Profiting With Apples, Pears, and Asian Pears – Pome Fruits · PDF file–Short vs...
Transcript of Profiting With Apples, Pears, and Asian Pears – Pome Fruits · PDF file–Short vs...
Apples – Malus domestica
• Tree size/rootstocks
– Dwarf
– Semi-dwarf
– Standard
• Type/usage
– Summer vs. fall
– Fresh vs. processing
– Short vs long storage
• Skin color
– Yellow
– Red
– Green
– Blush/Mix/Red over yellow
• Disease resistance
• Heirloom vs New Breeding
Summer ApplesJuly and August.
Yellow Transparent - July 2
Yellow Transparent Perrine - July 2
Lodi - July 4
Pristine - July 10
William's Pride - July 15
Redfree - August 5 (1)
Ginger Gold - August 12 (10)
Zestar - August 15
Dandee Red - August 15
Sansa - August 15
Silken
Mollies Delicious - August 22 (10)
Summer Mac - August 22
Summer Rambo - August 25 (5)
Jonamac - August 26
Star Gala - August 26 (25)
Fulford Gala - August 26 Pristine
Fall Apples IEarly September
Crimson Gala - September 2
Gale Gala - September 2
Marshall McIntosh – September 5
Northwest Greening – September 5
Honeycrisp - September 10
Rogers Red McIntosh - September 10
Daybreak Fuji - September 10
Improv. Red Jonathan – Sept. 10 (1)
Pioneer Mac – September 11
Crimson Crisp – September 15
Crimson Gold – September 15
Cortland - September 15
Royal Court – September 15
Ruby Jon – September 15Honeycrisp
Fall Apples IILate September
Macoun – September 17
Liberty - September 17
Crimson Topaz – September 17
Acey Mac – September 20
Jersey Red - September 20
Spartan - September 20
Super Chief Red Delic.- Sept. 20 (1)
Ace Spur Red Delicious – Sept. 20 (1)
Ambrosia - September 20
Jonagold De Coster – Sept. 20 (15)
Acey Mac - September 20
Golden Delicious - September 24 (1)
Galarina - September 25
Snow Sweet – September 25
Grimes Golden - September 26 (1)
Crown Empire - September 28 (10)
Royal Empire - September 28 (10)Jonagold De Coster
Fall Apples IIIOctober
Fortune (NY 429) - October 1
Freedom - October 1
Hampshire Mac - October 1
Shizuka - October 4
Idared - October 4
Melrose - October 4
Autumn Gala - October 4
Northern Spy - October 6
Lady - October 6
Smokehouse - October 6
Virginia Gold - October 10
Cameo - October 10
Law Rome Beauty - October 12
Nittany - October 12
Albemarle Pippen - October 13
Mutsu - October 14 (1)
Suncrisp - October 16
Snapp Stayman - October 20 (1)
Red Yorking - October 20 (15)
Ramey York - October 20 (15)
Red Winesap - October 24 (15)
Enterprise - October 24
Fuji (Red Sport #2) - October 25 (1)
Red Rome 262 - October 26 (15)
Suncrisp
Fall Apples IV - Late
Braeburn - November 1 (10/15)
Arkansas Black - November 3
(10/15)
Autumn Rose Fuji - November 4
(10/20)
Granny Smith - November 8 (10/15)
Goldrush - November 10 (10/28)
Pink Lady - November 14 (10/28)Goldrush
Fresh Eating Apples• Consumer preference
• Sweetness and sweet/tart
balance a key
– Ginger Gold
– Zestar
– Gala types
– Yellow Delicious
– Fuji types
– Honeycrisp
– Cameo
– Suncrisp
– Granny Smith
– Pink Lady
– Braeburn
– Jonagold
Processing Apples
• Cider
– Any, ideally mixture
tart and sweet
• Cooking
– York
– Red Yorking
– Rome
– Granny Smith
– Nittany
– Other tart apples
Medium and Long
Term Storage –
Standard Cold Room
• Medium – 4 to 6 months– Honeycrisp
– Melrose
– Northern Spy
– Smokehouse
– Pippin
– Nittany
– Suncrisp
– Pink Lady
– Crimson Crisp
– Enterprise
• Long – up to 8 months– Arkansas Black
– Black Twig
– Goldrush (10-11 months)
– Crimson GoldNittany
Disease Resistant Varieties
• Scab primary
• Rust, powdery mildew, fire blight
• Good choices for organic
• Examples
– Williams Pride****
– Redfree****
– Liberty****
– Freedom****
– Galarina***
– Enterprise***
– CrimsonCrisp**
– Goldrush**
– Crimson Topaz*
– Crimson Gold*Crimson Crisp
Heirloom Apples• Old Favorites, Specific
Qualities– Black Twig
– Arkansas Black
– Winesap
– Stayman
– Baldwin
– Smokehouse
– Pippin
– Cox Orange Pippin
– Grimes Golden
– Northern Spy
– Winter Banana
– Hundreds of others
• Example “Lilly of Kent”Pippin
Specialty Heirloom Apples
• Lady or Christmas Apple
– Small, used for decoration
• Almata
– Red tinged flesh
• Chenango
– Strawberry shape
• Esopus Spitzenburg
– Extra large apple
• Others
Varieties• Season sequence
• Storage or keeping ability
• Quality factors
– taste, sweetness,tartness
• Consumer acceptance
• Firmness
• Disease resistance
– Scab, fireblight
• End use
• Specialty types
• Nursery sources
• Recommended varieties
Apple Pollination• Require cross pollination
– Honey bees
• Multiple varieties selected for ability to pollinate each other – Pollination charts
• Plant with a pollinizer– Crabapples
– Heavy long blooming apple• Winter banana
Hyslop Crabapple
Crabapples• Several Malus species
• Small fruits
• Often astringent, tart, or
bitter
• High pectin – good jelly
• Good to blend in cider
• Useful in decorations
• Wildlife plantings
• Ornamentals
Chestnut Crabapple
Pears
• European types
– Typical pear shape
• Asian types
– Round, firm
• August-October
• Size, shape, skin color
and texture differ
• Numerous heirloom types
• Most require cross
pollination
• Fire Blight
Beurre Bosc
Pear Rootstocks• Standard seedling – Bartlett
• Standard seedling – Pyrus betulafolia
• Older Oregon OHF rootstocks – some
reduced fruit size
– Following resistant to fireblight, collar rot,
woolly aphids, pear decline.
• OHF 333 1/2 to 2/3 standard size.
• OHF 40A 2/3 standard size.
• OHF 513 2/3 standard size.
• OHF 87A 2/3 standard size.
– OHF 97 Standard size
• Newer Dwarfing Stock - Pyrodwarf
and Pyro 233. 1/2 size. Earlier fruiting
than OHF, no reduced fruit size
• Quince – only works for some pears
Asian Pear Rootstock
• Pyrus betulaefolia
– large tree, tolerates wet soils, hardy 0 F
• Pyrus calleryana – preferred in S.E. because of fire blight resistance, hardy 0-10 F
• Pyrus communis (Old Home x Farmingdale)
– Dwarfed 50%, hardy -30 F
• Pyrus ussuriensis– cold hardy -30F
European Pear Varieties• Moonglow – August 10 FBR
• Clapp's Favorite - August 10
• Red Clapps - August 10
• Bartlett - August 20
• Red Bartlett - August 20
• Seckel - August 28 (small)
• Blake's Pride – Sept. 2 FBR
• Magness – Sept. 5 FBR
• Potomac – Sept. 8 FBR
• Buerre D'Anjou – Sept. 12
• Buerre Bosc – Sept. 15 (long keeper)
• Many heirlooms
Asian Pears
• Fertility requirements
not high.
• Adapted to a range of:
– Soils.
– Climates.
• Fewer pest problems
than other tree fruits.
Asian Pears
• Less cold hardy than European (-20F)
zones 5-9.
• May lose bloom in springs with variable
freezing.
• Fireblight susceptible.
• Set too heavy, require thinning. ex Shinko
• Require careful harvest.
Three Types of Asian
Pear
• Based on fruit shape and skin color:
– Round or flat fruit with green or yellow skin.
– Round or flat fruit with bronze-colored or
bronze-russet skin.
– Pear-shaped with green or russet skin.
Asian Pear Varieties
• Shinseiki - August 20
• Kosui - August 23
• Hosui - August 28
• Shinko - September 10
• Niitaka - September 17
• Yoinashi - September 20
• Tse Li - October 1
• Ya Li - October 1
• Atago - October 5
• Olympic - October 10
• Many othersAtago
Fireblight Resistance
• Highly resistant
– Shinko
• Moderately resistant
– Chojuro
– Shinsei
– Korean Giant
– Yoinashi
Yoinashi Asian Pear
• Light to golden brown
skin
• Crunchy, sweet
• Crisp, juicy
• Ripen late August
Korean Giant Asian
Pears
• Some russet,
greenish yellow.
• Late Sept – early Oct
harvest.
• Very large fruit.
• Fireblight tolerance.
Chinese Pears – Ya
Li
• Bloom 1 week ahead
of Korean pears.
• Freeze out more often
• Long season.
• Smooth, green skin.
• Medium fruit size.
Asian Pear Bloom
• Flowering time:
– after peaches
– before apples
• Pears are partially
self fruitful.
• Limit fruit to 1-2 per
cluster
• Cluster 4-6 in. apart
Pear Pollination ChartPollen
Source
Variety
Pollinated Shinko ChojuroKorean
Giant
20th
CenturyYoinashi Housi Kosui
Shinko
Chojuro
Korean Giant
20th Century
Yoinashi
Housi
Kosui
Quince – Cydonia oblonga
• Minor fruit
• Not eaten fresh
• Used in cooking– High pectin, jelly
– Sauces
• Different from flowering quince
• Can be kept as a large bush or small tree
Apple and Pear Planting
Systems
• Standard– 20 x 20, 18 x 24, 18 x 20,
18 x 18
• Medium density semi-dwarfs– 20 x 12, 18 x 12
• High density– Vertical axis 6 x 15
– HYTEC 6 x 12
– Slender spindle 5 x 12
Planting
• Fall planting
• Spring planting
• Store cold or plant
promptly
• Size hole to spread roots
• Plant at nursery depth
• Modify compact soils
• Wet roots
• Firm soil – no air pockets
Soil Fertility & Plant
Nutrition• pH 6.0-6.5
• P and K add if below optimum according to soil test
• Best to adjust before establishment
• N - .05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 lbs per tree– First 4 years
• Fireblight susceptible should receive less N, Pears also.
Pruning• Dwarf trees require
minimal pruning
• Scaffold development– Scaffold selection and
spacing
• Maintenance– Upright growth
– Dead or diseased
– Crossing branches
– Unproductive spurs
• Light penetration vs Sunscald
• Maintaining shape
• Plant height – Grow quickly to desired height then control leader
Thinning
• Important for fruit size in
apples
• Control alternate bearing
• Smaller orchards by hand
Disease Management
• Scab
• Fire blight
• Bitter rot
• Rust (cedar-apple)
• Black rot
• White rot
• Powdery mildew
• Fly speck
• Leaf spots
• Fungicide selection
• Fungicide schedule
Fireblight
• Triggered by
– Heat
– Moisture
• Transmitted by
– Bees
– Other insects
– Wind rain
• Apply dormant copper or
Bordeaux.
• Apply Streptomycin
during bloom.
Insect Management
• Sucking – stink bug, lygus bug
• Apple maggot
• Codling moth
• Oriental fruit moth
• Bud moth
• Plum curculio
• Japanese beetles
• Mites, Aphids, Scales
• Leafhoppers
• Leaf miners
• Leaf rollers
• Pear psylla
• Insecticides
• IPM methods
• Timing of controls
Stink Bug Damage
• Apply insectides
beginning at petal fall
through cover sprays.
– Imidan 70 WP
– Confirm 2F
– Capture 2E
– Danitol 2.4 EC
– Avaunt 30 WDG
Harvest
• Ground color change
in some varieties
• More easily detached
but before drops
• Sweetness, proper
taste
• Pick less ripe for
storage
Handling and Storage
• Reduce bruising
– Limited transfers,
dropping
• Varietal differences
– Short term storage
– Longer storage
• Storage – 32 F and 90%
humidity
• Controlled atmosphere
– Low oxygen high nitrogen
Asian Pear Harvest
• Harvest gently
susceptible to bruising.
• Wind & rain cause fruit
drop.
• Store at 32-35 F at 90-
95% RH.
• Will store up to 3 mo.
Pawpaws
• Hardy in this area
• Very underutilized
fruit
• Custard-like
• Easy to grow
• Do not store well
Some VarietiesPeterson’s Pawpaw’s, Harpers Ferry WV
www.petersonpawpaws.com
Shenandoah
Susquehanna
Rappahannock
Figs• Questionable hardiness
• 10-20 F
• High tunnel?
• Great fresh
• Good direct market if you can grow it
• Some successful in DE home gardens
• Hardy Celeste, Hardy Chicago varieties
• Protected area
• Straw mulch and remove
• Row covers