y and V, or Z and W are programmed in the same block, the data wordspecified last is effective. For example, the following block causes the carriage to move .5 inchesaway from the spindle face from the current carriage position. (The Z word is ignored).

G01 G98 Z.4 W.5 F10. ;

3-2 M-312C

INTERPOLATIONInterpolation describes the function of the control when it decodes a block of programmed

data commanding axis motion. Given the type of motion, the feedrate, and the end point, thecontrol defines the tool path by generating a series of intermediate points between the currentslide position and the programmed end point. In the case of tapers and arcs, it also calculatesthe proper feedrate for each axis to produce the correct tool path.

There are two standard types of interpolation performed by the GE Fanuc 21T CNC control:

Linear Interpolation

Circular Interpolation

LINEAR INTERPOLATION

Linear Interpolation is commanded by the G01 command. G01 is a modal code, which meansthat it will stay active until a G00 code (positioning) or a G02/G03 code (Circular Interpolation) isprogrammed. Therefore, it is necessary to program a G01 to return to Linear Interpolation from acurrently active G00, G02, or G03 code because these codes are also modal.

With G01 active, program blocks command the tool to move in a straight line from its currentposition to a programmed end point. This end point is specified as either a coordinate position(X, Z) on the work coordinate system or as an incremental movement (U, W) from the currentslide position. For example:

G01 G99 X.25 Z2. F.008

Slides move from current position to work coordinate X.25 Z2.

G01 G99 U.4 W-1. F.008

X axis moves .2 inches in the positive direction as Z axis moves 1 inch in the negativedirection.

M-312C 3-3

Insert Chamfer or Corner Radius

- NOTE -Insert chamfer/insert corner radius cannot be programmed in a threadcutting block.

If two linear (G01) moves intersect, it is possible to insert a chamfer or an arc between themwithout adding a third program block or switching from linear interpolation to circular interpolationand back again. The following rules apply:

1. Both moves must be a G01 move.

2. The end point of the first block is the point where the linear moves would intersect ifthere was no chamfer or corner radius inserted. It is not the start point of the chamfer orcorner radius.

INSERT CHAMFER

To insert a chamfer, program a “C” word in the first of the two linear move (G01) blocks.These two linear moves do not have to be perpendicular to each other. The value of “C” issigned.

N15 G01 G99 X0. Z0. F.008 ;

N20 X.5 C-.01 ;

N25 Z-.5 C.01 ;

N30 X1. R-.01 ;

N35 W-.5 R.01 ;

N40 X1.5 R-.01 ;

N45 Z-1.5 ;

N50 Z-1.5 ;

TI2367

1.50

.010.010

.010.010

.010R

.010R

.010R

1.00

.50

1.00

.50

Figure 3.1 - Insert Chamfer/Radius Sample Program

3-4 M-312C

INSERT CORNER RADIUS

To insert an arc between two linear (G01) moves, program an “R” word in the first motionblock. The value of the “R” word is the radius of the arc to be inserted. The value of “R” issigned.

ALARM MESSAGES FOR INSERT CHAMFER/INSERT CORNER RADIUS

Alarm 050:

Chamfer or corner radius is commanded in a block which also includes a threadcuttingcommand.

Alarm 051:

The move direction or move amount in the block following a block specifying a chamferor corner radius was not adequate.

Alarm 052:

The block after a block specifying a chamfer or corner radius is not in G01 mode. (Forexample, the second block is in G02 or G03 mode).

Alarm 053:

C or R has been commanded more than once for the same corner or radius.

Alarm 054:

The next G01 block commands tapered motion (both X and Z data words are pro-grammed) along with a command for inserting a chamfer or corner radius.

Alarm 055:

The axis motion in the second block is less than the chamfer or corner radius valuespecified in the first block.

M-312C 3-5

TI2368

INSERT CHAMFER

INSERT ARC

+C -C

+C -C

-C -C

+C +C

+X

+X

+Z

+Z

+X

+Z

+X

+Z

+R -R

+R -R

+R+R

-R-R

Z(W)____ ±C____X(U)____

X(U)____ ±C____Z(W)____

X(U)____ ±R____Z(W)____

Z(W)____ ±R____X(U)____

Figure 3.2 - Insert Chamfer/Insert Arc Diagram

Revised: December 10, 19983-6 M-312C

CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION

In Circular Interpolation the control uses the information contained in a single data block togenerate an arc. There are two types of Circular Interpolation:

Clockwise Arc (G02)

Counterclockwise Arc (G03)

The Electronics Industries Association (EIA) defines clockwise and counter-clockwise arcs asfollows:

G02 Clockwise ArcTool motion during a G02 arc will appear clockwise, as viewed by the machine operator.

G03 CounterClockwise ArcTool motion during a G03 arc will appear counterclockwise, as viewed by the machine

operator.

Besides containing the G code for the rotational direction of tool movement, the data blockspecifying circular interpolation must contain information indicating the position of the arc endpoint and the location of the arc center. Data words used to specify these parameters are sum-marized in Figure 3.4 .

Note the differences in the definitions depending on whether Tool Nose Radius Compensationis active or inactive. As indicated with Tool Nose Radius Compensation active, the location of thearc end point and arc center is independent of the tool nose radius. These dimensions are takenfrom the part and the control performs the necessary compensation to generate the proper arc.Refer to Chapter 2, “Tool Nose Radius Compensation”.

Sample Part ProgramFigure 3.3 illustrates a sample tool path and the basic program structure required for Circular

Interpolation. The tool tip is programmed to move to the start point of each arc using G01 (LinearInterpolation). The program block commanding Circular Interpolation specifies the type of arc(G02 or G03), the end point of the arc, and the radius. G01 is programmed to cancel CircularInterpolation after each arc has been completed.

M-312C 3-7

Programming Notes for Circular Interpolation1. In circular interpolation, the feedrate along the arc (feedrate tangent to the arc) is held

within ±2% of the programmed feedrate.

2. If I and K are used to indicate the arc center, and either I or K is equal to zero, that wordmay be omitted.

3. If I and K are used to indicate the arc center and both I and K are programmed as zerowith Tool Nose Radius Compensation inactive, the tool will move linearly from the arcstart point to the arc end point. However, if I and K are programmed as zero with ToolNose Radius Compensation active, alarm message “038 Program” will appear on thecontrol display screen. This alarm indicates that overcutting will occur because the arcstart point coincides with the arc center.

4. If I, K, and R are programmed in the same data block, the control will ignore the I and Kand generate the arc using R to locate the arc center.

5. If R is used to locate an arc center, a zero degree arc is assumed (no tool motionoccurs) if any of the following three conditions occurs:

a) If X and Z are the coordinates of the start point.b) If X, U, Z, and W are omitted.c) If U and W are programmed as zero (U0. W0.).

6. If R is used to indicate the arc center, but the R value is less than half the distance fromthe arc start point to the arc end point, R is ignored and a half circle is produced whichconnects the arc start point and arc end point.

7. Circular Interpolation may be switched without canceling with G01.

8. G01 (Linear Interpolation) must be programmed to cancel Circular Interpolation.

N1 G1 G99 X0. Z0. F.01 ;

N2 X1. ;

N3 Z-1. ;

N4 G2 X1.2 Z-1.1 R.1 ;

N5 G1 X2. ;

N6 G3 X2.5 Z-1.35 R.25 ;

N7 G1 Z-2. ;

TI2702

+X

+Z

N1(X0. Z0.)

N2N3

N4

N5

N6N7

.10 Radius

.25 Radius

CL

Figure 3.3 - Circular Interpolation Sample Program

3-8 M-312C

PARAMETER COMMAND DEFINITION

RotationalDirection

G02

G03

Location ofArc Center

I,K

Definition(Tool Compensation Not Active)

Definition(Tool Compensation Active)

Incremental distance from the centerof the tool nose radius at the startpoint to the arc center.

IMPORTANT: This value must besigned. (Also note that thisincremental distance depends on thesize of the tool nose radius.)

Refer to Figure 3.5 .

Incremental distance from the arcstart point to the arc center asmeasured on the workpiece.

IMPORTANT: This value must besigned. (This incremental distanceremains the same regardless of thesize of the tool nose radius.)


R

Radius of the arc. The radius ismeasured from the center of the toolnose radius to the arc center. Thisvalue is unsigned. (This distancedepends on the size of the tool noseradius.)

NOTE: The R word can only be usedwhen the arc ≤ 180 degrees.


Radius of the arc. The radius ismeasured from the arc start point tothe arc center as measured on theworkpiece. This value is unsigned.(This distance is independent of thesize of the tool nose radius.)

NOTE: The R word can only be usedwhen the arc ≤ 180 degrees.


Location ofArc End Point

X,Z

Coordinates of the tool nosereference point at the arc end point.(These coordinates depend on thesize of the tool nose radius andgeometric configuration of the toolnose.)


Coordinates of the arc end point asmeasured on the workpiece. (Thesecoordinates are independent of thesize of the tool nose radius andgeometric configuration of the toolnose.)


U,W

Incremental distance from theposition of the tool nose referencepoint at the arc start point to theposition of the tool nose referencepoint at the arc end point. (Thesecoordinates depend on the size ofthe tool nose radius and geometricconfiguration of the tool nose.)


Incremental distance from the arcstart point to the arc end point asmeasured on the workpiece. (Theincremental distance is independentof the size of the tool nose radiusand geometric configuration of thetool nose.)


+Z

+X

+Z

+X

Figure 3.4 - Circular Interpolation Parameters

M-312C 3-9

R

KTI2369

R

K I

I

CLCL

ARC CENTER

ARC CENTER

+X

+Z

Figure 3.5 - Arc Center Parameters(Tool Nose Radius Compensation Not Active)

I

R

+Z

TI2371+X

ARC CENTER

ARC CENTER

K

CLK

R

I

CL

Figure 3.6 - Arc Center Parameters(Tool Nose Radius Compensation Active)

3-10 M-312C

U

ARC CENTER+Z

TI2370+XW

U

(X,Z)

ARC CENTERCL

W

(X,Z)

CL

Figure 3.7 - Arc End Point Parameters(Tool Nose Radius Compensation Not Active)

TI2372+X

+Z

ARC CENTER

W

U

(X,Z)

CL

ARC CENTER

W

U

(X,Z)

CL

Figure 3.8 - Arc End Point Parameters(Tool Nose Radius Compensation Active)

M-312C 3-11

- NOTES -

3-12 M-312C

CHAPTER 4 - WORK SHIFT AND TOOL OFFSETS

WORK SHIFT (Zero Offset)The work shift offset shifts the origin of the work coordinate system. Work Shift values (Z) are

stored in the Work Shift file. The value stored in this file is active at all times.

- CAUTION -The Work Shift file contains an X and a Z shift register. The X axis register inthe Work Shift file should be set to zero at all times.

The value entered into the Z axis Work Shift file must be a negative number.

The values stored in the Work Shift file are added to the Absolute Position registers, thusshifting the origin of the work coordinate system by the amount stored in the Work Shift file. Forexample, if the Z axis is at 14 inches and the operator stores Z-2.5 in the Work Shift file, theAbsolute Position registers would then display Z11.5 [14 +(- 2.5)].

Immediately after a Work Shift value is stored, the control adds it to the Absolute Positionregisters. The registers will remain modified until the Work Shift offset values are set to zero bythe operator or from the part program.

Typically, the part length is stored as the Z Work Shift offset and the X Work Shift offset ISNOT USED (set to zero). Since the Work Shift value is added to the Absolute Position registers,the part length is stored as a negative Z value. With the part length stored in the Work Shift file,the origin of the Absolute coordinate system is the intersection of the part face and the spindlecenterline.

TO STORE A WORK SHIFT OFFSET FROM THE PART PROGRAM

The Work Shift offset may be input directly from the part program by using the G10 code.

- CAUTION -The Work Shift file contains an X and a Z SHIFT VALUE register. It is stronglyrecommended that the X SHIFT VALUE register in the Work Shift file be set tozero at all times.

Programming Format:

G10 P0 X0 Z_____ ; orG10 P0 X0 W____;

P0: Selects the Work Shift offset as the offset file to be modified.

X: Offset value on the X axis (absolute)Z: Offset value on the Z axis (absolute)W: Offset value on the Z axis (incremental)

In an absolute command, the value(s) specified in addresses X and/or Z are set as the WorkShift Offset value.

In an incremental command, the value specified in address W is added to the current Z WorkShift Offset. Use of this command in a program allows the work shift Z to advance incrementally.

M-312C 4-1

TOOLING AND TOOL OFFSETS

SQUARE SHANK TOOLS

- NOTE -Hardinge Inc. recommends the exclusive use of left-hand tooling. This ensures thatall cutting forces will be directed into the machine base, resulting in maximum toollife.

Hardinge Cobra™ series lathes are designed to use qualified square shank tool holders.Since these tools are length, width, and height qualified, both set-up time and downtime due totool replacement are greatly reduced.

Qualified Tool HoldersQualified tool holder dimensions are held to ±.003 inch [.076 mm]. A left-hand square shank

qualified tool holder is illustrated in Figure 4.1 .

Top Plate Configurations

- NOTE -Hardinge Cobra series lathes are available with a Hardinge top plate or a VDI topplate.

HARDINGE TOP PLATES

Information relating to Hardinge top plates is available in Appendix One. Information relat-ing to square shank tool holder assemblies designed for Hardinge top plates is available inFigure 4.1 .

VDI TOP PLATES

Cobra 42 & 51 lathes can be equipped with VDI top plates conforming to DIN-69880,VDI30.

Cobra 65 lathes can be equipped with VDI top plates conforming to DIN-69880, VDI40.

Information relating to tool holder assemblies designed for VDI top plates should be ob-tained from the appropriate tooling catalog.

4-2 M-312C

DimensionCobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes

Inches [Millimeters]Cobra 65 Lathe

Inches [Millimeters]

English Tools Metric Tools English Tools Metric Tools

A .315 [8] .315 [8] .394 [10] .394 [10]

B 1.191 [30.25] 1.191 [30.25] 1.506 [38.25] 1.506 [38.25]

C * * * *

D * * * *

E .772 [19.61] .734 [18.64] .915 [23.24] .936 [23.77]

* Refer to the specific tooling catalog for this dimension.

A

D

TI3967

Centerline of ToolHolder Mounting Hole

Turret X AxisReference Position

Turret Top Plate

C

X Axis Tool Offset = 2 x (B + C)

Z Axis Tool Offset = D + E

+Z

+X

B

E

Tool Tip PositionTurret Z Axis

Reference Position

Figure 4.1 - Qualified Tool Holder forSquare Shank Tools(Hardinge Top Plate)

M-312C 4-3

ROUND SHANK TOOLS

Double Tool Holder Positioning

- CAUTION -Read this section thoroughly before assigning turret stations for double toolholders on Cobra™ 42 & 51 lathes.

On Cobra 42 & 51 lathes, DO NOT assign double round shank tool holders to turret stationsthat will be positioned 90° from the active turret station when commanding the turret top plate toa position close to the spindle face. A potential interference condition exists between the tool ordouble tool holder and the Z axis way cover wiper as the turret approaches the spindle.

When programming operations that require the turret top plate to be close to the spindle face,be sure to assign any required double tool holders to turret stations other than the station posi-tioned 90° from the spindle centerline. Refer to Figure 4.2 for the position of the interferencecondition in relation to the machine spindle. Refer to Figures 4.3 and 4.4 for photographs show-ing a tool in close proximity to the Z axis way cover wiper.

TI4092

Spindle

Active TurretStation

Z Axis Way Cover

InterferencePosition

+X

-X

Figure 4.2 - Double Tool Holder(Viewed from Headstock)

TP3080

Figure 4.3 - Tool Interference

TP3081

Figure 4.4 - Tool Interference(Close-Up View)

4-4 M-312C

Left Hand/Right Hand Tooling

- NOTE -Hardinge Inc. recommends the exclusive use of left-hand tooling. This ensures thatall cutting forces will be directed into the machine base, resulting in maximum toollife.

The turret X axis reference position is the centerline of the round shank tool holder. The turretZ axis reference position is the face of the turret top plate. Refer to Figures 4.5 and 4.6 .

When programming tool offsets, be sure to enter the tool offset value with the appropriatesign. Refer to “Tool Offsets”, on page 4-6 for information on determining the correct sign for tooloffset values.

Turret Top Plate


Turret Z AxisReference Position TI3640

X AxisTool Offset

Z Axis Tool Offset

Centerline of Tool Holder(Turret X Axis

Reference Position)

+X

+Z

Figure 4.5 - Round Shank Tool HolderShown with a Left-Hand Boring Bar

(Hardinge Top Plate)

M-312C 4-5

TOOL OFFSETS

The Tool Offset file is made up of two types of offsets: Tool Geometry Offsets and Tool WearOffsets. The control has the capacity to store 16 sets of each offset type (Offsets 01 through 16)in separate files.

- CAUTION -Information stored in the Geometry and Wear Offset files is NOT automat-ically converted into the correct units when a programmed G20 or G21 com-mand switches programming resolution from inch to metric or vice versa.Offsets in the desired unit of measure should be entered after the control hasbeen set to the proper mode, inch (G20) vs metric (G21). If a G20 or G21 isprogrammed after the tool offsets are entered, the decimal point will beshifted one place to the left or right. If start-up mode is G20 (inch) and theprogram switches to G21 (metric), the offset decimal point will shift one placeto the right. If start-up mode is G21 (metric) and the program switches to G20(inch), the offset decimal point will shift one place to the left.

The following information is stored in the Tool Geometry Offset file:

X Tool Dimension

Diameter distance from the X axis tool touch-off point to the turret reference point.Sign is determined by the direction from the tool nose reference point to the turret refer-ence point.

TI3919

Turret Top Plate

Z Axis Tool Offset

X AxisTool Offset

Turret Z AxisReference Position

+X

+Z


(Turret X AxisReference Position)

Figure 4.6 - Round Shank Tool HolderShown with a Left-Hand Boring Bar

(VDI Top Plate)

4-6 M-312C

Z Tool Dimension

Distance from the Z axis tool touch-off point to the turret reference point. Sign isdetermined by the direction from the tool nose reference point to the turret referencepoint.

- NOTE -For a description of the tool nose reference point, refer to “Chapter 2 - Tool NoseRadius Compensation”.

For a description of the turret reference point, refer to “Chapter 5 - Work CoordinateSystem”.

Tool Orientation:

The orientation code describes the location of the center of the tool nose in relation tothe tool nose reference point.

Tool Nose Radius Value:

The distance from the cutting edge to the center of the tool nose radius.

The Tool Wear Offset file allows the operator to enter minor dimensional changes for eachtool to compensate for tool wear. The Tool Wear Offset files coincide with the Geometry Offsetfiles. When a tool offset is activated, the control looks at the corresponding Tool Wear offset andperforms the necessary corrections to compensate for tool wear.

The Tool Offset files allow the operator to easily make corrections resulting from tool changes,thus large-scale modifications to the part programs are eliminated.

Tool Offsets are activated by the last two digits in the T word. The first two digits specify theturret station. The data word format for the T word is T4.

A suggested method for numbering the offsets that will assign a number related to the turretstation is as follows:

TURRET STATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

TOOL OFFSET 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Offsets 13 through 16 are extra and can be used if needed.

M-312C 4-7

TOOL NOSE RADIUS VALUE AND TOOL ORIENTATION CODE

- NOTE -If Tool Nose Radius Compensation is to be used, the tool nose radius value and thetool quadrant must be entered for each tool which uses Tool Nose Radius Compen-sation.

The tool nose radius value specifies the dimensional data required for the CNC control tocorrectly calculate the tool nose radius compensation. Refer to Figure 4.7 .

The tool orientation code specifies the orientation of the tool nose in relation to the workpiece.Refer to Figure 4.8 .

Refer to the Cobra™ series lathe operator’s manual (M-313C) for information on entering toolnose radius values and tool orientation codes at the Manual Data Input keyboard.

Tool NoseRadius Value

TI3638

Figure 4.7 - Tool Nose Radius Illustration

TI2376

8

6TURRET FACESPINDLE

5 7

34

21

+X

+Z

0 or 9

Figure 4.8 - Tool Nose Radius OrientationCodes

4-8 M-312C

TO STORE TOOL OFFSETS FROM THE PART PROGRAM

Tool Offsets may be input directly from the part program by using the G10 code.

Programming Format:

G10 P_____ X_____ Y_____ Z_____ R_____ Q_____ ; or

G10 P_____ U_____ V_____ W_____ C_____ Q_____;

P: Selects the Tool Offset file to be modified.

For Wear Offset: P = Wear Offset Number

For Geometry Offset: P = 100 + Geometry Offset Number (2 place Format)

Examples of P words used for Geometry Offsets:

For Geometry Offset #1: P10001

For Wear Offset #1: P1

For Geometry Offset #15: P10015

For Wear Offset #15: P15

X: Offset value on the X axis (absolute)

Z: Offset value on the Z axis (absolute)

U: Offset value on the X axis (incremental)

W: Offset value on the Z axis (incremental)

R: Tool nose radius offset value (absolute)

C: Tool nose radius offset value (incremental)

Q: Tool nose orientation code

Absolute and incremental values for different axes may be programmed in the same offsetcommand line.

Examples: G10 P_____ U_____ Z_____ R_____ Q_____ ;

G10 P_____ X_____ W_____ R_____ Q_____ ;

M-312C 4-9

ACTIVATING TOOL OFFSETS

Tool offsets are activated by a T word having the format T4. The first two numbers select theturret station that is to be indexed to the cutting position. The last two numbers specify which tooloffsets in the tool geometry and wear offset tables are to be used with the selected turret posi-tion.

Example: N0120 T0616 ;

In data block N0120, turret station 6 will be indexed to the cutting position and the tool offsetsstored on line 16 in the tool geometry and wear offset tables will be activated.

The leading zero in the T word may be omitted:

T0101 = T101

- CAUTION -If tool offsets are not to be called up with a turret index, the last two numbersin the T word MUST be “00" (Example: T0100). If no numbers are pro-grammed in the last two places, the control will use the numbers pro-grammed in the first two places as the tool offset and the turret will not index(Example: T01 will be interpreted by the control as T0001).

- NOTE -When a T0 is commanded, the offset is canceled.

Tool offset cancellation (T0) will occur in the next programmed axis movement for the X and Zaxes. The next programmed X axis movement will cancel the X axis offset and move the turretreference point to the programmed X axis position. The next programmed Z axis movement willcancel the Z axis offset and move the turret reference point to the programmed Z axis position.

When a T word with a tool offset is programmed in a block containing axis motion, the tooloffset motion is computed with the programmed axis position, causing the slide(s) to move di-rectly to the corrected axis position at the programmed feedrate.

When a T word with a tool offset is programmed in a block without axis motion, the tool offsetmove will occur in the next block containing axis motion. The tool offset motion is computed withthe programmed axis position, causing the turret reference point to move directly to the correctedaxis position at the programmed feedrate.

Tool offsets are deactivated when the machine is first powered up or when the Reset key ispressed.

4-10 M-312C

- NOTES -

M-312C 4-11

- NOTES -

4-12 M-312C

CHAPTER 5 - WORK COORDINATE SYSTEM

HOW THE CONTROL POSITIONS THE SLIDESTo understand work coordinate programming, it is helpful to consider how the control positions

the slides. We will begin by examining how the slides are positioned on a manual lathe. At theonset this may seem like an in-depth discussion of the obvious, but bear with us, the point of thisexercise is to show the similarities between the operation of a manual lathe and the operation ofa Cobra™ series CNC lathe.

On a manual lathe, the carriage and cross slide are positioned by manually turning a handleattached to a lead screw. The operator positions each slide by reading the dial attached to eachhandle. Let’s assume that on the manual lathe each slide has 10 pitch lead screw. Therefore,each revolution of the lead screw advances the slide .1 inch. If the dial has 100 graduations,each graduation equals 1/100 of a revolution or .001 inch slide travel.

If the operator wants to move a slide .306 inch, he turns the handle in the desired directionand counts three and 6/100 revolutions of the dial. How close to 6/100 of a revolution he getslargely depends on his ability to manually position the dial at the proper graduation.

Like the slides on the manual lathe, the CNC lathe carriage and cross slide are positioned byrotating a lead screw. However, there are no handles to rotate the lead screws on the CNClathe. Instead, each lead screw is rotated by a servo motor. The revolutions of each screw arecounted by an encoder. The encoder is an integral part of the axis drive motor and continuouslymonitors the radial position of the lead screw. Information from the encoder is fed to the controlwhere it is converted into useful output information to produce the correct feedrate and slideposition.

The carriage (Z axis) and cross slide (X axis) on Cobra series CNC lathes are equipped withlead screws with the following pitch:

Machine ModelLead Screw Pitch, in Millimeters

X Axis Z Axis

Cobra 42 & 51 Lathes 8 8

Cobra 65 Lathe 8 10

One revolution of a lead screw results in slide travel equal to the pitch of the lead screw. Asthe lead screw rotates so does the encoder shaft, which causes the encoder to generate posi-tioning and velocity data. This data is fed to the control for positioning and velocity controlfunctions.

M-312C 5-1

To move a slide .306 inch, we enter a coded instruction into the control specifying type ofmotion (linear or circular), velocity (feedrate), and distance. (Distance can be indicated as anincremental distance from the current position or as a coordinate which represents the endpointof the move.) Internally, the control decodes the instruction and converts the command into avoltage which is sent to the servo motor of the slide. As the servo motor turns the lead screw,the lead screw turns the encoder shaft and the encoder produces positioning and velocity data.This data is feed back to the control where it is used to monitor slide motion.

The distance from the current slide position to the commanded end point is known as theDistance To Go. Before any slide motion takes place in our example, the distance to go is .306inch. This value is stored in a register in the control. As the lead screw rotates, the controlreceives counts from the encoder and subtracts them from the Distance To Go register.

When the Distance To Go registers count down to zero, the control knows that the slide hasmoved .3060 ( ±.0001) inches.

This feedback arrangement, in which the actual slide movement is compared with the com-mand originating from the control, is known as a closed loop system. Besides the closed loopsystem for slide position discussed above, there is also a closed loop system for feedrate, whichmakes use of the electrical pulses produced by the encoder.

By making use of the feedback information it receives from the encoder, the control canaccurately move a slide a commanded distance at a commanded feedrate.

X AND Z AXESWe label the axis of motion parallel to the spindle centerline as the Z axis and the axis of

motion parallel to the spindle face as the X axis. Throughout this manual we will refer to thecarriage as the Z Axis and the cross slide as the X Axis. These letter designations for the twoaxes are recommended by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) and the InternationalStandards Organization (ISO). In an effort to promote interchangeability and prevent misunder-standings between NC manufacturers and purchasers, EIA has set forth recommended stand-ards for such things as axis and motion nomenclature, character codes for perforated tape,operational command and data format, and electrical interface between numerical controls andmachine tools.

5-2 M-312C

RECTANGULAR COORDINATESTo establish a system of relating the position of the tool to a position on the workpiece, we

must first set up a system where we can define the location of a given point relative to a knownreference point. Since we have mutually perpendicular axes (X and Z), we can use rectangularcoordinates (also known as Cartesian coordinates) to describe the location of any point at whichthe tool can be positioned.

There is nothing out of the ordinary about rectangular coordinates. They are used on sucheveryday objects as maps and tickets to sports events. For example, in order to easily identifythe location of a city, a map maker will set up two perpendicular axes. These two axes giveevery city its unique set of coordinates.

Similarly, reserved seats at stadiums are identified as a certain seat in a given row. (Seatsand rows are mutually perpendicular axes.)

To apply the use of rectangular coordinates when programming the Cobra™ series Lathe, it isnecessary to define two reference points:

1. A zero point (X0 Z0) for the work coordinate system.

2. A tool nose reference point.

The turret reference position is the intersection of the turret face toward the spindle centerlineand the center of the tool mounting hole in the round shank tool holder. Unless modified by atool offset, the tool nose reference point is the turret reference position.

Refer to Figure 5.1 for identification of the machine reference positions.

Machine Zero Position(Coordinate System Origin)

Turret ReferencePosition

Axis ReferencePosition

+X

+Z

CL

TI3641

Figure 5.1 - Coordinate Reference Locations

M-312C 5-3

WORK COORDINATE SYSTEMPress the Position push button; then, press the ALL soft key to display the following position

registers on the control display screen:

- Absolute- Distance to Go- Machine- Relative

- NOTE -The “Distance To Go” registers are only displayed in Automatic or Manual DataInput mode.

The axis reference position coordinates are shown below as inches [millimeters]:

Machine Model X Axis(Diameter Value) Z Axis

Cobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes 12.880 [327.15] 15.640 [397.26]

Cobra 65 Lathe 16.250 [412.75] 33.000 [838.20]

For this discussion, we are concerned with the Machine and Absolute position registers.

Refer to Figures 5.2 and 5.3 for a comparison of the Machine and Absolute position registers.

MACHINE POSITION REGISTERS

The Machine registers display the position of the turret reference position relative to the ma-chine zero position. These registers cannot be modified.

5-4 M-312C

Machine Zero Position andAbsolute Zero Position

+Z

+X

TI3643

Turret Reference Position

Z Axis Machine Position

X Axis MachinePosition

Z Axis AbsolutePosition

Figure 5.2 - Machine and Absolute Positions(with X and Z Axis Tool Offsets Active)

Turret Reference Position

Z Axis Machine Position

Z Axis AbsolutePosition

X Axis AbsolutePosition

X Axis AbsolutePosition

X Axis MachinePosition

+Z

+X

Machine Zero PositionTI3644

Absolute Zero Position

Figure 5.3 - Machine and Absolute Positions(with Z Axis Work Shift, X and Z Axis Tool Offsets Active)

M-312C 5-5

ABSOLUTE POSITION REGISTERS

Of greater interest to the programmer are the Absolute position registers, which can be modi-fied. The Absolute position registers display the position of the tool nose reference point as acoordinate on the work coordinate system. The work coordinate system is a rectangular coordi-nate system with it’s origin equal to the origin of the Absolute registers. The coordinate systemalways relates the turret reference position to the origin of the work coordinate system.

COORDINATE SYSTEM ORIGIN

Unless modified by a Work Shift offset, the origin of the work coordinate system is theintersection of the spindle centerline and the face of the spindle. Refer to Figure 5.1 .

TURRET REFERENCE POSITION

Unless modified by a tool offset, the tool nose reference point is the turret referenceposition. The turret reference position is the intersection of the turret face toward the spindlecenterline and the center of the tool mounting hole in the round shank tool holder.

To simplify programming, the programmer can modify the coordinate system through the useof a work shift and a tool offset to relate the location of the tool tip to coordinates on theworkpiece. Hardinge recommends that part programs are written using the Safe-Start format,which makes use of the Work Shift Offset and Tool Offsets.

Refer to Chapter 8 for information on the Hardinge Safe-Start format.

Refer to Appendix One for travel specifications.

5-6 M-312C

- NOTES -

M-312C 5-7

- NOTES -

5-8 M-312C

CHAPTER 6 - MACHINING CYCLES

G90 CANNED TURNING CYCLEThe G90 Canned Turning Cycle provides the programmer with the capability of defining multi-

ple turning passes by specifying only the depth of cut for each pass. The operation may beeither a straight turn or a taper turn.

Figure 6.1 and its accompanying program illustrate an elementary part which is to have a 1inch long, .5 inch diameter turned on a workpiece having a diameter of 1 inch. The face of thepart extends 2.735 inches from the face of the spindle. Since the part face is set to Z0 by theG10 command in block N20, all turning passes will be in the minus Z direction.

The X and Z axis tool offsets are activated through the Tool Offset selection in block N50.Turret station #1 is selected and Tool Offset #1 is activated. The Tool Offset allows the program-mer to program the X axis position of the tool tip as the actual position relative to the spindlecenterline and Z axis position of the tool tip as the actual position relative to Z0 on the machinecoordinate system. If a Z axis Work Shift is active (G10), the Z axis position of the tool tip will bepositioned in relation to the shifted Z0, as established by the Work Shift offset.

Because all dimensions are in inch mode, G20 is entered in block N10. This assures thecorrect format in case the previously executed program was in metric data input mode (G21).

EXAMPLE 1: G90 STRAIGHT TURNING (Figure 6.1)

N10 G20 ; N90 G99 G90 X.875 Z-1. F.02 ;N15 G65 P9150 H2.5 ; N100 X.75 ;N20 G10 P0 Z-2.735 ; N110 X.625 ;N1 (Operator Message) ; N120 X.532 ;N30 G97 S1000 M13 ; N130 X.5 ;N40 M98 P1 ; N140 G1 ;N50 T0101 ; N150 M98 P1 ;N60 X1.5 Z.1 ; N160 M1 ;N70 G50 S4000 ; N170 M30 ;N80 G96 S1000 ;

2.735

.735 .500 1.000

.500

1.100

1.000

.100STARTPOINT

CLSPINDLE

FACECHUCKFACE TI1600

Figure 6.1 - G90 Canned Turning Cycle (Straight Turn)

M-312C 6-1

The cutting tool path is a box pattern; and, because the Start Point is also the point to whichthe tool returns on the return path, the Start Point in the X direction was placed at a distancegreater than .5 inches from the spindle centerline. This assures that the tool will completely facethe workpiece shoulder on each pass.

The G90 Preparatory Command is specified in block N90 together with G99 (inch/rev feed),the first pass tool tip position relative to the spindle centerline, the length of cut, and the feedrate.In subsequent turning cycle blocks (N100 through N130) it is only necessary to specify the tooltip position relative to the spindle centerline for each pass. Feedrate and spindle speed changescan also be programmed in these blocks. The Feedrate Override switch is active during theturning passes. To deactivate G90 mode, program another Group 1 G-code. (Refer to the Gcode chart located in Appendix Two.)

The approach and return paths are executed at rapid traverse rate. This rate can be variedwith the Feedrate Override switch.

If Constant Surface Speed or Tool Nose Radius Compensation is to be used, the parametersMUST be entered prior to the G90 block.

In cases where U and W commands are used in place of X and Z, make certain each com-mand has the correct sign.

EXAMPLE 2: G90 TAPER TURNING (Figure 6.2)

N10 G20 ; N100 G99 G90 X1.6609 Z-1. R-.29474 F.004 ;N15 G65 P9150 H2.5 ; N110 X1.5359 ;N20 G10 P0 Z-2.735 ; N120 X1.4109 ;N1 (Operator Message) ; N130 X1.2859 ;N30 G97 S1000 M13 ; N140 X1.1609 ;N40 M98 P1 ; N150 X1.0671 ;N50 T0101 ; N160 X1.0359 ;N60 X2. Z.2 ; N170 G1 ;N70 G50 S4000 ; N180 M98 P1 ;N80 G96 S1000 ; N190 M1 ;N90 G1 G42 X1.76 Z.1 F200. ; N200 M30 ;

2.735

.100.735 .500 1.000

1.6609 1.1251.250

1.760

1.035915°

.500

TI2670

START POINT

CLSPINDLE

FACECHUCKFACE

Figure 6.2 - G90 Canned Turning Cycle (Tapered Turn)

6-2 M-312C

All rules applying to straight turning in the G90 Canned Turning mode also apply to taperturning in this mode.

Figure 6.2 and its accompanying program illustrate an elementary part which is to have a 1inch long, 15 degree taper turned on a workpiece having a diameter of 1.25 inches. The face ofthe part extends 2.735 inches from the face of the spindle. Since the part face is set to Z0 by theG10 command in block N20, all turning passes will be in the minus Z direction.

The only difference between taper turning and the preceding straight turning is that theamount of taper in the X direction, expressed as an “R” value, must be programmed in the G90block. Program the “R” word as a POSITIVE value if the tool moves in the -X direction as itmoves in the -Z direction, as in I.D. work. Program the “R” word as a NEGATIVE value if the toolmoves in the +X direction as it moves in the -Z direction, as in O.D. work.

For this example, “R” was determined as follows:

R = (Length of Turn + Start Point) x (-Tan 15°)= (1.0 + .1) x (-Tan 15°)= 1.1 x -.26794... (Unrounded Value)= -.29474 (Rounded Value)

G71/G70 MULTIPLE REPETITIVE ROUGHAND FINISH TURNING [Option]

The G71 Multiple Repetitive Turning Cycle provides the programmer with the capability ofdescribing multiple rough turning passes with two blocks of information. The first G71 blockspecifies the amount of stock to be removed per pass and the distance the tool will retract fromthe workpiece for the return pass. The second G71 block specifies the data blocks which definethe section of the workpiece to be rough turned and the amount of stock to be left for finishmachining. Finally, the G70 Preparatory Command specifies the section of the workpiece to befinish machined by specifying the first and last blocks of the required program section.

Figure 6.3 and its accompanying program illustrates an elementary part that is to be roughturned and finish contoured to the dimensions shown.

The face of the part extends 2.735 inches from the face of the spindle. Since block N20 setsthe part face to Z0, all turning passes will be in the minus Z direction.

The X and Z Axis tool offsets are activated through the Tool Offset selection in block N50.Turret station #1 is selected and Tool Offset #1 is activated. The Tool Offset allows the program-mer to program the X Axis position of the tool tip as the actual position relative to the spindlecenterline and the Z Axis position of the tool tip as the actual position relative to Z0 on themachine coordinate system. If a Z Axis Work Shift (G10) is active, the Z Axis position of the tooltip will be positioned in relation to the shifted Z0.

Since all dimensions are in the inch mode, G20 is entered in block N10. This assures thecorrect format in case the previously executed program was in metric mode (G21). The StartPoint commanded in block N90 must be located outside the area occupied by the blank stock.

M-312C 6-3

EXAMPLE 3: G71/G70 TURNING CYCLE (Figure 6.3)

N10 G20 ; N130 G0 X.25 S800 ;N15 G65 P9150 H2.5 ; N140 G1 G99 Z-.25 ,R.1 F.004 ;N20 G10 P0 Z-2.735 ; N150 X.55 ;N1 (Operator Message) ; N160 X.8 Z-.4665 ;N30 G97 S1000 M13 ; N170 Z-.75 ;N40 M98 P1 ; N180 X.94 ;N50 T0101 ; N190 X1.1 Z-.83 ;N60 X1.31 Z.2 ; N200 Z-1. ;N70 G50 S4000 ; N210 X1.3 ;N80 G96 S1000 ; N220 G70 P130 Q210 ;N90 G1 G42 X1.3 Z.1 F100. ; N230 M98 P1 ;N100 G99 ; N240 M1 ;N110 G71 U.1 R.025 ; N250 M30 ;N120 G71 P130 Q210 U.03 W.015 F.01 ;

TI1602

2.735

.735 .500

1.000

.830

.750

.4665

.250

.100

1.125 W U/2

.100

1.300

1.100

.940

.800.550

U.250

SPINDLEFACE

CHUCKFACE

STARTPOINT

CL

Figure 6.3 - G71/G70 Rough and Finish Turning Cycle

6-4 M-312C

Block N110 will establish the parameters for the rough turning cycle:

N110 G71 U.1 R.025 ;

Where: G71 = Preparatory command for the repetitive roughing cycle.

U: Depth of cut of each pass (as a radius value) during the roughing cycle. In this examplethe depth of each cutting pass is .100 inches.

R: Distance the tool will withdraw from the part for the return pass.

Block N120 will execute the roughing cycle:

N120 G71 P130 Q210 U.03 W.015 F.01 ;

Where: G71 = Preparatory command for the repetitive roughing cycle.

P: Sequence number of the first block in the program section that controls the workpiecearea to be roughed out.

Q: Sequence number of the last block in the program section that controls the workpiecearea to be roughed out.

U: Amount of stock on the X axis to be left for removal during the finish machining cycle.This is a diameter value.

W: Amount of stock on the Z axis to be left for removal during the finish machining cycle.

F: Feedrate in inches/revolution for the roughing cycle. The decimal point must be pro-grammed.

- NOTE -Decimal point programming cannot be used when programming the P and Q datawords.

Block N130 establishes the Constant Surface Speed value for the G70 finishing cycle:

N130 G0 X.25 S800 ;

S: The surface feet per minute for the finishing pass.

Block N140 establishes the inch per revolution feedrate for the G70 finishing cycle.

N140 G1 G99 Z-.25 ,R.1 F.004 ;

F: The feedrate for the finishing pass. The decimal point must be programmed.

M-312C 6-5

Block N220 designates the section of the workpiece to be finish machined by specifying thefirst (P) and last (Q) blocks of the required program section.

N220 G70 P130 Q210 ;

P: Sequence number of the first block in the program section that controls the workpiecearea to be finish machined.

Q: Sequence number of the last block in the program section that controls the workpiecearea to be finish machined.

- NOTE -Decimal point programming cannot be used when programming the P and Q datawords.

When the control encounters the G71 preparatory command blocks, the amount of finish stockas specified by the U and W words is treated as a pair of offsets. The slides will move in thedirection and distance specified. The U and W words MUST be properly signed (+ or -) to ensurethat slide movements occur in the direction to leave stock for finishing. If the sign is omitted, thecontrol automatically assumes plus (+). In this example the cross slide will move .015 inches inthe +U direction and the carriage will move .015 inches in the +W direction. The control will thencause the machine to execute multiple roughing passes .1 inches deep and a roughing contourpass (as shown by the dashed lines in Figure 6.3) that follows the contour as designated byblocks N130 through N210. After completion of the roughing contour pass, the finish pass will beexecuted according to the program section specified in the G70 block.

The amount of tool withdrawal after completion of each pass is controlled by the R word inblock N110 (R.025).

In this example the same tool is used for roughing and finishing; therefore, Tool Nose RadiusCompensation must be established in a block preceding the G71 roughing cycle block. ToolNose Radius Compensation is activated and interpolated in the move to the starting point com-manded in block N90. Tool Nose Radius Compensation is deactivated during the G71 cycle andreactivated after the G71 cycle is completed. After the workpiece has been finish machined, ToolNose Radius Compensation is canceled by the G40 command in sub-program “O1", which iscalled in block N230. Also see ”Tool Nose Radius Compensation", in Chapter 2.

Constant Surface Speed must be established in blocks preceding the G71 roughing cycle.The feedrate for the roughing passes may be established prior to the first G71 block or in thesecond G71 block. The surface speed and feedrate for the finishing pass must be established inthe part program after the second G71 block. The surface speed and feedrate for the finishingpass can be changed at will between the starting and ending blocks as designated in the G70block.

6-6 M-312C

The spindle speed command that must precede entry into Constant Surface Speed mode isprogrammed in block N30. A G99 Preparatory command, programmed in block N100, estab-lishes Inch per Revolution feedrate. Maximum spindle speed is established by the S word andthe G50 Preparatory Command in block N70. Constant Surface Speed is established by the G96command in block N80 and surface speed for the roughing cycle is set by the S word in thesame block. Surface speed for the finishing pass is established in block N130. Feedrate for thefinishing pass is established in block N140. Constant Surface Speed is canceled by the G97command in sub-program “O1" after the workpiece has been finish machined. Also see ”Con-stant Surface Speed Programming", in Chapter 8.

G71 TURNING PROGRAMMING RULES

1. A block specified by a P word cannot contain a Z move.

2. G00 or G01 should be programmed in the block specified by the P word.

3. The contouring path must be a steadily increasing or decreasing pattern on both the Xand Z axes.

4. No subprogram can be called in the program between the start of the cycle designatedby P and the end of the cycle designated by Q.

5. It is not necessary to program a return to the start point at the end of the program. Thecontrol automatically returns the slides to the start point after the block specified by Q isexecuted.

6. If Tool Nose Radius Compensation is to be used, it must be programmed prior to thefirst G71 block. Tool Nose Radius Compensation will be deactivated during the G71cycle and reactivated after the G71 cycle is completed.

7. If Constant Surface Speed is to be used, it must be programmed prior to the first G71block.

8. Tooling changes for the roughing cycle must be made prior to the first G71 block. Tooloffset changes for the finishing cycle may be made within the blocks designated by the Pand Q words in the G70 block.

9. The spindle speed and feedrate for the roughing cycle can be specified prior to the firstG71 block or in the second G71 block. The spindle speed and feedrate for the finishingcycle can be specified within the blocks designated by the P and Q words in the G70block.

M-312C 6-7

G94 CANNED FACING CYCLEThe G94 Canned Facing Cycle provides the programmer with the capability of defining multi-

ple facing passes by specifying only the depth of cut for each pass. The operation may be eitherstraight or taper facing.

Figure 6.4 and its accompanying program illustrate an elementary part having a diameter of1.5 inches that is to be faced back .5 inches with a .5 inch diameter projection remaining.

Example 4: G94 STRAIGHT FACING (Figure 6.4)

N10 G20 ; N110 Z-.1875 ;N15 G65 P9150 H2.5 ; N120 Z-.25 ;N20 G10 P0 Z-1.9 ; N130 Z-.3125 ;N1 (Operator Message) ; N140 Z-.375 ;N30 G97 S1000 M13 ; N150 Z-.4375 ;N40 M98 P1 ; N160 Z-.484 ;N50 T0101 ; N170 Z-.5 ;N60 X1.6 Z.1 ; N180 G1 ;N70 G50 S4000 ; N190 M98 P1 ;N80 G96 S1000 ; N200 M1 ;N90 G99 G94 X.5 Z-.0625 F.002 ; N210 M30 ;N100 Z-.125 ;

1.900

.100

1.600

.500

1.500

.400

STARTPOINT

SPINDLEFACE TI1603

CHUCKFACE

.500 .500

CL

Figure 6.4 - G94 Canned Facing Cycle (Straight Facing)

6-8 M-312C

The X and Z axis tool offsets are activated through the Tool Offset selection in block N50.Turret station #1 is selected and Tool Offset #1 is activated. The Tool Offset allows the program-mer to program the X axis position of the tool tip as the actual position relative to the spindlecenterline and Z axis position of the tool tip as the actual position relative to Z0 on the machinecoordinate system. If a Z axis Work Shift is active (G10), the Z axis position of the tool tip will bepositioned in relation to the shifted Z0.

Because all dimensions are in the inch mode, G20 is entered in block N10. This assures thecorrect format in case the previously executed program was in metric mode (G21).

The cutting tool path is a box pattern. Because the Start Point is also the point to which thetool returns on the return path, the starting point in the X direction was placed at a distancegreater than .75 inches from the spindle centerline. This assures that the cutting tool will com-pletely face the workpiece shoulder on each pass. In the Z direction, the start point was placedin front of the workpiece face to ensure that the .5 inch diameter is completely turned on eachpass.

The G94 Preparatory Command is specified in block N90 along with the depth of cut for thefirst pass (Z) on relation to Z0 (zero) and the diameter to which the facing operation is to extend(X). The feedrate is also specified. In subsequent blocks (N100 through N170) it is only neces-sary to specify the depth of cut for each pass in relation to Z0 (zero). Feedrate and spindlespeed changes can also be programmed in these blocks. The Feedrate Override switch is activeduring the facing passes. To deactivate the G94 mode, program another group 1 G code. Referto the G Code chart in Appendix Two.

- CAUTION -All facing passes MUST be toward the spindle centerline. If the facing opera-tion is programmed to face away from the spindle centerline, the cutting toolwill advance into the workpiece at the rapid traverse rate.

The approach and return paths are executed at the rapid traverse rate. This rate may bevaried with the Feedrate Override switch.

If Constant Surface Speed or Tool Nose Radius Compensation is used, the parameters MUSTbe entered prior to the G94 block.

In cases where U and W commands are used in place of X and Z make certain each com-mand has the correct sign.

M-312C 6-9

Example 5: G94 TAPER FACING (Figure 6.5)

N10 G20 ; N130 Z-.0875 ;N15 G65 P9150 H2.5 ; N140 Z-.15 ;N20 G10 P0 Z-2.025 ; N150 Z-.2125 ;N1 (Operator Message) ; N160 Z-.275 ;N30 G97 S1000 M13 ; N170 Z-.3375 ;N40 M98 P1 ; N180 Z-.4 ;N50 T0101 ; N190 Z-.4625 ;N60 X1.75 Z.2 ; N200 Z-.49 ;N70 G50 S4000 ; N210 Z-.5 ;N80 G96 S1000 ; N220 G1 ;N90 G1 G41 X1.6 Z.1 F200. ; N230 M98 P1 ;N100 G99 G94 X.5 Z.1 R-.14737 F.002 ; N240 M1 ;N110 Z.0375 ; N250 M30 ;N120 Z-.025;

All rules applying to straight facing in the G94 Canned Facing cycle also apply to taper facing.

Figure 6.5 illustrates an elementary part with a 1.5 inch diameter. This part is faced back .5inches and leaves a shoulder that tapers back 15 degrees. A .5 inch diameter projection re-mains.

The only difference between taper facing and the preceding straight facing example is that theamount of taper in the Z direction, expressed as an “R” value, must be programmed in the G94block. Program the “R” word as a POSITIVE value if the tool moves in the +X direction as itmoves in the +Z direction, as in I.D. work. Program the “R” word as a NEGATIVE value if thetool moves in the -X direction as it moves in the +Z direction, as in O.D. work.

For this example, R was determined as follows:

R = (Length of Turn on X Axis) x (-Tan 15°)= (1.60 - .55 - X) x (-Tan 15°)= (1.05 - X) x (-Tan 15°)= (1.05 - .5) x -.26794... (Unrounded Value)= -.14737 (Rounded Value)

TIA1604

2.025

.100

.14737

1.500

.500

SPINDLEFACE

15o

CLCHUCKFACE

1.600

STARTPOINT

.500.400 .500

.550

Figure 6.5 - G94 Canned Facing Cycle (Tapered Facing)

6-10 M-312C

G72/G70 MULTIPLE REPETITIVE ROUGHAND FINISH FACING [Option]

The G72 Multiple Repetitive Facing Cycle provides the programmer with the capability ofdescribing multiple rough facing passes with two blocks of information. The first G72 block speci-fies the amount of stock to be removed per pass and the distance the tool will retract from theworkpiece for the return pass. The second G72 block specifies the data blocks which define thesection of the workpiece to be rough faced, the amount of stock to be left for finish machining,and the feedrate for the G72 roughing cycle. Finally, the G70 Preparatory Command specifiesthe section of the workpiece to be finish machined by specifying the first and last blocks of therequired program section.

Figure 6.6 and its accompanying program illustrate an elementary part that is to be rough andfinish contoured to the dimensions shown.

N10 G20 ; N110 G72 W.1 R.03 ;N15 G65 P9150 H2.5 ; N120 G72 P130 Q180 U.03 W.015 F.01 ;N20 G10 P0 Z-2.650 ; N130 G0 Z-1.25 S800 ;N2 (Operator Message) ; N140 G1 G99 X3. F.004 ;N30 G97 S1000 M13 ; N150 Z-.95235 ;N40 M98 P1 ; N160 X1. Z-.375 ;N50 T0202 ; N170 X.75 ;N60 X4.11 Z0.2 ; N180 Z.1 ;N70 G50 S4000 ; N190 G70 P130 Q180 ;N80 G96 S1000 ; N200 M98 P1 ;N90 G1 G41 X4.1 Z.1 F100. ; N210 M1 ;N100 G99 ; N220 M30 ;

TI1605

2.650

4.100

3.0004.000

1.250

STARTPOINT

.100

1.000

.750

.95235

.400 .500

U30o

W (N110)

W(N120) .375

CLSPINDLE

FACECHUCKFACE

Figure 6.6 - G72/G70 Rough and Finish Facing Cycle

M-312C 6-11

The face of the part extends 2.650 from the face of the spindle. Since block N20 sets the partface to Z0, all facing passes will be in the minus Z direction.

The X and Z axis tool offsets are compensated for through the Tool Offset selection in blockN50. Turret Station #2 is selected and Tool Offset #2 is activated. The Tool Offset allows theprogrammer to program the X axis position of the tool tip as the actual position relative to thespindle centerline and Z axis position of the tool tip as the actual position relative to Z0 on themachine coordinate system. If a Z axis Work Shift is active (G10), the Z axis position of the tooltip will be positioned in relation to the shifted Z0, as established by the Work Shift offset.

Because all dimensions are in the inch mode, G20 is entered in block N10. This assures thecorrect format in case the previously executed program was in metric (G21) mode.

The start point commanded in block N90 must be located outside the area occupied by theblank stock.

Block N110 will establish the parameters for the rough facing cycle:

N110 G72 W.1 R.03 ;

Where: G72 = Preparatory command for the repetitive rough facing cycle.

W: Specifies the depth of cut of each pass during the roughing cycle.

R: Specifies the distance the tool will retract from the workpiece for the return pass.

Block N120 will execute the rough facing cycle:

N120 G72 P130 Q180 U.03 W.015 F.01 ;

Where: G72 = Preparatory command for the repetitive rough facing cycle.

P: Sequence number of the first block in the program section that controls the workpiecearea being roughed out.

Q: Sequence number of the last block in the program section that controls the workpiecearea being roughed out.

U: Amount of stock on the X axis to be left for removal during the finish machining cycle.This is a diameter value

W: Amount of stock on the Z axis to be left for removal during the finish machining cycle.

F: Feedrate for the roughing passes. The decimal point must be programmed.

Block N130 establishes the Constant Surface Speed value for the G70 finishing cycle:

N130 G0 Z-1.25 S800 ;

S: The surface feet per minute for the finishing pass.

6-12 M-312C


N140 G1 G99 X3. F.004 ;


Block N190 designates the section of the workpiece to be finish machined by specifying thefirst (P) and the last (Q) blocks of the required program section:

N190 G70 P130 Q180 ;

Where: G70 = Preparatory command for the finishing cycle.

P: Sequence number of the first block in the program section that controls the work-piece area being finish machined.

Q: Sequence number of the last block in the program section that controls the work-piece area being finish machined.

When the control encounters the G72 preparatory command blocks, the amount of finish stockas specified by the U and W words is treated as a pair of offsets. The slides will move in thedirection and distance specified. The U and W words MUST be properly signed (+ or -) to ensurethat slide movements occur in the direction to leave stock for finishing. If the sign is omitted, thecontrol automatically assumes plus (+). In this example, the cross slide will move .015 in the +Udirection and the carriage will move .015 in the +W direction. The control will then cause themachine to execute multiple roughing passes .1 inches deep and a roughing contour pass (asshown by the dashed lines in Figure 6.6) that follows the contour as designated by blocks N130through N180. After completion of the roughing contour pass, the finish pass will be executedaccording to the program section specified by the G70 block.

The amount of tool withdrawal after completion of each pass is controlled by the R word inblock N110 (R0.03).

The spindle speed for the roughing passes is specified in block N80. It is recommended thatthe spindle speed be established before the G72 blocks to ensure the spindle reaches full com-manded speed before the roughing passes begin. Spindle speed and feedrate changes for thefinish cycle can be made at will between the starting and ending blocks as designated by P andQ in the G70 block.

Tool changes (T function) for the roughing cycle MUST be made prior to the first G72 block.Tool offset changes for the finishing cycle can be made within the blocks designated by the Pand Q words in the G70 block.

In this example the same tool is used for roughing and finishing; therefore, Tool Nose RadiusCompensation must be established in a block preceding the first G72 block. Tool Nose RadiusCompensation is activated and interpolated in the move to the starting point commanded in blockN90. Tool Nose Radius Compensation is deactivated during the G71 cycle and reactivated afterthe G72 cycle is completed. Compensation is canceled by a G40 command in subroutine “O1",which is called by line N200. Also see ”Tool Nose Radius Compensation" Chapter 2.

M-312C 6-13

If Constant Surface Speed is to be used, it must be established in blocks preceding the firstG72 block. Feedrate for the roughing passes may be established prior to the G72 blocks or inthe second G72 block. If a different surface speed and feedrate is required for the finishing pass,it must be established in the part program after the second G72 block. Surface speed andfeedrate can be changed at will between the starting and ending block as designated by the Pand Q words in the G70 block.

The spindle speed command that must precede entry into Constant Surface Speed mode isprogrammed in block N30. Maximum spindle speed is established by the S word and the G50Preparatory command in block N70. Constant Surface Speed is established by the G96 com-mand in block N80 and surface speed for the roughing cycle by the S word in the same block.

Surface speed for the finishing pass is established in block N130. Constant Surface Speed iscanceled by the G97 command in sub-program “O1" after the workpiece has been finish ma-chined. Also see ”Constant Surface Speed Programming" in Chapter 8.

The feedrate for the finishing pass is established in block N140.

G72 PROGRAMMING NOTES

1. A block specified by a P word cannot contain an X move.


3. The contouring path must be a steadily increasing or decreasing pattern.





8. Tooling changes for the roughing cycle must be made prior to the first G72 block. Tooloffset changes for the finishing cycle may be made within the blocks designated by the Pand Q words.

9. The spindle speed and feedrate for the roughing cycle can be specified prior to the firstG72 block or in the second G72 block. The spindle speed and feedrate for the finishingcycle can be specified within the blocks designated by the P and Q words.

6-14 M-312C

G73/G70 AUTOMATIC ROUGH AND FINISH PATTERN REPEAT [Option]The G73 Pattern Repeat Cycle provides the programmer with the capability of repeatedly

cutting a fixed pattern (contour) with two blocks of information. The first block specifies theincremental distance between the first and last roughing pass and the number of roughingpasses to be executed. The second block specifies the section of the workpiece to be roughedout, the amount of stock to be left for finish machining, and the roughing feedrate. Finally, theG70 Preparatory Command specifies the section of the workpiece to be finish machined byspecifying the first and last block of the required program section. This automatic cycle is espe-cially useful for rough and finish contouring a workpiece whose rough shape has already beencreated by casting, forging or rough machining. If this cycle is to be used to contour a workpiecefrom bar stock, make certain the first pass starts at a point that will not cause excessive “hog-ging” on the first pass.

Figure 6.7 illustrates an elementary part that is to be finished to the dimensions shown withthree roughing passes and a finishing pass. It is assumed the configuration of the blank work-piece approximates that of the finish piece.

Sample Program:N10 G20 ;N15 G65 P9150 H2.5 ;N20 G10 P0 Z-2.650 ;N7 (Operator Message) ;N30 G97 S1000 M13 ;N40 M98 P1 ;N50 T0707 ;N60 X2.15 Z.2 ;N70 G50 S3000 ;N80 G96 S500 ;N90 G1 G42 X2.05 Z.1 F100. ;N100 G99 ;N110 G73 U.135 W.05 R3 ;N120 G73 P130 Q200 U.03 W.015 F.01 ;N130 G0 X.5 ;N140 G1 G99 Z-.25 F.002 ;N150 X.75 ;N160 X1. Z-.4665 ;N170 Z-.72 ;N180 X1.5 Z-.97 ;N190 Z-1.25 ;N200 X2.05 ;N210 G70 P130 Q200 ;N220 M98 P1 ;N230 M1 ;N240 M30 ;

- NOTE -The legends in lower half of Figure

6.7 are explained as follows:

U1 = U (N110)U2 = U (N120)W1 = W (N110)W2 = W (N120) TI1606

STARTPOINT

U1 U2

W1

W2

U1 + U2

W1 +W2

STARTPOINT

2.650

2.050

1.250

.500.750

1.0001.500

.100

.250

.4665

.400 .500 .720

.970

2.000 45°30°

SPINDLEFACE

CHUCKFACE

CL

Figure 6.7 - G73/G70 Rough and Finish Pattern

M-312C 6-15

Since all dimensions are in the inch mode, G20 is entered in block N10. This assures thecorrect format in case the previously executed program was in metric (G21) mode.

The start point commanded in block N90 must be located outside the maximum diameteroccupied by the blank stock to be machined.

Block N110 will establish the parameters for the G73 rough facing cycle:

N110 G73 U.135 W.05 R3 ;

U: Distance and direction of relief in the X axis direction. (radius value) This value tells thecontrol the amount of material to be removed from the workpiece in the X direction. Thisvalue will allow the control to calculate the correct distance and direction to pull awayfrom the workpiece before beginning the automatic cycle. This programmed value isequal to the amount of stock to be removed from each side during the roughing cycleminus the depth of the first cut and finish allowance on each side.

Example:

Total amount of stock to remove = .200 (radius value)Depth of first cut = -.050 ”X axis finish amount left = -.015 ”Programmed U word (Block N110) = .135 ”

W: Distance and direction of relief in the Z axis direction. This value tells the control theamount of material to be removed from the workpiece in the Z direction. This value willallow the control to calculate the correct distance and direction to pull away from theworkpiece before beginning the automatic cycle. This programmed value is equal to theamount of stock to be removed during the roughing cycle minus the depth of the first cutand finish allowance.

R: The number of rough passes desired.

- NOTE -The above entries are modal and are not changed until another value is pro-grammed.

6-16 M-312C

Block N120 will execute the G73 rough facing cycle:

N120 G73 P130 Q200 U.03 W.015 F.01 ;

P: Sequence number of the first block for the program section that controls the workpiecearea being roughed out.

Q: Sequence number of the last block for the program section that controls the workpiecearea being roughed out.

U: Distance and direction of finishing allowance in X direction (diameter value).

W: Distance and direction of finishing allowance in Z direction.

F: Feedrate to be active during the automatic roughing cycle. The decimal point must beprogrammed.


N140 G1 G99 Z-.25 F.002 ;








6. Tooling changes for the roughing cycle must be made prior to the first G73 block. Tooloffset changes for the finishing cycle may be made within the blocks designated by the Pand Q words in the G70 block.

7. The spindle speed and feedrate for the roughing cycle can be specified prior to the firstG73 block or in the second G73 block. The spindle speed and feedrate for the finishingcycle can be specified within the blocks designated by the P and Q words in the G70block.

M-312C 6-17

G70 AUTOMATIC FINISHING CYCLE [Option]After rough cutting by G71, G72, or G73, the following command permits finishing.

G70 P(starting block) Q(finishing block) ;

Refer to the sections on the G71, G72, and G73 automatic cycles for G70 programmingexamples.

P: Sequence number of the first block in the program section that controls the workpiecearea to be finish machined.

Q: Sequence number of the last block in the program section that controls the workpiecearea to be finish machined.


- CAUTION-Never position the Start Point below the Q Line diameter. When the G70 fin-ish turn is completed, the tool rapids back to the Start Point.

1. F, S and T words programmed between sequence numbers “P___” and “Q___”, as de-fined by the G70 program block will be recognized by the G70 cycle.

2. When the G70 Automatic Finishing Cycle is completed, the tool is returned to the startpoint and the next block is read.

3. In blocks between the starting block and finishing block programmed in G70 throughG73, subprograms cannot be called.

6-18 M-312C

AUTOMATIC DRILLING CYCLESIn any auto deep hole drilling cycle, the Z axis is reversed at prescribed intervals to provide

for proper chip removal. An automatic drilling cycle must be flexible enough to accommodate awide variety of materials and a full range of hole depths. It is the programmer’s responsibility tomake certain that the programmed parameters result in a cycle that satisfactorily removes chipsduring the drilling operation. If the chip load builds up:

1. The drill bit could break.

2. The spindle could stall.

3. The Z axis servo motor could overload.

G74 CONSTANT DEPTH INCREMENT AUTO DRILLING CYCLE [Option]

A G74 command activates an automatic drilling cycle that uses constant depth increments. Allinformation for the cycle is programmed in two data blocks. The data word formats are defined inthe section below and illustrated in Figure 6.8 .

Inch Programming:

G74 R(e) ;G74 Z(W)±2.4 Q6 F3.2 (in/min) or F1.6 (in/rev) ;

Metric Programming:

G74 R(e) ;G74 Z(W)±3.3 Q6 F5.0 (mm/min) or F3.4 (mm/rev) ;

- NOTE -The values shown in the preceding data blocks are data word formats, NOT actualdimensions.

M-312C 6-19

Q Word ProgrammingDecimal Point programming is NOT allowed with the Q data word. The control assumes deci-

mal point placement as Q2.4 for English units (inches) and Q3.3 for Metric units (millimeters).Leading zeros may be omitted, however trailing zeros MUST be programmed. Refer to the fol-lowing examples:

Inch: Q2500 = .25 inches Metric: Q2500 = 2.5 millimetersQ25000 = 2.50 inches Q25000 = 25.0 millimeters

Where: G74 = G code for Auto Drilling Cycle (Constant Depth Increments)

R = Amount of retract between cutting moves.

Z = Z coordinate of Final Hole Depth (signed)

W = Z Increment from Start Point to Final Depth (signed)

Q = Size of Depth Increment (unsigned)

F = Feedrate.

Before the G74 block is encountered, the drill must be positioned at the start point. Duringexecution of the cycle, the series of Z axis moves (see Figure 6.8) is as follows:

a) From the start point, the drill feeds in “Q” amount.

b) The drill retracts at rapid traverse “R” amount.

c) The drill feeds in “Q+R” amount.

d) The drill continues to rapid retract “R” amount, then feed in “Q+R” amount until the lastpass. On the last pass, the drill feeds in to the final hole depth, then rapid retracts to thestart point.

TI2159

Z-Axis Start Point

+Z

+XQR

Z

W

Figure 6.8 - G74 Auto Drilling Cycle Parameters

6-20 M-312C

G74 Auto Drilling Sample ProgramIn this sample program, Z0 (zero) is the face of the part and the final depth of the hole is 1.5

inches. Refer to Figure 6.9 .

Sample Program:N7 (Operator Message) ; N270 G74 R.05 ;N230 G97 S1000 M13 ; N280 G74 G99 Z-1.5 Q2500 F.005 ;N240 M98 P1 ; N290 M98 P2 ;N250 T0707 ; N300 M1;N260 X0. Z.1 ;

R WORD (N270):

Specifies the amount of retract between each cutting move of the drill bit. Refer to “R”, inFigure 6.8 . In this example, the amount of retract is .05 inches.

F WORD (N280):

Specifies the feedrate for the G74 Auto Drilling Cycle. In this example, the feedrate is.005 inches per revolution.

Q WORD (N280):

Specifies the depth of cut in the Z direction. In this example, the depth of cut is .25inches. Decimal point programming is NOT allowed with the Q word.

Z WORD (N280):

Specifies the final depth of the drilled hole, in reference to Z0 (zero). In this example, thefinal depth of the drilled hole is 1.5 inches.

- NOTE -Instead of programming Z-1.5 in block N280, we could have programmed W-1.6(the incremental distance from the start point to the final hole depth) and the cyclewould have behaved exactly the same way.

TI2160

Start Point(X0. Z.1)

.100

.100.050

1.500

1.600

+X

Figure 6.9 - G74 Auto Drilling Cycle(Sample Workpiece)

Revised: December 14, 1998M-312C 6-21

VARIABLE DEPTH INCREMENT AUTO DRILLING CYCLE

The G74 Auto Drilling Cycle has limited applications because of its constant infeed, constantretract increments, and absence of a dwell. To create a more versatile automatic drilling cycle,Hardinge Inc. has made use of the Macro B programming feature to develop an auto drillingcycle with variable depth increments, a retract point clear of the part, and a programmable dwellat the retract point.

All information required for this drilling cycle is programmed in one data block.

- NOTE -The values shown in the following data blocks are data word format designations,NOT actual dimensions.

Decimal point programming MUST be used in data blocks containing macro calls.

Block FormatINCH FORMAT: G65 P9136 K±2.4 B2.4 F1.6 W2.4 C2.4 A5.1 ;

METRIC FORMAT: G65 P9136 K±3.3 B3.3 F3.4 W3.3 C3.3 A5.1 ;

Where: G65 = G Code for Macro CallP9136 = Macro Program 9136 (Deep Drill)

K = Z Axis End Position (SIGNED absolute value)B = Start Feed Increment Value (Incremental value, always positive)F = Drill Feedrate per Revolution

W = Depth of First Drill In-FeedC = Minimum IncrementA = Amount of Dwell (in seconds) at Retract Point

Refer to Figure 6.10 to see how these data words relate to the workpiece.

6-22 M-312C

Positioning the DrillThe data block preceding the block calling Deep Drill Macro Program 9136 will position the

drill tip at the start point for the drilling cycle. All retract motion during the drilling cycle will be tothis start point.

Calculating the Drill Pass Increments1. 1st Pass Increment = Specified by the W word.

2. 2nd pass increment = .5 times the 1st pass increment.

3. 3rd pass increment = .5 times the 2nd pass increment.

4. 4th pass increment = .5 times the 3rd pass increment.

The control will not allow the pass increment to drop below the minimum pass increment, asestablished by the C word.

- NOTE -If desired, the value of “W” can be increased or decreased to lengthen or shortenthe first pass depth. This will have a direct affect on the rest of the passes.

TI2163

MIN.INC.

Z START POSITION

RAPID TRAVERSEFEED

Z ENDPOSITION

B

K

1st Pass (W)2nd Pass3rdMIN.INC.

Figure 6.10 - Macro 9136: Deep Drill Cycle Parameters

M-312C 6-23

Example 1 (Refer to Figure 6.11)Deep Drill Macro Program 9136

A .25 inch diameter hole, 1.5 inches deep, is to be drilled in a piece of 1-3/16 inchdiameter stock. The depth of the first pass is to be .75 inches. A one-half second dwell isprogrammed at the retract position. The start feed increment will be set to .02 inches and theminimum increment will be set to .0625 inches. We will assume that the face of the work-piece has been set to Z0 (zero) and the part has already been center drilled. The partprogram block for the deep drilling cycle will be as follows:

G65 P9136 K-1.5 B.02 F.008 W.75 C.0625 A.5 ;

Sample Program Segment:

.

.N150 M98 P1 ;N160 M1 ;N2 (Operator Message) ;N170 G97 S1400 M13 ;N180 M98 P1 ;N190 T0202 ;N200 X0. Z.1 ;N210 G65 P9136 K-1.5 B.02 F.008 W.75 C.0625 A.5 ;N220 M98 P1 ;N230 M1 ;..

TI2166

First Rapid-to-FeedPoint (X0. Z.02)

Second Rapid-to-FeedPoint (X0. Z.02)


.020

.100

.730

1.500

.750

Z0

CL

Figure 6.11 - Macro Program 9136(Without using the optional Z Word)

6-24 M-312C

Optional Z Word

- CAUTION -The Z word is an optional command and is NOT TO BE PROGRAMMED UN-LESS REQUIRED.

Assuming the part face has been set to Z0, a Z word with a negative (-) value may beprogrammed if the drill is to start inside the workpiece; for example, inside a counterbore.

The depth of the counterbore will be programmed in the macro command line as a negativevalue, assuming the face of the workpiece is set to Z0. The drill will rapid into the counterbore adistance equal to the value of the Z word plus the value of the B word. The drill will feed in fromthis position at the programmed feedrate.

Refer to “Example 2", below.

Example 2 (Refer to Figure 6.12)Deep Drill Macro Program 9136 (With a Z Word)

A .25 inch diameter hole, 1.5 inches deep from the face of the workpiece, is to be drilledin a piece of 1-3/16 inch diameter stock. The hole will begin at the base of a .25 inchcounterbore. The depth of the first pass is to be .75 inches. A one-half second dwell isprogrammed at the retract position. The start feed increment will be set to .02 inches and theminimum increment will be set to .0625 inches. We will assume that the face of the work-piece has been set to Z0 (zero) and the bottom of the counterbore has already been centerdrilled. The part program block for the deep drilling cycle will be as follows:

G65 P9136 K-1.5 B.02 F.008 W.75 C.0625 A.5 Z-.25 ;

TI2174


First Rapid-to-FeedPoint (X0. Z-.23)Second Rapid-to-Feed

Point (X0. Z-.98)

.020

.100

.750

1.500

.980

Z0

CL

1.000

.250

Figure 6.12 - Macro Program 9136(Using the optional Z Word)

M-312C 6-25

The only difference between this sample program segment and the sample program segmentin Example 1 is that in this sample the drill bit will rapid from the start point (X0. Z.1) to X0. Z-.23before going to the programmed feedrate.

The coordinate location X0. Z-.23 was determined by adding the Feed Increment Value (Bword) to the value of the programmed Z word.

Sample Program Segment:

.

.N150 M98 P1 ;N160 M1 ;N2 (Operator Message) ;N170 G97 S1400 M13 ;N180 M98 P1 ;N190 T0202 ;N200 X0. Z0.1 ;N210 G65 P9136 K-1.5 B.02 F.008 W.75 C.0625 A.5 Z-.25 ;N220 M98 P1 ;N230 M1 ;..

6-26 M-312C

G75 AUTOMATIC GROOVING CYCLE [Option]All information for the G75 Automatic Grooving Cycle is programmed in two data blocks, as

follows:

INCH PROGRAMMING

G75 R2.4 ;G75 X(U)±2.4 Z(W)±2.4 P6 Q6 F3.2 (ipm) or F1.6 (ipr);

METRIC PROGRAMMING

G75 R3.3 ;G75 X(U)±3.3 Z(W)±3.3 P6 Q6 F5.0 (mmpm) or F3.4 (mmpr);

- NOTE -The values shown in the preceding data blocks are data word format designations,NOT actual dimensions.

Where: G75 = G code for Automatic Grooving Cycle (Constant Depth Increments)

R = Amount of retract between cutting moves.

X = X coordinate at full depth of pass (signed)

U = Incremental distance from X axis start pointto X axis final position (signed)

Z = Z axis position for final pass (signed)

W = Incremental distance from first pass Z axis positionto last pass Z axis position (signed)

P = Size of depth increment (unsigned)

Q = Incremental amount of Z axis move between fullcutting passes (unsigned)

F = Feedrate.

Refer to Figure 6.13 to see how these data words relate to the workpiece.

M-312C 6-27

P and Q Word ProgrammingDecimal Point programming is NOT allowed with the P or Q data words. The control assumes

decimal point placement as P2.4 and Q2.4 for English units (inches) and P3.3 and Q3.3 forMetric units (millimeters). Leading zeros may be omitted; however trailing zeros MUST be pro-grammed. Refer to the following examples:

Inch: P2500 = .25 inches Metric: P2500 = 2.5 millimetersP25000 = 2.50 inches P25000 = 25.0 millimeters

Inch: Q2500 = .25 inches Metric: Q2500 = 2.5 millimetersQ25000 = 2.50 inches Q25000 = 25.0 millimeters

Tool Movement SequenceBefore the G75 blocks are encountered, the grooving tool must be positioned at the X and Z

axis start point. During execution of the cycle, the series of X and Z axis moves (Refer to Figure6.13) is as follows:

a) From the start point, the tool feeds in “P” amount.

b) The tool retracts at rapid traverse “R” amount.

c) The tool feeds in “P+R” amount.

d) The tool continues to rapid retract “R” amount, then feed in “P+R” amount until the lastpass. On the last pass, the tool feeds in a distance equal to or less than “P” until thefinal depth is reached.

e) The tool rapid retracts to the X axis start position.

f) The tool moves toward the Z axis end point a distance specified by the Q word to arriveat the start point for the next full cut.

g) Steps “a” through “f” are repeated until the entire groove is completed.

h) When the final cut is completed, the tool rapid retracts to the X axis start position; thenrapids to the X and Z axis start point specified by the program blocks immediately pre-ceding the G75 blocks.


TI2164

1

STARTPOINT

X,Z

U

W Z0

CL

U

P

U

R

Q

Z AXISMOVEMENT

4

CL

2

CL

5

CL

CL CL

3 6

Figure 6.13 - G75 Automatic Grooving Cycle Parameters

M-312C 6-29

G75 Automatic Grooving Sample ProgramIn this sample program segment, X0 (zero) is the spindle centerline, Z0 (zero) is the face of

the workpiece and the final depth of the groove is .25 inches. The width of the grooving tool is.125 inches. Refer to Figure 6.14 .

- NOTE -The P word in block N300 is an incremental value. Each cutting pass will be anactual .075 inch cut.

Sample Program Segment:N7 (Operator Message) ; N280 G96 S280N230 G97 M13 ; N290 G75 R.02 ;N240 M98 P1 ; N300 G75 G99 X.5 Z-.8 P0750 Q1000 F.005 ;N250 T0707 ; N310 M98 P1 ;N260 X1.1 Z-.625 ; N320 M1 ;N270 G50 S5200 ;

R WORD (N290):

Specifies the incremental amount of retract between each cutting move of the groovingtool. Refer to “R”, in Figure 6.13 . In this example, the amount of retract is .02 inches.

F WORD (N300):

Specifies the feedrate for the G75 Automatic Grooving Cycle. In this example, the fee-drate is .005 inches per revolution.

TI2165

1.100 DIA.1.000 DIA.

.500 DIA.

.250.625

.500

.800

START POINT(X1.1 Z-.625)

+Z

+X

CL

Figure 6.14 - G75 Automatic Grooving Cycle(Sample Workpiece)


P WORD (N300):

Specifies the incremental depth of each cutting move in the X direction. In this example,the depth of each cutting move is .075 inches. Decimal point programming is NOT al-lowed with the P word.

Q WORD (N300):

Specifies the incremental move in the Z direction between each full cutting pass. In thisexample, the incremental move is .100 inches. Decimal point programming is NOT al-lowed with the Q word.

X WORD (N300):

Specifies the X axis position of the tool at the end of each complete cutting pass, inreference to X0 (zero). In this example, the X axis position is X.5 inches.

Z WORD (N300):

Specifies the Z axis position for the final full cutting pass, in reference to Z0 (zero). Inthis example, the final Z axis position is Z-.8 inches.

- NOTE -If the Z values in blocks N260 and N300 are swapped, the tool will begin at Z-.8and finish at Z-.625 .

M-312C 6-31

- NOTES -

6-32 M-312C

CHAPTER 7 - THREADING CYCLES

The feedrate for precision threading should be lead limited to 120 inches [3048 mm] perminute. Above this value, to the maximum machine feedrate, the lead error should be checked tomake certain it does not exceed specifications for the individual thread being produced. It is theprogrammer’s responsibility to ensure that the combination of lead and spindle speed does notexceed a feedrate which produces threads that are not within specifications.

The maximum spindle speed for a given thread lead is calculated through the use of thefollowing formulas:

ENGLISH THREADS

MAX RPM = 120 (inch/minute)LEAD (inches)

METRIC THREADS

Maximum RPM = 3048 (millimeter/minute)LEAD (mm)

SINGLE BLOCK THREADCUTTINGThe spindle encoder monitors RPM during a threading pass and when feeding in Inches/mm

per Revolution (G99). The encoder sends data relating axis position and velocity to the servodrives.

With the Single Block Threadcutting feature, the programmer can cut a thread in any desirednumber of passes using either the G32 or G92 preparatory command. The principle differencesbetween the two commands are:

1. The G92 command causes the X axis movements of the threading tool to be controlledautomatically by the machine during the threading cycle. The G32 command is used toprogram each threading pass individually.

2. The G92 command requires fewer blocks of information for a complete threading opera-tion.

The feedrate of the carriage and/or cross slide is determined by programming the thread“Lead” using the F word address. The format for F is:

Inch Programming: F1.6

Metric Programming: F3.4

- NOTE -Thread pitch is the axial distance from the center of one thread to the center of thenext. Lead is the distance the screw will advance when turned one revolution. On asingle thread screw, the pitch and lead are equal since a screw will advance anamount equal to the pitch when turned one revolution. On a double thread thescrew will advance two threads or twice the pitch in one revolution. Therefore, theprogrammed lead is twice the pitch.

M-312C 7-1

Program the spindle speed for a threading operation BEFORE the turret moves from the toolchange position to approach the workpiece for execution of the threading cycle. This will allowtime for the spindle speed to stabilize before entering the threadcutting mode.

The Feedrate Override switch is not active during a G32 or G92 threadcutting pass unless it isset to 0%. When the Feedrate Override switch is set to 0%, axis motion WILL STOP.

The spindle override function is active. Feed Hold is not active during the threadcutting pass,but is active on the return pass.

TO ESTABLISH A START POINT FOR THREADING

For accurate thread leads it is essential that the per revolution feedrate of the tool is heldconstant during the threading pass. The location of the start point for each threading pass isimportant in that sufficient distance must be provided to accelerate the tool from its Z axis veloc-ity at the end of the infeed to the proper threading velocity.

Due to the nature of the servo-controlled axis drive system, provide a minimum of four leadsor .250 inch, whichever distance is greater, between the first thread to be cut and the start pointfor the threading pass.

The X axis start point should be equal to the diameter of the workpiece plus two times thesingle depth of thread.

- NOTE -This minimum clearance must be provided for all threading passes. If a compoundinfeed is used, (see “Compound Infeed Threading”, page 7-8) work backwards tocalculate the start point for the cycle. Beginning with the last threading pass, calcu-late the Z axis motion during infeed for the first pass. Add this distance to the Zaxis clearance (four leads or .250 inch, whichever is greater). This gives the Z axisposition of the start point for the cycle relative to the first thread to be cut.

7-2 M-312C

G32 PROGRAMMINGThe G32 command, which must be programmed in each threadcutting data block, automat-

ically resynchronizes the threadcutting mode so that the same thread is cut in each pass. TheG32 command is modal and remains active until canceled by another Group 1 G code.

Only one axis need be programmed for a straight thread; both axes must be programmed fora tapered thread. The thread length and lead must be programmed in each G32 block.

EXAMPLE 1: G32 STRAIGHT THREADS (Figure 7.1)

For this example it is assumed that the part has been turned to the required diameter and isready to have a .0625 lead, single start, 1.00 inch long thread cut on its O.D.

The face of the part is set to Z0. All threading passes will, therefore, be in the minus Zdirection. The spindle centerline is X0. G98 is activated by Safe Start Subprogram O1 in blockN360.

Sample Program:N7 (T0707 7/8 - 16 THREAD) ; N450 X.951 ;N350 G97 S1920 M13 ; N460 G0 Z.25 ;N360 M98 P1 ; N470 G1 X.8176 F50. ;N370 T0707 ; N480 G32 Z-1. F.0625 ;N380 X.951 Z.25 ; N490 X.951 ;N390 G1 X.8559 F50. ; N500 G0 Z.25 ;N400 G32 Z-1. F.0625 ; N510 G1 X.7984 F50. ;N410 X.951 ; N520 G32 Z-1. F.0625 ;N420 G0 Z.25 ; N530 G1 X.951 ;N430 G1 X.8367 F50. ; N540 M98 P1 ;N440 G32 Z-1. F.0625 ; N550 M1 ;

TI1607

1.000

.875

.0383

LEAD

.250

Z0

12

.7984

Single Depth of Thread= .61343 x Lead = .0383"

.0625

CL

Figure 7.1 - Sample G32 Straight Threading Program

M-312C 7-3

EXAMPLE 2: G32 TAPERED THREADS (Figure 7.2)

When programming tapered threads, movements must be programmed in both the X and Zaxes. The lead is specified by the F word, whose lead orientation (X or Z axis) is determined bythe angle of the taper with the part centerline.

If the angle of taper “B”, Figure 7.2, is less than or equal to 45 degrees, the value of F ismeasured parallel to the Z axis. If angle of the taper is greater than 45 degrees, F is measuredparallel to the X axis.

For the example shown, it is assumed that the part has been turned to the required 1 degree47 minute taper and is ready to have a .071429 lead, single start thread 1.25 inches long turnedon its O.D. The value of the lead F is measured parallel to the Z axis because the angle of taperis less than 45 degrees.

The face of the part is set to Z0. All threading passes will, therefore, be in the minus Zdirection. The spindle centerline is X0.

Sample Program:N7 (T0707 1.5 - 14 TAPER THREAD) ; N450 X1.614 ;N350 G97 S1680 M13 ; N460 G0 Z.2857 ;N360 M98 P1 ; N470 G1 X1.3187 F50. ;N370 T0707 ; N480 G32 X1.4143 Z-1.25 F.071429 ;N380 X1.614 Z.2857 ; N490 X1.614 ;N390 G1 X1.3758 F50. ; N500 G0 Z.2857 ;N400 G32 X1.4714 Z-1.25 F.071429 ; N510 G1 X1.2901 F50. ;N410 X1.614 ; N520 G32 X1.3857 Z-1.25 F.071429 ;N420 G0 Z.2857 ; N530 X1.614 ;N430 G1 X1.3472 F50. ; N540 M98 P1 ;N440 G32 X1.4429 Z-1.25 F.071429 ; N550 M1 ;

TI2583

STARTPOINT

1.500

.0478

.0571

LEAD.071429

.2857

1.4044

B

CL1.250

Z0

Single Depth of Thread= .8 x Lead = .0571"Angle B = 1° 47’Taper (R) = .0478"

1.614

Figure 7.2 - Sample G32 Taper Threading Program

7-4 M-312C

G92 PROGRAMMINGThe G92 Threadcutting command provides the programmer with the capability to define multi-

ple threading passes by specifying only the depth of cut for each pass.

The G92 lead and thread length commands are programmed in the first threadcutting datablock only. Only positions in the X (U) axis (thread pass coordinate) need be programmed insubsequent blocks. The G92 command is modal and remains active until canceled by anotherGroup 1 G code.

When cutting a tapered thread, an R word must be programmed in the G92 block.

The following sample programs have been shortened for easier reading.


(Constant lead on a part having a uniform diameter.)

For this example, it is assumed that the part has been turned to the required diameter and isready to have a .0625 lead, single start, 1.00 inch long thread cut on its O.D.

The face of the part extends 3.00 inches from the face of the spindle. This value is stored inthe Work Shift offset. This causes the face of the part to be set to Z0. All threading passes willbe in the minus Z direction.

The tool nose reference point is 1.25 inches from the turret face in the -X direction and .25inches in the -Z direction. These dimensions are stored in the Tool Offset (Geometry) file underoffset 07 as positive values. The offset is activated by the T0707 command in block N370.

Sample Program:N7 (T0707 7/8 - 16 THREAD) ; N400 X.8367 ;N350 G97 S1920 M13 ; N410 X.8176 ;N360 M98 P1 ; N420 X.7984 ;N370 T0707 ; N430 G0 ;N380 X.951 Z0.25 ; N440 M98 P1 ;N390 G92 X.8559 Z-1. F.0625 ; N450 M1 ;

TI2582

STARTPOINT

.0383 .7984

.250

RETURN PATH

Single Depth of Thread= .61343 x Lead = .0383"

CL

1.000

LEAD.0625

.875.951

Z0


M-312C 7-5

Note that the start point, block N380, must be outside the thread O.D. as this point establishesthe return path after the completion of each threading pass.

Block N390 establishes the threading mode, the X coordinate for the first pass (X.8559),thread length (Z-.75) and lead (F.0625). In subsequent blocks, N400 through N420, it is onlynecessary to program the X coordinate for each pass until the final depth is reached in blockN420.

- NOTE -A G00 code MUST be on the line after the last threading pass. If the G00 code isnot present, the tool will make two extra passes on the workpiece at the last pro-grammed thread depth.

EXAMPLE 4: G92 TAPERED THREADS (Figure 7.4)

(Constant lead on a part having a tapered diameter.)

O.D. tapered threads are programmed as a Negative R word in the G92 block to define theamount of taper. I.D. tapered threads are programmed with Positive R words in the G92 block.

For the example shown, it is assumed that the part has been turned to the required 1 degree47 minute taper and is ready to have a .071429 lead, single start, 1.25 inch long thread turnedon its O.D. The value of the lead F is measured parallel to the Z axis and R is measured parallelto the X axis because the angle of the taper is less than 45 degrees.

The face of the part extends 2.25 inches from the face of the spindle. This value is stored inWork Shift offset as Z-2.2500. Storing the part length as a Work Shift offset causes the face ofthe part to be set to Z0. All threadcutting passes will be in the minus Z direction.

Sample Program:N7 (T0707 1.5 - 14 TAPER THREAD) ; N410 X1.4314 ;N350 G97 S1680 M13 ; N420 X1.4086 ;N360 M98 P1 ; N430 X1.3857 ;N370 T0707 ; N440 G0 ;N380 X1.614 Z.2857 ; N450 M98 P1 ;N390 G92 X1.4771 Z-1.25 F.071429 R-.0478 ; N460 M1 ;N400 X1.4543 ;

TI2583

STARTPOINT

1.500

.0478

.0571

LEAD.071429

.2857

1.4044

B

CL1.25

Z0

Single Depth of Thread= .8 x Lead = .0571"Angle B = 1° 47’Taper (R) = .0478"

1.614

Figure 7.4 - Sample G92 Taper Threading Program

7-6 M-312C

The tool tip is located on the turret centerline and extends 1.25 inches from the turret face.The tool dimensions are stored in the Tool Offset (Geometry) file under offset number 07.

Note that the start point, block N380, must be outside the thread O.D. as this point establishesthe return path after completion of each threading pass.

Block N390 establishes the threading mode, the X coordinate for the first pass (X1.4771),thread length (Z-1.25), lead (F.071429), and amount of taper (R-.0478). In subsequent blocks,N400 through N440, it is only necessary to program the X coordinate for each pass until the finalthread depth is reached in block N440. Notice that the sign of R must be minus to cause thethreading tool to move in the plus X direction.

If the angle of taper “B” is less than or equal to 45 degrees, the value of F is measuredparallel to the Z axis. If the angle of taper is greater than 45 degrees, F is measured parallel tothe X axis.

PLUNGE INFEED THREADINGA plunge infeed is used in the threading example shown in Figure 7.1 . During a plunge

infeed, Figure 7.5, the tool moves along the X axis from the start point for the threading cycle tothe start point for the current threading pass. Infeed is at 90 degrees relative to the spindlecenterline. The next block contains the threading G Code (G32) which synchronizes axis motionwith spindle rotation. When the spindle is properly oriented, axis motion begins at the com-manded per revolution feedrate. As illustrated in Figure 7.5, an equal amount of material isremoved by each edge of the tool.

TI1611

STARTPOINT

1234

Figure 7.5 - Plunge Infeed

M-312C 7-7

COMPOUND INFEED THREADINGWhen machining a material that presents threading difficulties due to its toughness or when

cutting a coarse thread of extreme depth, it is often desirable to infeed the tool so that theleading edge of the tool cuts the major portion of the material. This reduces deformation of thetool nose due to pressure and heat, thus adding to the tool life. To accomplish this, the X and Zaxis position of the tool at the start point of each pass is altered to produce the desired infeedangle, as shown in Figure 7.6 . This is known as Compound Infeed.

When using compound infeed, the Z axis start point is shifted by an amount determined bythe X axis shift (∆X) and the desired angle of the compound infeed. In Figure 7.7, the infeedangle, designated θ, is at 25 degrees relative to the face of the part.

The incremental shift in the Z axis start point for each pass (∆Z) is calculated with the follow-ing equation (Refer to Figure 7.7):

∆Z = ∆X x Tan θ

During a compound infeed thread, Figure 7.6, the tool moves on the X axis from threadingcycle start point to the start point for the current threading pass. After the threading pass, the toolmoves along the return path to the next Z axis start position, which is equal to the previous Zaxis start point minus ∆Z.

When the spindle is properly oriented, axis motion begins. With a compound infeed, the Z axisposition of the tool, at the start of each cut, is closer to the part face than it was on the previouspass. The result of this is that the majority of all metal removal takes place along the leadingedge of the tool with the trailing edge making a slight clean-up cut.

TIA1612

Thread Cycle Start Point

First Pass

Second Pass

Third Pass

Fourth Pass

Tool Return Path

Figure 7.6 - Compound Infeed

7-8 M-312C

Figure 7.7 illustrates how the incremental shift in the Z start position for the compound infeedis calculated for each threading pass.

Where:

X1 = X Axis Position for the 1st Pass.X2 = X Axis Position for the 2nd Pass.X3 = X Axis Position for the 3rd Pass.X4 = X Axis Position for the 4th Pass.θ = Infeed AngleZ1 = Initial Z Axis Start Point

Z2 = Z1 - ∆Z

Z3 = X2 - ∆Z

Z4 = Z3 - ∆Z

TIA1613

θ

X1

CL

X2

X3

X4

Z1

Z2

Z3

Z4∆ X

∆ Z

Figure 7.7 - Z Start Position for Compound Infeed

M-312C 7-9

The following program segment has been taken from Example 1 and modified to incorporatecompound infeed (Refer to Figure 7.1):

N7 (T0707 7/8 - 16 THREAD) ; N450 X.951 ;N350 G97 S1920 M13 ; N460 G0 Z.2411 ;N360 M98 P1 ; N470 G1 X.8176 F50. ;N370 T0707 ; N480 G32 Z-1. F.0625 ;N380 X.951 Z.25 ; N490 X.951 ;N390 G1 X.8559 F50. ; N500 G0 Z.2366 ;N400 G32 Z-1. F.0625 ; N510 G1 X.7984 F50. ;N410 X.951 ; N520 G32 Z-1. F.0625 ;N420 G0 Z.2455 ; N530 G1 X.951 ;N430 G1 X.8367 F50. ; N540 M98 P1 ;N440 G32 Z-1. F.0625 ; N550 M1 ;

CALCULATIONS:

Single Depth of Thread= .61343 x Lead = .0383 (Radius Value)

Number of Threading Passes = 4

θ (Infeed Angle)= 25°

Incremental Change in Depth per Pass (∆X) = .009575 (Radius Value).01915 (Diameter Value)

Incremental Change in Z (∆Z) = ∆X (Radius Value) x Tan 25°= .009575 x .46631= .004465

Coordinate Values for each Threading PassX1 = .875 - .01915 = .85585X2 = .85585 - .01915 = .83670X3 = .83670 - .01915 = .81755X4 = .81755 - .01915 = .79840

Z1 = .25000Z2 = Z1 - .004465 = .24554Z3 = X2 - .004465 = .24107Z4 = Z3 - .004465 = .23661

7-10 M-312C

G76 MULTIPLE REPETITIVE THREADING CYCLE [Option]The G76 Multiple Repetitive Threading Cycle provides the programmer with the capability of

defining a complete threading operation with two blocks of information. The control interprets thedata in these two blocks and generates the multiple passes required to cut an entire thread.

This automatic threading cycle can be used for cutting straight or tapered threads of constantlead in either Absolute or Incremental mode. The thread may be either external or internal.Plunge (X axis) or compound (X and Z axis) infeed can be performed.

Specification of the threading cycle parameters is achieved by using the G76 preparatorycommand and its associated parameters as follows:

Inch Programming:

G76 P6 Q4 R0.4 ;

G76 X(U)±2.4 Z(W)±2.4 R±1.4 P4 Q4 F1.6 ;

Metric Programming:

G76 P6 Q3 R1.3 ;

G76 X(U)±3.3 Z(W)±3.3 R±2.3 P3 Q3 F3.4 ;

- NOTE -Decimal point programming cannot be used when programming the P or Q wordsin a G76 Multiple Repetitive Threading Cycle.

With leading zero suppression, the decimal point is not programmed. Leading zeros can beomitted, but all trailing zeros must be programmed.

Example:

The format for the P word in the execution line is P4 for Inch mode and P3 for metricmode.

The format for the Q word in the execution is Q4 for Inch mode and Q3 for metric mode.

The numbers indicate the number of places to the right of the assumed decimal point.

The control counts from right to left, inserts the decimal point the number of places fromthe right as set by the format. Leading zeros will be automatically inserted when required.

M-312C 7-11


(Constant lead on a part having a uniform diameter.)

For this example, it is assumed that the part has been turned to the required diameter and isready to have a .125 lead, single start thread, 1.75 inches long cut on its O.D. The thread is tobe cut in ten passes.

N4 (T0404 1.5 - 8 THREAD) ;

N200 G97 S500 M13 ;

N210 M98 P1 ;

N220 T0404 ;

N230 X1.6534 Z.5 S960 ;

N240 G76 P011055 Q0015 R.0004 ;

N250 G76 X1.3466 Z-1.75 P0767 Q0242 F.125 ;

N260 M98 P1 ;

N270 M1 ;

START POINTX1.6534 Z.500

Z-1.75

F.125

1.50

Z0

P Word.0767

Q Word.0242

X1.3466

Single Depth of Thread = .61343 x Lead = .0767

TI2580

CL


7-12 M-312C

EXAMPLE 6: G76 TAPERED THREAD (Figure 7.9)

(Constant lead on a tapered part)

For this example, it is assumed that the part has been turned to the required 1° 47′ taper andis ready to have a .071429 lead, single start thread, 1.25 inch long thread cut on its O.D.

N9 (T0909 1.5 - 14 Taper Thread) ;

N100 G97 S1000 M13 ;

N110 M98 P1 ;

N120 T0909 ;

N130 X1.614 Z.2857 S1100 ;

N140 G76 P011055 Q0015 R.0004 ;

N150 G76 X1.3857 Z-1.25 P0571 Q0120 R-.0478 F.071429 ;

N160 M98 P1 ;

N170 M1 ;

TI2581

F

QP

Z

R

X

CL

Tool TipAngle

Z Start

Angle “B”

Start Point

Angle “B” = 1 47Thread Lead “F” = .071429Single Depth of Thread “P” = .8 x Lead = .0571First Pass Depth = .012

O.D. = 1.750Length of Thread = 1.25Start Point Coordinates = X1.614

Z0.2857Note: All dimensions are in inches.

Z0

Figure 7.9 - Sample G76 Tapered Thread Program

M-312C 7-13

G76 PARAMETERS (Figures 7.8 and 7.9)

P Word (First G76 Block):

The number of finishing passes is specified by parameter 723 and has a valid range from1 to 99. This parameter is set by the first two digits in the P word located in the first line ofthe G76 programming blocks.

The thread chamfer (anticipated pullout) amount is specified by parameter 109 and has avalid range from 00 to 99. This range allows the programmer to specify a chamfer amountfrom 0.0 times the thread lead to 9.9 times the thread lead. This parameter is set by thesecond two digits in the P word located in the first line of the G76 programming blocks. Asetting of 00 will pull straight out of the part. A setting of 10 will have an anticipated pulloutof one lead.

The tool nose angle is specified by parameter 724 and can be set to 0, 29, 30, 55, 60, or80 degrees. This parameter is set by the last two digits in the P word located in the firstline of the G76 programming blocks. A 0 setting will give a plunge feed.

Decimal point programming is NOT allowed with the P word.

The P word in the first G76 block has a data word format of P6 .

Q Word (First G76 Block):

Parameter 725 specifies the minimum depth of cut for a threading pass and is set by thisdata word.

Decimal point programming is NOT allowed with the Q word.

Data Word Format: Q4 (Inch Mode)

Q3 (Metric Mode)

R Word (First G76 Block):

Parameter 726 specifies the finish pass allowance per side and is set by this data word.For the examples shown in Figures 7.8 and 7.9, R.0004 will leave .0004 inches per sidefor the clean-up pass.

7-14 M-312C

G76 EXECUTION LINE

P Word (Second G76 Block):

Specifies the single depth of the thread and is always positive. It is measured parallel tothe X axis. The P Word value for an American National Thread is calculated as follows:

Straight Thread: Single Depth of Thread = .61343 x Thread Lead

Tapered Thread: Single Depth of Thread = .8 x Thread Lead

See Figure 7.8 for the definition when cutting a straight thread and Figure 7.9 when cuttinga tapered thread.

Decimal point programming is NOT allowed with the P data word.

Data Word Format: P4 (Inch Mode)

P3 (Metric Mode)

Q Word (Second G76 Block):

Specifies the cutting depth of the first pass and is always positive. It is measured parallelto the X axis.

See Figure 7.8 for the definition when cutting a straight thread and Figure 7.9 when cuttinga tapered thread. This value is calculated by dividing the Single Depth of Thread by thesquare root of the number of threading passes to be taken.

Decimal point programming is NOT allowed with the Q data word.

Data Word Format: Q4 (Inch Mode)

Q3 (Metric Mode)

F Word (Second G76 Block):

Specifies the thread lead and is always positive. It is measured parallel to the Z axis forstraight threads. It is measured parallel to the Z axis for tapered threads when the angle ofthe workpiece centerline is equal to or less than, 45 degrees. If the angle of taper with theworkpiece centerline is greater than 45 degrees, it is measured parallel to the X axis.

X Word (Second G76 Block):

For a straight external thread the X word specifies the root (Minor) diameter of the thread.For a straight internal thread the X word specifies the O.D. (Major Diameter) of the thread.When cutting tapered threads, the X word specifies the root (Minor) diameter at the largeend of the external thread or O.D. (Major) diameter at the small end for an internal thread.The sign will be positive for cutting on the back side of the spindle centerline (+X).

Z Word (Second G76 Block):

In Absolute programming mode the Z word specifies the Absolute Z coordinate at the endof the thread. Unless the face of the part has been set to Z Zero by a Work Shift offset, Zwill be relative to the spindle face. When a Work Shift is used, Z will be relative to the faceof the part. The sign of Z will be positive when measured from the spindle face andnegative when measured from the face of the part.

M-312C 7-15

R Word (Second G76 Block):

The R word is only programmed when tapered threads are to be produced. When it isprogrammed, the R word must be in the second G76 block.

The R word specifies the amount of taper in a tapered thread and is measured parallel tothe X axis. It is calculated as follows:

R = W * TAN B(* = Multiplication)(B = Angle of taper with workpiece centerline)

The R word may be programmed as R0 (zero) or omitted when cutting a straight thread.When cutting a tapered thread, length W must include the additional travel required for thestart point on the Z axis. When cutting a tapered thread in the +X direction, as shown inthe example, R must have a NEGATIVE (-) value. If the minus sign is not used, R isassumed to be positive and the taper will be cut in the -X direction or opposite the direc-tion shown. The same rule applies to internal threads cut on the +X side of the spindlecenterline. A conventional pipe thread would require a NEGATIVE “R” for O.D. threadingand a POSITIVE “R” value for I.D. threading.


1. After the initial pass, the control automatically calculates the depth of cut based on aconstant volume removal of material. The minimum cutting depth is controlled by pa-rameter 725. This parameter is controlled by the Q word in the first G76 block.

2. During the return path the control defaults to rapid traverse. If a slower rate is desireduse the Rapid Override switch.

3. For precision threadcutting, the feedrate should be lead limited to 120 inches per minute.

4. The number of clean-up passes is set by parameter 723. This parameter is controlled bythe first two digits in the P word in the first G76 block. As shipped from Hardinge Inc.,this parameter is set at 1. It may be set from 1 to 99 passes.

5. The Reset key is active during the threading pass. The Feedrate Override switch isdisabled during an G76 Automatic Threading Cycle unless it is set to 0%. When theFeedrate Override switch is set to 0%, axis motion will stop.

7-16 M-312C

TAPPINGUse a self-releasing style tap holder with sufficient longitudinal float to allow the spindle to

reverse direction. The Hardinge Model TT-5/8 and TT-3/4 tap holders have a pullout to releaseincrement of 3/32 inch, which is sufficient.

1. Program a dwell to allow the spindle to reach the programmed speed before the toolengages the workpiece.

Minimum Dwell = (Previous Spindle Speed – Tapping Spindle Speed) ÷ 1000

2. Use the G32 Preparatory Command.

3. Program the lead command F .001 inch (.0254 mm) per revolution less than the threadlead where practical.

4. Minimum dwell for holder release is determined as follows:

Minimum Dwell = (Tap Pullout) (60)(Lead) (rpm)

5. Approximate dwell for spindle reversal is determined as follows:

Dwell = .0016 x rpm

6. Reverse spindle and feed out at lead (F), a distance on the Z axis that is sufficient toclear the workpiece.

EXAMPLE

Tap a 1/4-20 thread, 1/2 inch deep using a Hardinge TT-5/8 tap holder.

Previous spindle speed was 1500 rpm.Spindle speed for the tapping operation is 250 RPM.Minimum dwell (step 1) for spindle speed change is determined as follows:

Dwell = (1500 – 250) ÷ 1000 = 1.25 sec.

Minimum dwell (step 4) for Hardinge TT-5/8 tap holder release is determined as follows:

Dwell = (.094) (60) = .45 sec.(.05) (250)

(Rounded to nearest tenth of a second equals .5).

Approximate dwell for spindle reversal (step 5):

Dwell = .0016 x 250 = .40 sec.

(Continued on next page)

M-312C 7-17

Sample Program Segment

- CAUTION -During set up, the operator must activate AUTO mode before line 190 is readby the control. SINGLE mode (block-by-block) execution should not be usedfor spindle reversal (M04). Tap breakage or thread damage will occur. It issuggested that the operator activate AUTO mode after completion of line 150.

Assume that the part length has been stored as a Work Zero Offset and that tool offsetdimensions have been stored in Tool Offset (Geometry) file.

- NOTE -Hole was drilled to a depth greater than the depth of the tapped thread.

Operator Message N5 (T0505 1/4-20 Tap) ;Spindle Forward 250 RPM, Coolant ON N120 G97 S250 M13 ;Call Safe Start/End Program O1 N130 M98 P1 ;Select Tool and Tool Offset N140 T0505 ;Approach N150 X0. Z0.5 ;Dwell 1.25 Sec. for Spindle Speed Change N160 G4 X1.25 ;Tap N170 G32 Z-0.5 F0.049 ;Dwell .5 Sec. for Tap Release N180 G4 X0.5 ;Spindle Reverse, Coolant ON N190 M14 ;Dwell .4 Sec. for Spindle Reversal N200 G4 X0.4 ; (Dwell time may vary)Clear Workpiece by .50 Inch N210 G32 Z0.5 F0.05;Call Safe Start/End Program O1 N220 M98 P1 ;Optional Stop N230 M1 ;

LEFT-HAND THREADSIf left-hand threads are to be cut from right to left (-Z direction, tool path toward the spindle

face), the spindle must be run in the reverse (M04) direction. This will require the tool to bemounted cut side up on the turret top plate.

If left-hand threads are to be cut from left to right (+Z direction, tool path toward the part face),the spindle must be running in the forward (M03) direction. This will require the threading tool tipto be mounted upside down on the turret top plate. When this method is used, a relief of .25inches [6.35 mm] or four times the thread lead, whichever is greater, is required to ensure thatlead error does not occur. This clearance is necessary to allow the CNC control to synchronizespindle and axis motion and also to prevent ringing of the first thread.

7-18 M-312C

- NOTES -

M-312C 7-19

- NOTES -

7-20 M-312C

CHAPTER 8 - MISCELLANEOUS

CONSTANT SURFACE SPEEDConstant Surface Speed programming provides the capability of programming the speed of

the workpiece with respect to the tool tip directly in surface feet per minute in inch mode (G20)or surface meters per minute in metric mode (G21).

Constant Surface Speed programming is a function of the spindle speed range and the pro-grammed constant surface speed (S word). Constant Surface Speed mode is selected by theG96 command and is canceled by G97. The G97 command is the start-up mode and selects thedirect RPM mode, which allows direct RPM programming of the spindle speed.

Before programming a G96 command, a block containing a G50 command and an S word toestablish the maximum RPM limit for the following Constant Surface Speed operation MUST beprogrammed. The format for the S word is S4 . As the distance between the tool tip and thespindle centerline varies during a Constant Surface Speed operation, the variable spindle speedis compared to this maximum RPM limit. If the limit is reached, the control will continue executionof the part program at the spindle speed limit.

- CAUTION -When establishing the Constant Surface Speed spindle RPM limit, do not pro-gram any other data words in the same block with the G50 command and theS word.

In Constant Surface Speed mode, the constant surface speed command to the spindle is alsoprogrammed as an S word. The format is S4 in inch mode (G20) and S3 in metric mode (G21).The units are surface feet per minute in inch mode (G20) and surface meters per minute inmetric mode (G21).

A feedrate must also be programmed. The control will then automatically adjust the spindlespeed within its range to maintain a constant surface speed as the cutting radius of the work-piece varies. Since the feedrate is held constant while the spindle speed varies, it is recom-mended that the feedrate be programmed in Inches per Revolution (G99). This will preventoverloading the tool in case a fast feedrate is active when the spindle speed is decreasing (aswhen facing from the center outward).

Figure 8.1 illustrates an elementary part that uses Constant Surface Speed programming. Forthis example, it is assumed that the part has already been roughed out and is ready to be finishcontoured.

Since all dimensions are in inches, G20 is entered in block N10. This assures the correctformat in case the previously executed program was in metric data input mode (G21).

The face of the part extends 2.93 inches from the face of the spindle. The part face is set to ZZero by the G10 command in block N30. All turning passes will, therefore, be in the NEGATIVEZ direction. X Zero is at the spindle centerline.

The position of the tool tip will be established by the tool offsets activated in block N60.

A maximum spindle speed of 4000 RPM for the operation is established in block N80.

Block N90 establishes Constant Surface Speed mode and a surface speed of 500 surfacefeet per minute.

The Inch per Revolution feedrate (G99) is established in block N100 along with a feedrate of.007 inches per revolution.

M-312C 8-1

Sample Program:N10 G20 ;N20 G65 P9150 H2.5 ;N30 G10 P0 Z-2.9 ;N7 (Operator Message) ;N40 G97 S1000 M13 ;N50 M98 P1 ;N60 T0707 ;N70 X1.14 Z.1 ;N80 G50 S4000 ;N90 G96 S500 ;N100 G1 G99 Z0. F.007 ;N110 X0. ;N120 X1. ;N130 X2. Z-.5 ;N140 Z-.7 ;N150 X3. Z-1.2 ;N160 Z-1.5 ;N170 X4.1 ;N180 M98 P1 ;N190 M1 ;N200 M30 ;

A spindle speed MUST be active when entering Constant Surface Speed mode or a CycleStop condition will be created when the first block following the Constant Surface Speed com-mand is encountered.

The Feedrate Override switch is active in Constant Surface Speed mode.

SUBPROGRAMSThe subprogram feature provides the main part program with the capability of calling fre-

quently repeated patterns from memory, and executing them a specified number of times. Thesubprogram is called from a special block in the main part program. The subprogram must be inmemory, when called.

Subprogram Format:

O____; Subprogram NameN____; Program BlockN____; .N____; .N____; .M99; Return to calling program

Subprograms stored in memory must be identified by the letter “O” followed by programnumber in the first data block. See “Program Number”, Page 1-6.

The last data block of the subprogram MUST contain an M99 command. This commandshould be in a block by itself.

Subprograms may be stored from the Manual Data Input keyboard, from a separate tape orfloppy disk, or from the tape or floppy disk containing the main part program.

2.90

.40 .50 1.25

1.50

.75

.50 .030 (FACE OFF)

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

TI2444

CLSPINDLE

FACECHUCKFACE

Figure 8.1 - Constant Surface Speed Example

8-2 M-312C

Manual Data Input Keyboard Entry

The method for entering subprograms from the Manual Data Input keyboard is the same asfor main part programs. Be sure that the first data block contains the subprogram number in thecorrect format and that the subprogram ends with an M99 command.

1. Press the Offset Setting key.

2. If necessary, press the soft key expansion key until the Operator soft key is displayed.

3. Press the Operator soft key to access the operator control screens.

4. If necessary, use the page keys to display the operator screen shown in Figure 8.2 .

5. Use the cursor control keys to move the cursor to the “Mode” line.

6. Use the cursor control keys to move the cursor to Edit.

7. Use the page keys to display the operator screen shown in Figure 8.3 .

8. Use the cursor control keys to move the cursor to the “Protect Key” line.

9. Use the cursor control keys to move the cursor to Release.

10. Press the Program key.

11. Key in the letter “O” and the subprogram number and press the Insert key.

12. Press the EOB key and press the Insert key.

13. Enter each data block, followed by an EOB character. Press the Insert key.

14. After the entire subprogram has been entered, press the Reset key.


16. Move the cursor on the “Protect Key” line to Protect.

M-312C 8-3

OPERATOR'S PANEL

MODE: MDI MEM EDIT HND JOG REF

HANDLE MULT.

ACTUAL POSITION (ABSOLUTE)X ______ Z ______A ______

HANDLE AXIS: x1 x10 x100: HX HZ

TI3642A

Figure 8.2 - Operator Screen:Operating Modes and MPG Control

OPERATOR'S PANEL

BLOCK SKIPSINGLE BLOCKMACHINE LOCKDRY RUNPROTECT KEY

ACTUAL POSITION (ABSOLUTE)X ______ Z ______A ______

: OFF ON: OFF ON: OFF ON: OFF ON: PROTECT RELEASE

TI3611

Figure 8.3 - Operator Screen:Special Modes

8-4 M-312C

Tape or Floppy Disk Entry

Refer to the Cobra™ series lathe operator’s manual (M-313C) for information on enteringsubprograms into memory from a tape or floppy disk.

Subprogram Call

Subprograms are activated by a special “call” block in the main part program which must havethe following format:

M98 Paaabbbb ;

Where:

M98 is the miscellaneous command to activate the subprogram call function.

P is the letter address used to specify the number of times the subprogram is to beperformed and the subprogram number.

“aaa” specifies the number of times the subprogram is to be performed. The subprogrammay be performed up to 999 times. IF NO VALUE IS ENTERED, THE SUBPROGRAM ISPERFORMED ONCE.

“bbbb” specifies number of the subprogram to be executed.

Sample Program Line #1:M98 P50100 ; (Subprogram O0100 will be executed five times.)

Sample Program Line #2:M98 P100 ; (Subprogram O0100 will be executed one time.)

Sample Program Line #3:M98 P9990100 ; (Subprogram O0100 will be executed 999 times.)

- NOTE -When the subprogram is to be executed just once, use the format shown in sampleprogram line #2. As shown, leading zeros may be omitted from the subprogramnumber when this format is used.

M-312C 8-5

SAFE START SUBPROGRAMSAt the heart of the Hardinge structured programming format are the safe start subprograms.

These subprograms are used to reactivate start-up modes, for example; positioning mode, deac-tivate Tool Nose Radius Compensation, establish in/min [mm/min] feed, and move the turret tothe safe index position.

The subprograms are as follows:

INCH MODE

O1 ; SAFE START & O.D. END SUBPROGRAMN1 G00 G40 G97 G98 ; Positioning Mode, Cancel Tool Nose Radius Compensation,

RPM Limit, IPM Feed.N2 M98 P999 ; Call Subprogram: Safe IndexN3 M99 ; Return to Calling Program

O2 ; SAFE I.D. END SUBPROGRAMN1 G00 G97 G98 Z.4 ; Positioning Mode, RPM Limit, Z Pullback, IPM Feed.N2 G40 ; Cancel Tool Nose Radius CompensationN3 M98 P999 ; Call Subprogram: Safe IndexN4 M99 ; Return to Calling Program

O999 ; SAFE INDEX SUBPROGRAMN1 T0 ; Clear Active Tool Offset and Turret StationN2 X_____ Z_____ ; X and Z Safe Index PositionN3 M99 ; Return to Calling Program

- CAUTION -If the machine is to be run in metric mode, the Z entry (pullback) in subpro-gram O2 MUST be converted to a metric value.

Safe start subprograms 1 and 2 are to be loaded permanently into the control memory. Theyare designed for machine safety and to help simplify programming. Subprogram 999 is used todeactivate the tool offset and command the safe index coordinates desired for the job.

The X safe index value should be equal to the X axis reference position. Refer to the appro-priate illustration in Appendix One for information on the X axis reference position.

The Z safe index value should be equal to the LONGEST TOOL on the turret PLUS 1 INCH.

O1 Safe Start & O.D. End Subprogram

The command “M98 P1" is used at the start of every operation and at the end of everyO.D. operation. This ensures that the proper G codes are active and that the turret is in asafe position before indexing.

O2 Safe I.D. End Subprogram

The command “M98 P2" is used at the end of every I.D. operation. This sets the proper Gcodes and returns the turret to a safe position before indexing.

O999

The X and Z safe index coordinates to be used by subprograms O1 and O2.

8-6 M-312C

HARDINGE PERMANENT MACRO PROGRAMSHardinge permanent macro programs are assigned 9000 series program numbers. These per-

manent macro programs cannot be edited. As with other macro programs, the permanent mac-ros are called as follows:

G65 Pxxxx y ;

Where:

G65 = Macro call commandP = Required format letter

xxxx = Macro program numbery = Macro variable(s), if required; = End of Block character

MACRO 9115: SAFE TOOL OFFSET

- CAUTION -This macro program resets ALL tool offset registers. Any tool offsets alreadyentered will be lost.

- NOTE -Macro 9115 is designed to work on machines set for DIAMETER operation ONLY.

This macro must be executed from a program. Otherwise, an indefinite loop is produced andthe control will hang itself up executing the cycle indefinitely. It is recommended that the follow-ing program be loaded into the control memory, to be executed as needed:

Sample Program: O8999 :G65 P9115 ;M30 ;

G65 P9115 is interpreted as follows:


9115 = Macro program number; = End of Block character

To ensure safe machine operation, this macro program has been developed to reset themachine coordinate system offsets in the following manner:

1. All Tool Wear Offset registers are set to zero.

2. All R (Radius) and T (Quadrant) Tool Geometry Offset registers are set to zero.

3. All X and Z Tool Geometry Offset registers are set to 11.0000 (English mode) or279.400 (Metric mode).

MACRO 9136: DEEP HOLE DRILLING

An explanation of Macro 9136 is presented in Chapter 6, “Machining Cycles”.

M-312C 8-7

MACRO 9150: COLLET DWELL

- NOTE -Collet Dwell macro 9150 is used on Cobra™ 42 lathes only.

Collet Dwell macro 9150 MUST be programmed near the beginning of the part program,before any machining blocks are programmed. If this command is not programmed, the followingconditions will occur:

1. The time delay for manual operation of the collet closer will default to 4.9 seconds andwill remain the same unless changed with the Collet Dwell macro.

2. When changing jobs or programs, unless the control is turned OFF or a new delay timeis programmed, the time setting established by the previously active program will beactive. This may cause one of the following conditions to occur:

a) Cycle Start will be activated before the work-holding device is fully closed.b) Delay time will be excessive for the type of work-holding device and collet closer

pressure being used.

- WARNING -Failing to program an appropriate collet dwell could create unsafe operatingconditions.

Timer Range: 1.0 to 4.9 secondsMinimum Increment: .1 secondsDefault Value: 4.9 seconds

Recommended Settings

To ensure maximum safety during machining cycles, the collet closer delay time MUST beprogrammed for each job. The collet closer pressure setting and the type of spindle tooling to beused must be known to determine the correct dwell time. Refer to the chart and instructionswhich follow when programming the collet closer dwell macro.

Collet Closer PressureSetting Range,

Units = psig [bar]

Collet orStep Chuck

4 Inch PowerJaw Chuck

20-30 [1.4 - 2.0] 4.9 seconds Not Recommended

30-40 [2.0 - 2.8] 3.0 seconds Not Recommended

40-50 [2.8 - 3.5] 2.0 seconds 4.9 seconds

50-90 [3.5 - 6.2] 2.5 seconds 2.5 seconds

The timer can be set from 1.0 to 4.9 seconds; however, the settings listed above are recom-mended.

8-8 M-312C

To Set The DelayThe collet closer timer delay is set by calling Macro Program 9150 near the beginning of the

main part program, as follows:

BLOCK FORMAT: G65 P9150 Hx. ;Where:


9150 = Macro program numberH = Required data letterx = Time delay value (Decimal point must be programmed); = End of Block character

Program Collet Dwell macro 9150 near the beginning of the main part program. The dataword format is H1.1 with a valid range from 1.0 to 4.9, in increments of .1 seconds.

Example: O3333 ; (Program Number)G20 ; (Select Inch Mode)G65 P9150 H3. ; (Collet closer dwell is set to 3.0 seconds)...

- NOTE -The H word in the G65 block can be replaced with a D word. The D word will beprogrammed and interpreted exactly like the H word.

MACRO 9333: PARTS COUNTER

Parts Counter macro program 9333 is designed to run a desired number of parts; then stopthe machine. The Q word is used on the G65 macro line to specify the number of parts to berun. Decimal point programming is NOT allowed with the Q word.

- NOTE -If Repeat mode is active, the control will loop through the part program until thespecified count (Q word) is reached. Refer to the Cobra™ series lathe operator’smanual (M-313C) for information on Repeat Mode.

How The Parts Counter Macro Works

- NOTE -Macro variable #500 should be checked by the machine operator each time a newjob is set up. If variable #500 is set to a non-zero value, the operator MUST set thisvariable to zero to get an accurate parts count.

Macro variable #500 is used to store the accumulated parts count. This variable will automat-ically reset to zero when the programmed count (Q word) is reached.

When the control executes the block calling the parts counter, the parts counter will be incre-mented by one (1). The control will then compare the parts counter value with the value speci-fied by the Q word in the parts counter macro line.

If the parts counter has NOT reached the specified value (Q word), the control will jump backto the beginning of the main part program and execute the program again.(Value of variable #500 < Value of Q word)

M-312C 8-9

If the parts counter has reached the specified value (Q word), the control will issue the alarm“3002 Part Count Satisfied”.(Value of variable #500 = Value of Q word)

Checking/Clearing Macro Variable #500

- CAUTION -Be sure the correct macro variable is set to 0 (zero).


2. Press the right hand soft key until the Operator soft key is displayed.

3. Press the Operator soft key.

4. Use the page key to access the operator screen shown in Figure 8.3 .

5. Set Protect Key to Release.


7. If necessary, press the right hand soft key until the Macro soft key is displayed.

8. Press the Macro soft key.


10. Key in “500" and press the Number Search soft key. The cursor will jump to macrovariable #500.

11. Press the Cancel key.

12. Press the Input soft key to set macro variable #500 to “0" (zero).


14. Press the right hand soft key until the Operator soft key is displayed.


16. Use the page key to access the operator screen shown in Figure 8.3 .

17. Set Protect Key to Protect.

Programming the Parts Counter Macro

Program the Parts Counter macro near the end of the part program.

FORMAT:%O____ (Part Program); Program Number and Operator Message..N ____ M01; Optional StopN ____ G65 P9333 Q___ ; Call Macro Program 9333,

Run “Q” Amount of PartsM30 ; End of Program% End of Record

8-10 M-312C

TAILSTOCK PROGRAMMING [Option]

TAILSTOCK QUILL FEEDRATE

The quill feedrate is set by the machine operator.

TAILSTOCK M CODES

M84 - Tailstock Quill Extend

M84 commands the tailstock quill to extend (move in the -Z direction). The machine operatormanually positions the tailstock assembly at the appropriate location for proper engagement ofthe quill with the workpiece when M84 is commanded. The tailstock quill will feed against theworkpiece at a feedrate set by the machine operator.

M85/M86 - Tailstock Quill Retract

M85 or M86 commands the tailstock quill to retract (move in the -Z direction).

TAILSTOCK PROGRAMMING RECOMMENDATIONS

Hardinge makes the following recommendations in regard to programming tailstock quill mo-tion:

1. DO NOT program tailstock M codes in part programs that do not require tailstock sup-port. For maximum safety, the Cobra™ series lathe operator’s manual (M-313C) in-structs the machine operator to position the tailstock as far from the machine spindle aspossible when running part programs that do not require the tailstock.

2. Program an M85 or M86 (Tailstock Quill Retract) at the beginning of every part programthat requires the use of the tailstock to be sure that the tailstock quill is in a knownposition. The M85 or M86 command should be programmed in a block by itself immedi-ately before the first block containing an operator message.

3. Program an M84 (Tailstock Quill Forward) at the beginning of each tool operation thatrequires the tailstock to ensure that the tailstock quill is positioned against the workpiece.The tailstock quill position may be changed by the machine operator for a variety ofreasons. Therefore, the tailstock quill may not always be positioned where the program-mer assumes it will be at the beginning of an operation.

4. Use Hardinge offset tool holders for drilling operations on machines equipped with theoptional tailstock.

Refer to Appendix One for information on tailstock position and the range of motion for thetailstock quill.

M-312C 8-11

ENGLISH/METRIC MODEThe Setting page is used to establish whether the GE Fanuc 21T control is to power-up and

operate in English mode or Metric mode. This section outlines the procedure for selecting thedesired operating mode.

Through the use of the G20 (Inch Mode) and G21 (Metric Mode) commands, it is possible tooperate in either mode regardless of which mode has been selected on the Setting page. How-ever, the use of these two G codes will not automatically adjust the position registers to displaythe position values in the proper units (inches vs millimeters).

- CAUTION -Part programs should usually be written in the same format as selected onthe Setting page. Programs not written in the same format as established onthe Setting page MUST contain the appropriate English/Metric G code,G20/G21 respectively. When required, this G code must be programmed byitself in the first data block.

When the operating mode is changed, the work shift and tool offsets are NOTautomatically changed to the appropriate units. They must be changed manu-ally.

ESTABLISHING ENGLISH/METRIC MODE


2. If necessary, press the soft key expansion key until the Operator soft key is displayed.

3. Press the Operator soft key to access the operator control screens.

4. If necessary, use the page keys to display the operator screen shown in Figure 8.2 .

5. Use the cursor control keys to move the cursor to the “Mode” line.

6. Use the cursor control keys to move the cursor to Manual Data Input.


8. Press the Setting soft key.

9. If necessary, use the Page keys to display the Setting page that contains the Input Unitfield.

10. If necessary, use the cursor keys to position the cursor at the Input Unit field.

11. Key in the appropriate number (0:MM 1:INCH).

12. Press the Input key.

13. Press the Control OFF push button.

14. Wait a few seconds; then, press the Control ON push button. The machine will power upin the desired operating mode.

8-12 M-312C

- NOTES -

M-312C 8-13

- NOTES -

8-14 M-312C

CHAPTER 9 - SAMPLE PART PROGRAM

In an effort to promote a greater understanding of programming the Cobra™ series lathe,Hardinge Inc. has included the following sample part program. This sample program performsthe following machining operations in the order listed:

• Rough Face and Turn O.D.

• Center Drill

• Drill

• Tapping

• Finish Face and Turn O.D.

• Thread O.D.

The sample part program incorporates the following standard programming features:

• G90-series Machining and Threading Cycles

• Dwell

• Linear and Circular Interpolation

• Tool Nose Radius Compensation

• Variable Depth Drilling Macro Program

- NOTE -The sample part program has been designed to employ the safe start/safe endprogram shown at the bottom of this page. Refer to Chapter 8 for additional infor-mation on safe start and safe end programs.

The actual feeds and speeds may vary, depending on the type of coolant, material,and tooling/inserts used.

The optional G70-series cycles are not used in the sample program.

SAFE START PROGRAM%

O1 (SAFE START & END SUBROUTINE)G0 G40 G97 G98T0X#501 Z#502M99%

M-312C 9-1

SAMPLE PROGRAM

%O0120#501=12.5 (X SAFE INDEX POSITION)#502=6.0 (Z SAFE INDEX POSITION)G65 P9150 H2.5N1 (T0101 ROUGH FACE & TURN OD .03R)G97 S1560 M14M98 P1T0101X2.6 Z.01G50 S4000G96 S1025G1 G99 X-.06 F.005G0 X2.6 Z.1G90 X2.3 Z-2.49 F.008X2.1X1.9X1.77G0 X1.75 Z.1G90 X1.55 Z-1.805X1.52G0 X1.5 Z.1G90 X1.3 Z-.944X1.27G0 X1.25 Z.1G90 X1.145 Z-.1844G1M98 P1M01

N2 (T0202 #4 CENTER DRILL)G97 S2291 M13M98 P1T0202X0 Z.1G1 G99 Z-.3 F.004G0 Z.1M98 P1M01

9-2 M-312C

N3 (T0303 #7 DRILL .201)G97 S1220 M13M98 P1T0303X0 Z.1G65 P9136 K-.860 B.05 F.004 W.6 C.1 A.5M98 P1M1

TI3703

Material = 12L14

Figure 9.1 - Sample Part

M-312C 9-3

N4 (T0404 1/4-20 TAP)G97 S1220 M13M98 P1T0404X0 Z.3G32 Z-.406 F.049G4 U.3M14G4 U2.1 (DWELL TIME WILL VARY DEPENDING ON RPM)Z.3 F.05M98 P1M01

N5 (T0505 FINISH FACE & TURN OD .015 R)G97 S5000 M14M98 P1T0505X1.4 Z.1G50 S4000G96 S1550G41 X1.325 Z0G1 G99 X-.03 F.002G42X1.125Z-.1944G3 X1.25 Z-.75 R2.5G1 Z-.954G2 X1.342 Z-1. R.046 F.001G1 X1.408G3 X1.5 Z-1.046 R.046G1 Z-1.815 F.002X1.63X1.75 Z-1.875 F.001Z-2.5 F.002X2.59M98 P1M01

9-4 M-312C

N6 (T0606 1 1/2-16 THREAD)G97 S636 M13M98 P1T0606X1.8266 Z-1.565G92 X1.7212 Z-2.19 F.0625X1.7092X1.7X1.6922X1.6854X1.6792X1.6736M98 P1M30%

M-312C 9-5

- NOTES -

9-6 M-312C

APPENDIX ONE

14.508[368.50]+X Solid

Stop

13.132[333.55]

+X SoftwareLimit

12.880[327.15]

X Axis TurretReference Position

-3.126 [79.40]-X Solid Stop

-2.376 [60.35]-X Software Limit

16.272 [413.31]+Z Solid Stop

15.772 [400.61]+Z Software Limit

15.640 [397.26]Z Axis Turret Reference Position

1.772 [45.00]-Z Software Limit

+Z

+X

CL

Turret Top Plate

Spindle

Notes:1. All dimensions are shown in Inches [Millimeters].2. All measurements for X are diameter values from the spindle centerline.3. All measurements for Z are from the face of the spindle.4. Full programmable travel on the X axis is 15.508 [393.90], measured on the diameter.5. Full programmable travel on the Z axis is 14.000 [355.60].

TI3512

1.397 [35.50]-Z Solid Stop

Turret Reference Point

.315[8.00]

Figure A1.1 - Turret Travel Specifications(Cobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes Equipped with a Hardinge Top Plate)

M-312C A1-1

14.508[368.50]+X Solid

Stop

13.132[333.55]

+X SoftwareLimit

12.880[327.15]


-3.126 [79.40]-X Solid Stop


16.272 [413.31]+Z Solid Stop




+Z

+X

CL

Turret Top Plate

Spindle


TI3921

1.397 [35.50]-Z Solid Stop


Figure A1.2 - Turret Travel Specifications(Cobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes Equipped with a VDI Top Plate)

A1-2 M-312C

17.516[444.91]+X Solid

Stop

16.516[419.51]

+X SoftwareLimit

16.250[412.75]


-3.624 [92.05]-X Solid Stop


33.575 [852.81]+Z Solid Stop




+Z

+X

CL

Turret Top Plate

Spindle


TI3512

1.574 [40.00]-Z Solid Stop


.394[10.00]

Figure A1.3 - Turret Travel Specifications(Cobra™ 65 Lathe Equipped with a Hardinge Top Plate)

M-312C A1-3

17.580[446.53]+X Solid

Stop

16.580[421.13]

+X SoftwareLimit

16.250[412.75]


-3.560 [90.42]-X Solid Stop


33.575 [852.80]+Z Solid Stop




+Z

+X

CL

Turret Top Plate

Spindle


TI3921

1.574 [40.00]-Z Solid Stop


Figure A1.4 - Turret Travel Specifications(Cobra™ 65 Lathe Equipped with a VDI Top Plate)

A1-4 M-312C

31.0 [787]Maximum Distance

NOTE:All dimensions are shown in Inches [Millimeters].

9.0 [229]Minimum Distance

4.0 [102]Quill Travel

This distance is dependent uponthe tailstock center used.

TI3646

#3 Morse TaperLive Center

Figure A1.5 - Tailstock Travel Specifications(Cobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes)

49.832 [1265.73]Maximum Distance


15.372 [390.45]Minimum Distance

6.0 [152]Quill Travel

This distance is dependent uponthe tailstock center used.

TI3966

#4 Morse TaperLive Center

Figure A1.6 - Tailstock Travel Specifications(Cobra™ 65 Lathe)

M-312C A1-5

TI3556

1.496[38.00]

TurretTop Plate

CL

4.50 [114.3]Headwall Clearance 14.000 [355.60]

1.772[45.00]

8.25[209.55]

7.258[184.35]

+X Software Limit

-X Software Limit

-Z Software Limit +Z Software Limit


† Diameter Values Shown

†

†

Figure A1.7 - Work Envelope withQualified Square Shank Tooling

(Cobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes Equipped with a Hardinge Top Plate)

A1-6 M-312C

TI3922

1.260[32.00]

TurretTop Plate

CL

4.50 [114.3]Headwall Clearance

13.646 [346.61]

2.126 [54.00]

8.71[221.23]

6.800[172.72]

+X Software Limit

-X Software Limit



† Diameter Values Shown.

†

†

.866 [22.00]‡

‡

‡ This dimension will vary according to the tool holder selected.

‡


(Cobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes Equipped with a VDI Top Plate)

M-312C A1-7

TI3556

2.029[51.54]

TurretTop Plate

CL

5.50 [139.7]Headwall Clearance 31.000 [787.40]

2.165[55.00]

10.500[266.70]

8.640[219.46]

+X Software Limit

-X Software Limit



† Diameter Values Shown

†

†


(Cobra™ 65 Lathe Equipped with a Hardinge Top Plate)

A1-8 M-312C

TI3922

2.445[62.10]

TurretTop Plate

CL

5.50 [139.7]Headwall Clearance

31.039 [788.39]

2.126 [54.00]

10.080[256.00]

9.060[230.00]

+X Software Limit

-X Software Limit



† Diameter Values Shown.

†

†

.866 [22.00]‡

‡

‡ This dimension will vary according to the tool holder selected.

‡


(Cobra™ 65 Lathe Equipped with a VDI Top Plate)

M-312C A1-9

14.20[360.7]

11.750[298.45] DIA.

30°12 PLACES

12 PLACES

1.260[32.00]

1.260[32.00]

0.945[24.00]

0.945[24.00]

1.339[34.00]

0.945 [24.00]

0.453 [11.50]

.398 [10.11]

.396 [10.06]X .580 DEEP

M8 X 1.25 THREAD X 0.79 DEEP4 PLACES

1.750 [44.45] DIA. X 1.575 DEEP

DIA. X 1.000 DEEP2.049 [52.04]2.048 [52.02]

TI3555A

NOTE:All dimensions are shownin Inches [Millimeters].

COOLANT PORT.203 [5.16] DIA.

Figure A1.11 - Turret Top Plate Dimensions(Hardinge Top Plate for Cobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes)

A1-10 M-312C

14.213[361.00]

12.380[314.50]

DIA.

30°12 PLACES

12 PLACES

TI3923


Tool holder stations conform toDIN-69880, VDI30

Figure A1.12 - Turret Top Plate Dimensions(VDI Top Plate for Cobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes)

M-312C A1-11

16.930[430.00]

14.188[360.38] DIA.

30°12 PLACES

12 PLACES

1.457[37.00]

1.457[37.00]

1.043[26.50]

1.043[26.50]

1.575[40.00]

0.591 [15.00]

1.555 [39.50]

M10 X 1.5 THREAD X 0.98 DEEP4 PLACES

2.000 [50.80] DIA. X 2.080 DEEP

DIA. X 1.000 DEEP2.442 [62.03]2.443 [62.05]

TI3964


.398 [10.11]

.396 [10.06]X .580 DEEP

0.059[1.50]

COOLANT PORT.302 [7.67] DIA.

1.181 [30.00]

Figure A1.13 - Turret Top Plate Dimensions(Hardinge Top Plate for Cobra™ 65 Lathe)

A1-12 M-312C

17.323[440.00]

14.961[380.00]

DIA.

30°12 PLACES

12 PLACES

TI3923


Tool holder stations conform toDIN-69880, VDI40

Figure A1.14 - Turret Top Plate Dimensions(VDI Top Plate for Cobra™ 65 Lathe)

M-312C A1-13

TI3648

5.15 [130.8]Diameter

3/4" SquareShank Tool

1.25" Boring Bar35° Diamond Insert

1.25" Boring Bar80° Diamond Insert

1.25" Drill

4.93 [125.22]Diameter




Figure A1.15 - Sample Tooling Configurationwith Maximum Workpiece Diameters Illustrated

(Cobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes equipped with a Hardinge Top Plate)

A1-14 M-312C

TI3924A


32mm Boring Bar80° Diamond Insert

32mm Boring Bar35° Diamond Insert

32mm Drill


20mm SquareShank Tool





(Cobra™ 42 & 51 Lathes equipped with a VDI Top Plate)

M-312C A1-15

TI3995


StandardToolholder


10.17 [258.3]Diameter

1.50" Boring Bar32°, 80° DiamondInsert

1" SquareShank Tool

1.50" Drill

Long Toolholder




(Cobra™ 65 Lathe equipped with a Hardinge Top Plate)

A1-16 M-312C

TI3996

40mm Drill 6.17 [156.7]Diameter

40mm Boring Bar55°, 60°, 80°Diamond Insert


10.28 [261.1]Diameter

25mm SquareShank Tool



(Cobra™ 65 Lathe equipped with a VDI Top Plate)

M-312C A1-17

COBRATM 42 MACHINESpindle Drive System

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

0 500

1000

1500

2050

2550

3050

3550

4050

4550

SPINDLE SPEED, (RPM)

SP

IND

LEP

OW

ER

, (H

P)

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

SP

IND

LET

OR

QU

E, (

FT

-LB

S)

SPINDLE HP SPINDLE TORQUE

Base Speed = 1666 RPMRatio = 1:1.05

TI3647

Figure 1.19 - Spindle Horsepower / Torque Curves

A1-18 M-312C

COBRA 51 Spindle Drive System (Continuous Rating)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

45 210 375 540 705 870 1035 1200 1365 1530 1695 1860 2025 2190 2355 2520 2685 2850 3015 3180 3345 3510 3675 3840 4005 4170 4335 4500

SPINDLE SPEED (RPM)BELT RATIO 1:1.05

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

SP

IND

LETO

RQ

UE

(LB

-FT

)

PO

WE

R(H

P)

TM

TI4184

Torque

Horsepower

Figure 1.20 - Spindle Horsepower / Torque Curves

Revised: October 28, 1998M-312C A1-19

Cobra 65 Lathe HP / Torque VS SpeedTM

0.00

25.00

50.00

75.00

100.00

125.00

150.00

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

3400

3600

3800

4000

4200

4400

Torq

ue(F

t-Lb

s)

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Hor

sepo

wer

Standard

Base Speed = 1125 rpmHP & Torque are 30min

ratings

Spindle Speed (RPM)

Horsepower

Torque

TI3997

Figure 1.21 - Spindle Horsepower / Torque Curves(Standard Spindle)

A1-20 M-312C

Cobra 65 Lathe HP / Torque VS SpeedTM

0.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

Torq

ue(F

t-Lb

s)

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

Hor

sepo

wer

Base speed = 750 rpmHP & Torque are 30 min. ratings

High Torque Option

Spindle Speed (RPM)

Horsepower

Torque

TI3998

Figure 1.22 - Spindle Horsepower / Torque Curves(Optional High Torque Spindle)

M-312C A1-21

- NOTES -

A1-22 M-312C

APPENDIX TWOSTANDARD G CODES

CODE GROUP DEFINITION

G00 1 Rapid Traverse Positioning ModeG01 1 Linear InterpolationG02 1 Clockwise Circular InterpolationG03 1 Counterclockwise Circular InterpolationG04 0 DwellG10 0 Offset Value SettingG20 6 Inch Data InputG21 6 Metric Data InputG22 9 Stored Stroke Limits ONG23 9 Stored Stroke Limits OFFG28 0 Return to Reference PositionG31 0 Ship FunctionG32 1 Threadcutting Routine (Constant Lead)G40 7 Cancel Tool Nose Radius CompensationG41 7 Tool Nose Radius Compensation (Part Right)G42 7 Tool Nose Radius Compensation (Part Left)G50 0 Maximum RPM Limit Used With Constant Surface Speed (G96)G65 0 User Macro Call

. G90 1 Canned Turning CycleG92 1 Canned Threading CycleG94 1 Canned Facing CycleG96 2 Constant Surface SpeedG97 2 Direct RPM ProgrammingG98 5 Inches/mm per Minute FeedrateG99 5 Inches/mm per Revolution Feedrate

OPTIONAL G CODESG70 0 Automatic Finishing CycleG71 0 Automatic Rough Turning CycleG72 0 Automatic Rough Facing CycleG73 0 Automatic Rough Pattern Repeat CycleG74 0 Automatic Drilling CycleG75 0 Automatic Grooving CycleG76 0 Automatic Threading Cycle

M-312C A2-1

STANDARD M CODES

M00 Program StopM01 Optional StopM02 End of ProgramM03 Spindle ForwardM04 Spindle ReverseM05 Spindle Stop/Coolant OFFM08 Coolant ONM09 Coolant OFFM13 Spindle Forward/Coolant ONM14 Spindle Reverse/Coolant ONM21 Open ColletM22 Close ColletM28 External Chucking ModeM29 Internal Chucking ModeM30 End of ProgramM31 Program Rewind and RestartM48 Enable Feedrate and Spindle Speed OverridesM49 Disable Feedrate and Spindle Speed OverridesM61 Load New BarsM98 Subprogram CallM99 Subprogram End

OPTIONAL M CODESHIGH PRESSURE COOLANT (Cobra™ 65 Lathes Only)M10 Coolant ONM11 Coolant OFF

PART CATCHERM25 Part Catcher RetractM26 Part Catcher Extend

STEADY RESTM93 Steady Rest OpenM94 Steady Rest Closed

TAILSTOCK:M84 Tailstock Quill ForwardM85 Tailstock Quill RetractM86 Tailstock Quill Retract

A2-2 M-312C

ALARM MESSAGES

Alarm AlarmNumber Message Cause(s)

1001 Collet/Chuck P-SW Fault Collet Close/Open pressure switches arefaulty. Main spindle pressure switch inputs in-dicate same state for more than 3.5 seconds.The control is put in an alarm condition.

1002 Quill not at Home Tailstock quill not fully retracted. Cycle Start isinhibited until quill is fully retracted.

1003 Spindle Fan Overload The overload on the spindle fan contactor hastripped.

The control is put in an alarm condition andthe machine in Emergency Stop.

1005 Please Turn OFF Power Machine Lock function was active and hasbeen turned OFF by the machine operator.Turn the control OFF, wait a few seconds, andturn the control ON to synchronize the controland the machine axes.

1006 Door Safety Switch Fault Door safety switch is faulty. Switch inputs indi-cate contradictory states. The control is put inan alarm condition.

1007 Barfeed Fault Bar Feed tube out of position. Hydraulic motorprotection relay trip condition. The control isput in an alarm condition.

1008 Spindle Unit Fault Spindle drive/motor overload condition. Thecontrol is put in an alarm condition and themachine in Emergency Stop.

1012 Coolant Overload Coolant pump motor overload on contactorhas tripped. The control is put in an alarmcondition and the machine in Emergency Stop.

1013 Steadyrest Lube Fault Steady rest lubrication system failure. The ma-chine is put into a reset condition. All axis mo-tion stops and coolant is automatically turnedOFF.

Check and repair lubrication system.

1014 Part Catcher LS Fault Part catcher Extend/Retract limit switches indi-cate the same state. The control is put in analarm condition.

M-312C A2-3

1016 Lube System Fault Machine lubrication system failure. The ma-chine is put into a reset condition. All axis mo-tion stops and coolant is automatically turnedOFF.

Check and repair lubrication system.

1020 Chuck Open Spindle collet/chuck is open.

1022 End of Bar (Cycle Strt Inhb) End of bar condition exists. The control is putin an alarm condition.

1040 Hydraulic Pump Overload The overload on the hydraulic pump motorcontactor has tripped.


1041 Hydraulic Pressure Fault Hydraulic system pressure has dropped belowthe minimum value.


1042 Recirculation Pump Overload The overload on the hydraulic recirculationpump motor contactor has tripped.


1043 Recirculation Pressure Fault Hydraulic recirculation system pressure hasdropped below the minimum value.


1046 Low Main Air Pressure Low air pressure to machine.


1048 Collet Acc. Door Open The collet closer access door is not in place.Cycle Start is inhibited until the door is prop-erly secured in place.

1811 Verify Guard Door Sw[s] Machine power-up message. Open and closethe main coolant guard door to perform theguard door switch verification and clear theverification alarm.

A2-4 M-312C

OPERATOR MESSAGES

MessageNumber Message Cause

2000 Tailstock Air Lube Low Oil level in the tailstock air lubricator is low.Refer to the Cobra™ series lathe operator’smanual (M-313C) for instructions on refillingthe air lubricator.

2004 Invalid Turret Position Programmed The T word exceeds the maximum number ofturret stations on the top plate.

T word format error.

2006 Turret Unclamped Turret top plate not properly seated. Turret in-dex time exceeds two seconds. Turret proxim-ity switch is faulty. The control is put in analarm condition.

Turret index has been interrupted by Reset orEmergency Stop.

To clear the fault:

1. Move turret to safe index position.

2. Activate Reference mode.

3. Press Cycle Start and Feed Hold to refer-ence the turret.

2008 Invalid B Code Programmed B word orient angle is greater than 360 de-grees.

B word is programmed for an option not avail-able/enabled on the machine.

B word format error.

Spindle orient hardware failure.

2012 Steadyrest Lube Level Low Oil level in the steady rest lubricator reservoiris low. Refer to the Cobra series lathe opera-tor’s manual (M-313C) for instructions on refill-ing the lubricator.

If the lubricator is not refilled within 25 min-utes, the control forces Single Block mode. Af-ter an additional 4 minutes the control forcesan alarm state. Refer to alarm message 1013.

2015 Part Catcher Not Home Part catcher in not in the retract position. Cy-cle Start and tailstock motion are inhibited untilthe part catcher is in the retract position.

2019 Guard Door Open Coolant guard door is open. Cycle Start is in-hibited until the guard door is closed.

M-312C A2-5

2023 Lube Level Low Oil level in the machine lubricator reservoir islow. Refer to the Cobra series lathe operator’smanual (M-313C) for instructions on refillingthe lubricator.

If the lubricator is not refilled within 25 min-utes, the control forces Single Block mode. Af-ter an additional 4 minutes the control forcesan alarm state. Refer to alarm message 1016.

2027 Invalid M-code Programmed M word is programmed for an option not avail-able/enabled on the machine.

M word is not defined in the control.

M word format error.

2030 Battery Voltage Low Low voltage condition on control memory bat-tery back-up. DO NOT POWER DOWN THEMACHINE!

Refer to the appropriate Cobra™ series lathemaintenance manual for instructions on replac-ing the battery:

Cobra 42 lathe maintenance manual, M-314A

Cobra 51 lathe maintenance manual, M-367

Cobra 65 lathe maintenance manual, M-337

2031 Jog Mode Required To Open orClose Collet

For machines equipped with bar feed optionand option is turned ON, Jog mode must beselected before manually opening or closingthe collet.

2047 Push Emergency Stop to Make BarFeed Mode Change Effective

Machine must be in Emergency Stop to allowchange in bar feed mode.

Refer to the Cobra series lathe operator’smanual (M-313C) for information on changingthe bar feed mode.

2502 Z Axis Overloaded Adj Feedrate The Z axis thrust limit has been exceeded.The machine is put into a feed hold condition.

Turn the Feedrate Override switch down by10% and press Cycle Start. Repeat until mes-sage clears. Adjust the feedrate in the partprogram by the percentage that was requiredto clear the message.

A2-6 M-312C

- NOTES -

M-312C A2-7

- NOTES -

A2-8 M-312C

“Performance Has Established Leadership for Hardinge ”®

Hardinge Inc.Elmira, New York 14902-1507 USA

Phone: 607-734-2281 Fax: 607-734-8819

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