Prof. Ravindra GaikwadDepartment Of Geography

S. N. Arts, D. J. M. Commerce & B.N.S. Science College Sangamner – 422605

Contemporary Issues & Geography

Economic IssuesEmail ID- georavindra@gmail.com

Phone - 9850448093

•ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ã ‚ãããä¥ã „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¶ã Globalization & Libralization

• ‚ã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãßã¦ã 1970 ¶ãâ¦ãÀ •ããØããä¦ã‡ãŠãè‡ãŠÀ¥ã Ìã „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÊãã ÔãìÁÌãã¦ã ¢ããÊããè.

• ºãÖìÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ‡ãŠâ¹ã¶¾ãã ‚ã½ãñãäÀ‡ãñŠÞ¾ãã ¹ãƼããÌããŒããÊããèÊã ‚ããâ¦ãÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ¶ãã¥ãñ ãä¶ã£ããè ( IMF)¾ããâÞ¾ãã ½ã㣾ã½ãã¦ãî¶ã ‡ãŠ•ãà ªñ¦ãã¶ãã Êã㪥¾ãã¦ã ¾ãñ¥ããžãã ‚ã›ãè¦ãî¶ã „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞããè ‡ãŠãÀÌããƒÃ ÔãìÁ ¢ããÊããè.

•ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ã ‚ãããä¥ã „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¶ã Globalization & Libralization

¼ããÀ¦ã ÔãÀ‡ãŠããè¶ãñ 24 •ãîÊãõ 1991 ½ã£¾ãñ ¶ãÌããè¶ã ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠£ããñÀ¥ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÁ¶ã ºãã•ããÀããä£ããäÓŸ¦ã ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠£ããñÀ¶ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÀÊãñ ¦ãòÌÖã¹ããÔãî¶ã Œãžãã ‚ã©ãöãñ ¼ããÀ¦ãã¦ã Œãã•ããäØã‡ãŠÀ¥ã, „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ã Ìã •ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÔã ÔãìÁÌãã¦ã ¢ããÊããè.

•ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ã Globalization

• “ªñÍããÞ¾ãã Àã•ã‡ãŠãè¾ã ‚ãããä¥ã ¼ããõØããñãäÊã‡ãŠ Ôããè½ãã ÀñÓãã ‚ããñÊããâ¡î¶ã ‡ãñŠÊãñ •ãã¥ããÀñ ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠̾ãÌãÖãÀ ½Ö¥ã•ãñ •ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ã Öãñ¾ã.”

• •ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ãã¦ã ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ „¦¹ã㪶ãñ, Íãñ¦ã½ããÊã, Øãìâ¦ãÌã¥ãî‡ãŠ, ¼ããâ¡ÌãÊã, Àãñ•ãØããÀ , Ñã½ã, ºããõãä£ã‡ãŠ Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããè ƒ. ªñÍããÞ¾ãã Ôããè½ãã ‚ããñÊãã¡î¶ã ªìÔãžãã ªñÍãã¦ã •ãã¦ãã¦ã ¦¾ããÌãÀ ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀÞãñ ‡ãŠãñ¥ã¦¾ããÖãè ¹ãƇãŠãÀÞãñ ãä¶ã¾ã¨ãâ¥ã ¶ãÔã¦ãñ.

½ãì‡ã‹¦ã ̾ã¹ãÀ £ããñÀ¥ããäÌã‡ãŠãäÔã¦ã ªñÍããâ¡î¶ã ãäÌã‡ãŠÔã¶ãÍããèÊã ªñÍããâ‡ãŠ¡ñ Öãñ¥ããÀñ ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠Ôãâ‰ãŠ½ã¥ãÌããÖ¦ãî‡ãŠ Ì㠪ߥãÌãߥã àãñ¨ãã¦ããèÊã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã¹ãƦãñ‡ãŠ ªñÍãã¶ãñ ̾ãã¹ããÀãÔããŸãè Œãìʾãã ‡ãñŠÊãñʾãã Ôããè½ããºãÖìÀãÓ›Èãè¾ã ‡ã⊹㶾ããâÞãã ãäÌãÔ¦ããÀÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀãè ½ãª¦ã

•ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ããÞãñ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Causes of Globalization

ÞããØãÊãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã½ããØããÔãÊãñʾãã ªñÍããâ¶ãã ¶ãÌããè¶ã ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Êãã¼ã ºãã•ãã¹ãñŸãâÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ àãñ¨ãã¦ã ¹ãÆØã¦ããè ÔããâÔ‡ãðŠ¦ããè‡ãŠ ªñÌãã¥ã - ÜãñÌãã¥ã Àãñ•ãØããÀã¦ã Ìã㤠ÀãÖ¥ããè½ãã¶ããÞãã ª•ããà „âÞããÌã¦ããñ Êããñ‡ãŠãâÞ¾ãã „¹ã¼ããñؾ㠹ãã¦ãßãè¦ã Ìã㤠Öãñ¦ãñ ¼ããâ¡ÌãÊããè ºãã•ããÀãÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã Öãñ¦ããñ.

•ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ããÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã Effects of Globalization

•ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¶ããÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã Effects of Globalization

ÌããƒÃ› ¹ããä¥ãã½ã ‚ãã¾ãã¦ã Íãìʇ㊠Ôã½ã㹦ããèÞãã ªìÓ¹ããäÀ¥ãã‡ãŠ Œãã•ããäØã‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã ØããäÀºã Ìã Ñããè½ãâ¦ã ¾ããâÞ¾ã¦ã ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã Ìã㤦ãñ ÔÌãªñÍããè „²ããñØããâ¶ãã £ããñ‡ãŠã Àãñ•ãØããÀãÞãã ¹ãÆͶã ̾ã¹ããÀã¦ã ãäÌã‡ãŠÔã¶ãÍããèÊã ªñÍããâÌãÀ ‚㶾ãã¾ã

„ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¶ã Liberalization • ¼ããÀ¦ã ÔãÀ‡ãŠããè¶ãñ 24 •ãîÊãõ 1991 ½ã£¾ãñ

¶ãÌããè¶ã ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠£ããñÀ¥ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÁ¶ã ºãã•ããÀããä£ããäÓŸ¦ã ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠£ããñÀ¶ã ÔÌããè‡ãŠãÀÊãñ ¦ãòÌÖã¹ããÔãî¶ã Œãžãã ‚ã©ãöãñ ¼ããÀ¦ãã¦ã Œãã•ããäØã‡ãŠÀ¥ã, „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ã Ìã •ããØããä¦ããä‡ãŠ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÔã ÔãìÁÌãã¦ã ¢ããÊããè. ¾ãã ¦ããè¶ã Ôãâ‡ãŠÊ¹ã¶ãã †‡ãŠãä¨ã¦ã¹ã¥ãñ LPG Model ½Ö¥ãî¶ã ‚ããñߌãʾãã •ãã¦ãã¦ã,

• ¹ããè. ÌÖãè. ¶ãÀãäÔãâÖÀãÌã ¾ããâÞ¾ãã ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀ¶ãñ „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞããè ¹ãÆãä‰ãŠ¾ãã ÔãìÁ ‡ãñŠÊããè. ¡ãù ½ã¶ã½ããñÖ¶ã ãäÔãâØã Öñ ¦¾ããÌãñßÞãñ ‚ãã©ãýãâ¨ããè Öãñ¦ãñ. ¦¾ãã¶ããè 1991 ¦ãñ 1993 ÔããÊããè „ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¥ããÞãñ £ããñÀ¥ã •ãããäÖÀ ‡ãñŠÊãñ.

„ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¶ããÞãñ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Causes of Liberalization

A.ÌãñØãÌãñØãß¾ãã ¹ãã¦ãß¾ããÌãÀ ‚ãÔãÊãñÊããè ãä¶ã¾ãâ¥ãñ ‡ãŠ½ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ‡ãŠã¤î¶ã ›ã‡ãŠ¥ãñ

B.‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠̾ãÌãÖãÀã¦ããèÊã ÔãÀ‡ãŠãÀãè ÖÔ¦ãàãñ¹ã ‡ãŠ½ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ

C.‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠ÔãÖã¾¾ã¦ã㠇㊽ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ

D.ªñÍãã¦ããèÊã Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãã ¹ã¾ããù¦ã Ìãã¹ãÀ Öãñ¥¾ããÔããŸãè ‚ãã©ãÃ̾ãÌãÔ©ãã ‡ãìŠÊããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ

„ªããäÀ‡ãŠÀ¶ããÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ãEffects of Liberalization

A. ªñÍããè ãäÌãªñÍããè „²ããñØã ÔãâÔ©ãñ½ã£¾ãñ Ô¹ã£ããà ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¦ãñ.

B. ¹ãÀãä‡ãŠ¾ã Øãìâ¦ãÌã¥ãî‡ãŠãèÔã ½ããñ‡ãŠßãè‡ãŠ ãä½ãߦãñ.

C. Ô¹ã£ãó½ãìßñ ªñÍããè „²ããñØããâÞããè ‡ãŠã¾ãÃàã½ã¦ãã ‚ãããä¥ã Øãì¥ãÌ㦦ãã Ìã㤦ãñ

D. ‡ãŠã¶ãØããÀãâÞããè ½ã‡ã‹¦ãñªãÀãè ‡ãŠ½ããè Öãñ¦ãñ.

E. ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã Ôã㣾㠇ãŠÀ¥ãñ Íã‡ã‹¾ã ¢ããÊãñ.

¹ãƪñãäÍã‡ãŠ ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊã Regional Disparity

• “¹ãƦ¾ãñ‡ãŠ ªñÍããÞ¾ãã ¹ãƪñÍããâÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã †‡ãŠÔããÀŒãã ‚ãã¤ß¦ã ¶ããÖãè. ‡ãŠãÖãè ¹ãƪñÍãã¦ã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔãã¦ã Øããä¦ã½ãã¶ã¦ãã ‚ãã¤ß¦ãñ ¦ãÀ ‡ãŠãÖãè ¹ãƪñÍãã¦ã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔããÞããè Øã¦ããè½ãã¶ã¦ã㠇㊽ããè ‚ãã¤ß¦ãñ. ¾ããÊããÞã ¹ãƪñÍããÞããè ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã ãä‡ãâŠÌãã ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊã ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã.”

• ¹ãƪñÍããè‡ãŠ ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã Öãè Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãñ ‚ãÔã½ãã¶ã ãäÌã¦ãÀ¶ã, ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔããÞãñ Ü㛇㊠¾ãã½ãìßñ ãä¶ã½ããÃ¥ã Öãñ¦ãñ.

¹ãƪñãäÍã‡ãŠ ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊã Regional Disparity

• ¹ãƪñÍããè‡ãŠ ãäÌãÓã½ã¦ãã ãäÖ •ããØã¦ããè‡ãŠ Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã ‚ããÖñ.

• ¼ããÀ¦ãã¦ã ¹ãâ•ããºã, Øãì•ãÀã¦ã, ‡ãŠ¶ããۇ㊠‡ãñŠÀß, ¦ãããä½ã߶ãã¡î, ‚ããâ£ãƹãƪñÔã, ¹ã. ºãâØããÊã ¾ãã Ôã㕾ããâÞãã ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã •ããԦ㠢ããÊãñÊãã ‚ããÖñ. ¦ãÀ ãäºãÖãÀ ½ã. ¹ãƪñÍã, Àã•ãÔ©ãã¶ã, „. ¹ãƪñÍã ¾ãã À㕾ããâ¶ãã •ããØããä¦ã‡ãŠ ºãú‡ãñŠ¶ãñ ãäºã½ããÁ À㕾㠽֥ãî¶ã ÜããñãäÓã¦ã ‡ãñŠÊãñ ‚ããÖñ.

•ãØãã¦ããèÊã ªñÍããâÞãñ ªÀ¡ãñƒÃ

„¦¹ã¸ã

¹ãƪñãäÍã‡ãŠ ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊããÞããè ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ Causes of Regional Disparity

• ¼ããõØããñãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ• ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ• Àã•ããä‡ãŠ¾ã ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ• †ñãä¦ãÖããäÔã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ• Ôãã½ãããä•ã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ• ½ãã¶ãÌããè ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ

¹ãƪñãäÍã‡ãŠ ‚ãÔã½ã¦ããñÊããÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã

Effects of Regional Disparity

• „²ããñØããÞãñ ‡ãòŠã䳇ãŠÀ¥ã• Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãñ ‡ãòŠã䳇ãŠÀ¥ã• ãä¼âã¸ã ÀãÖ¥ããè½ãã¶ã • ½ãìÊã¼ãî¦ã Ôããñ¾ããéÞãã

ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã• ¹ãƪîÓã¥ããÞããè Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã• Ôãã½ãããä•ã‡ãŠ ‚ããäÔ©ãÀ¦ãã • Ô©ãâÊãã¦ãÀãÞããè Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã

¼ããõØããñãäÊã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ

‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ

‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ

„²ããñØããÞãñ ‡ãòŠã䳇ãŠÀ¥ã

¹ãƪîÓã¥ããÞããè Ôã½ãÔ¾ãã

Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãã ¹ãìÀñ¹ãîÀ Ìãã¹ãÀExploitation of resources

• ‚ããã䪽ãã¶ãÌãã¹ããÔãî¶ã ¾ãâ¨ã¾ãìØãã¦ããèÊã ½ãã¶ãÌãã¹ã¾ãæã ØãÀ•ãã Ìã ½ããØ㥾ããâÞ¾ãã ¹ãî¦ãæãñÔããŸãè ¹ã¾ããÃÌãÀ¥ããâ¦ã ‚ãŒã⡹ã¥ãñ £ã¡¹ã¡ ÔãìÁ ‚ããÖñ.

• “ãä¶ãÔãØããæããèÊã •¾ãã ÌãÔ¦ãìÞããâ ‚ã©ãÌãã ¹ãªã©ããÄÞãã Ìãã¹ãÀ ½ãã¶ãÌãã̪ãÀñ ‡ãñŠÊãã •ãã¦ããñ ¦¾ããÔã ÔãâÔãã£ã¶ã ‚ãÔãñ ½Ö¥ã¦ãã¦ã.”

ãä‡ãâŠÌãã “½ãã¶ãÌããÊãã ‡ãŠãñ¥ã¦¾ãã ¶ãã

‡ãŠãñ¥ã¦¾ãã¦ãÀãè ¹ãƇãŠãÀñ „¹ã¾ããñØããè ¹ã¡¥ããÀñ ¹ã¾ããÃÌãÀ¥ããè¾ã Ü㛇㊠½Ö¥ã•ãñ Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããè Öãñ¾ã.”

Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãã ¹ãìÀñ¹ãîÀ Ìãã¹ãÀãÞããè ‡ãŠãÀ¥ãñ

Causes of Exploitation of resources

• Ìã㤦ããè Êããñ‡ãŠÔã⌾ãã• ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã• Ìã㤦ãñ ¶ããØãÀãè‡ãŠÀ¥ã• ‚ãã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Ìã㤦ãã Ìãã¹ãÀ• ÞãÀã… ‡ãìŠÀ¥ããÞãã Ìãã¹ãÀ

Ôãã£ã¶ãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÞãã ¹ãìÀñ¹ãîÀ Ìãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã

Effects of Exploitation of resources

• Ìã¶ãÔã⦦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã• •ãÊãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã• Œããä¶ã•ã Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã• ÍãŦ‡ãŠãèÔãã£ã¶ããâÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÌãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã• •ããä½ããä¶ãÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÌãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã

‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ ãäÌã‡ãŠãÔã

Ìã㤦ãñ ¶ããØãÀãè‡ãŠÀ¥ã

‚ãã£ãîãä¶ã‡ãŠ ¦ãâ¨ã—ãã¶ããÞãã Ìã㤦ãã Ìãã¹ãÀ

ÞãÀã… ‡ãìŠÀ¥ããÞãã Ìãã¹ãÀ

Ìã¶ãÔã⦦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã

•ãÊãÔãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã

Œããä¶ã•ã Ôãâ¹ã¦¦ããèÌãÀãèÊã ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã

•ããä½ããä¶ãÞ¾ãã ‚ããä¦ãÌãã¹ãÀãÞãñ ¹ããäÀ¥ãã½ã