Productivity

PRODUKTIVITAS

Amarria Dila Sari, S.T

What productivity is

What effectiveness is

What Effisiency is

How do we measure it

Why do we think it matters

PRODUCTIVITY…A VERY OLD BUT STILL RELEVANT CONCEPT

Recent interest in productivity reflects the

public’s awareness of productivity’s impact

on economic growth, living standards

and competitiveness.

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Pengukuran produktivitas telah menjadi topik

penelitian yang berkembang dan banyak dilakukan

oleh para peneliti dari berbagai macam disiplin ilmu

baik itu akuntasi, ekonomi, teknik maupun riset

operasi.

What is productivity?

– The first time the word "productivity" was mentioned was

in an article by Quesnay in the year 1766

– In 1883, Littre defined productivity as the "faculty to

produce," that is, the desire to produce

What is Productivity?

Productivity is a summary measure of the

quantity and quality of work performance

with resource utilization considered.

The traditional economic definition of productivity focuses on the ratio of

product or service outputs to resource inputs.

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The early twentieth century (1900s), that the term acquired a

more precise meaning as a relationship between output and

the means employed to produce that output.

Vincen Gasverz (1998:19) mengatakan bahwa “ Produktivitas

merupakan suatu kombinasi dari efektivitas dan efisiensi,

keberhasilan yang dipandang dari dua sisi sekaligus yaitu sisi

input dan output.”

Produktivitas kerja menurut Cascio (1998) adalah produktivitas

sebagai pengukuran output berupa barang atau jasa dalam

hubungannya dengan input yang berupa karyawan, modal,

materi atau bahan baku dan peralatan

Productivity

Productivity: Definition

Productivity = perbandingan antara (output) yang dicapai dengan masukan (input) yang diberikan.

Mathematically:

P OI

• Output adalah hasil produksi berupa barang

atau jasa, sedangkan

• Input adalah sumber daya ekonomis yang

digunakan untuk memperoleh hasil tersebut.

Misalnya : faktor tenaga kerja, bahan baku,

modal, teknologi (summanth, 1985)

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Productivity Output (goods & services)

Inputs (labor, equipment

& capital)

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ProductivityOutput Inputs

Productivity Efficiency

Productivity Improvement

OI

OIOI

OI

OI

Productivity Improvement (PI) is the result of managing and intervening in key transformation or work processes.

PI will occur if:

IS PRODUCTIVITY THE SAME AS OUTPUT?

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ProductivityProduction(Output)

Sistem Produktivitas dan Sistem Produksi

• Production is concerned with the activity of producing goods and/or services.

• Productivity is concerned with the efficient utilization of resources (inputs) in producing goods and/or services (output).

Apabila ukuran keberhasilan produksi hanya

dipandang dari sisi output, maka produktivitas

dipandang dari dua sisi sekaligus, yaitu : sisi input dan

sisi output.

Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa produktivitas

berkaitan dengan efisiensi penggunaan input dalam

memproduksi output (barang dan / atau jasa).

• If viewed in quantitative terms, production is the quantity of

output produced, while productivity is the ratio of the output

produced to the inputs used.

• Example 1. Suppose that a company manufacturing electronic

calculators produced 10,000 calculators by employing 50

people at 8 hours/day for 25 days. Then, in this case,

Production = 10,000 calculators

hourmancalculatorhoursman

scalculatorlaborofoductivity

/1

25850

000,10)(Pr

Efficiency is the ratio of the actual output attained to standard output expected

◦ For example, if the output of an operator is 120 pieces per hour while the standard rate is 180 pieces per hour, the operator's efficiency is said to be 120/180 = 0.6667 or 66.67 percent.

Effectiveness is the degree of accomplishment of objectives. In other words, how well a set of results is accomplished reflects the

effectiveness, whereas how well the resources are utilized to accomplish the results refers to the Efficiency.

Productivity is a combination of both effectiveness and efficiency, since effectiveness is related to performance while efficiency is related to resource utilization

20

Efficiency:

Are we doing

the things

right?

Effectiveness:Are we doing the

right thing?

Penggunaan/pemakaian input (sumber daya) untuk menghasilkan output standar yang diharapkan.

Tingkat pencapaian terhadap tujuan dari suatu pekerjaan.

efficiency

esseffectiven

consumedresources

achievedeperformanc

endedinput

obtainedoutputIndexoductivity

exp

Pr

Faktor – faktor yang Mempengaruhi Produktivitas

Pendidikan

Ketrampilan dan kemampuan

Sistem manajemen

Teknologi yang digunakan

Sarana produksi

Iklim lingkungan kerja

Sikap dan cara kerja

Kesehatan dan gizi kerja

Jaminan Sosial

Contoh Pengukuran Produktivitas

Productivity Measurement

• Partial measures– output/(single input)

• Multi-factor measures– output/(multiple inputs)

• Total measure– output/(total inputs)

Productivity Measurement Techniques

Multi-factors productivity: Output/multiple inputs

Total Productivity: Output/total inputs

Inputs

Outputs =ty Productivi

Productivity Measurement

• Result on Productivity:

– P < 1 output less than input (less productivity)– P = 1 output equal to input (equally productive)– P > 1 output higher than input (high productivity)

Partial Measures

• keluaran terhadap salah satu jenis masukan saja,

• misalkan produktivitas material:

– Produktivitas material = keluaran / jumlah material

• Kelebihan: – mudah dimengerti– Dpt digunakan untuk mengevaluasi suatu area/bagian utk peningkatan

produktivitas secara spesifik.• Kelemahan:

– Tidak dpt digunakan untuk menghitung produktivitas secara keseluruhan

Partial Productivity

•= Output/LabourLabour Productivity

•= Output/MaterialMaterial Productivity

•=Output/MachineMachine Productivity

Single Factor Approach toMeasuring Productivity

• Capital - Number of products produced divided by asset value

• Materials - Number of products produced divided by dollars spent on

materials

• Direct Labor - Number of products produced divided by direct labor-hours

Multi-factor measures

• rasio keluaran terhadap sejumlah masukan• Kelebihan:

– Evaluasi hasil pengukuran dapat secara menyeluruh lebih mudah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor apa saja yang perlu diperbaiki.

• Kekurangan:– Sulit dimengerti– Membutuhkan data-data yang kompleks sehingga

sulit untuk dilakukan pengukuran.

Multi-factors Productivity

•Output/(Labor + machine)Multi-factors productivity

•Output/(Labor + machine+ material)

Multi-factors productivity

•Output/(Labor + energy+ material)

Multi-factors productivity

Etc…

Example A. Consider the ABC Company. The data for output produced and

inputs consumed for a particular time period are given below:

◦ Output = $ 1000

◦ Human input = 300

◦ Material input = 200

◦ Capital input = 300

◦ Energy input = 100

◦ Other expense input = 50

It is assumed that these values are in constant dollars with respect to a

base period. Then the partial and total productivity values are computed

as follows:

Case Study

Case Study [cont’d]

• Partial productivities:

33.3$/$300

1000

humaninput

outputctivityHumanprodu

00.5$/$200

1000

putmaterialin

outputoductivityMaterialpr

33.3$/$300

1000

utcapitalinp

outputductivityCapitalpro

00.10$/$100

1000

tenergyinpu

outputuctivityEnergyprod

00.20$/$50

1000

exp.exp

enseinputother

outputenseprodOther

Measurement Model of Productivity

• Model-model yang menggunakan pengukuran produktivitas multifaktor:– Model pengukuran produktivitas total (Total

Produktivity)• Model Marvin E. Mundel• Model Craig-Haris

– Model pengukuran produktivitas faktor total (Total-Factor Productivity)

– Model pengukuran Produktivitas Objective Matrix (OMAX)

Total Productivity

• Model Marvin E Mundel (1976)– AOMP=Aggregate outputs

measured period– RIMP=Resource inputs

measured period– AOBP=Aggregate outputs

base period– RIBP=Resource input base

period

100

AOMPAOBPIP xRIMPRIBP

Total Productivity

• CPI (Current Performance Index) =

• BPI (Based Performance Index) =

• OI (Output Index) =

• II (Input Index) =

RIMPAOMP

RIBPAOBP

AOBPAOMP

RIBPRIMP

Model of Marvin E. Mundel(03) Example: Lion Air has data as follow:

Determine: AOMP,AOBP,AIMP,AIBP,CPI,BPI,OI,II and IP

No.

Statement 2003 2004

1. 2. 3.4. 5.6.7. 8.9.

TicketingDirect labor costIndirect labor cost Cargo serviceOverhead costVIP flight serviceBuilding cost for rentMaintenance cost Administration cost

10 billion4 billion2 billion2 billion1 billion500 million1.5 billion800 million200 million

15 billion5 billion3 billion1.4 billion700 million600 million2 billion500 million300 million

Determine:- AOMP : Agregated Output, Measured Period- AOBP : Agregated Output, Base Period- AIMP : Agregated Inputs, Measured Period- AIBP : Agregated Inputs, Base Period- CPI : Current Performance Index- BPI : Base Performance Index- OI : Output Index- II : Inputs Index

Model of Marvin E. Mundel(04)

• Solution:1. Statements of output:– Ticketing– Cargo service– VIP flight service

2. Statements of input:– Direct labor cost– Indirect labor cost– Overhead cost– Building cost for rent– Maintenance cost – Administration cost

Model of Marvin E. Mundel

• AOMP = 15 + 1.4 +0.600 (billion) = 17 billion• AOBP = 10 + 2 + 0.500 (billion) = 12.5 billion• AIMP = 5 + 3 + 0.700 + 2 + 0.500 + 0.300 = 11.5 billion• AIBP = 4 + 2 + 1 + 1.5 + 0.800 + 0.200 = 9.5 billion

32.15.9

5.12

AIBP

AOBPBPI 48.1

5.11

17

AIMP

AOMPCPI

38.15.12

17

AOBP

AOMPOI 2.1

5.9

5.11

AIBP

AIMPII

%35.112100

5.9

5.125.11

17

1002004

AIBP

AOBPAIMP

AOMP

IP

Total Productivity

• Model craig-Haris

dengan:Pt = produktivitas totalC = faktor masukan modalL = faktor masukan tenaga kerjaR = masukan bahan mentah dan barang-barang yang dibeliO = faktor masukan barang dan jasa yang lain yaitu biaya beraneka macamOt = hasil total

ORCL

OtPt

Total factor productivity

• berdasarkan pada keluaran bersih (net output) thd banyaknya tenaga kerja dan modal yang digunakan.

TFP = faktor total produktivitasL = tenaga kerja sebagai masukanC = modal sebagai masukanO = value added

mdaltenagakrja

othersenergimaterialskeluaran

CL

OTFP

)(

Total factor productivity

• hanya menggambarkan hubungan antara ourput dengan tenaga kerja dan modal.

• Material, energi dan biaya-biaya lainnya merupakan hasil pengurangan dari keluaran dan bukan termasuk dalam masukan.

• Kelebihan:– Dpt untuk menghitung persamaan tenaga kerja

dan modal

Objective Matrix (OMAX)

• Jim Riggs- Oregon Productivity Center 1983• Produktivitas = fungsi beberapa kriteria yang berbeda-beda

yang akan dijadikan ukuran produktivitas dari suatu kelompok kerja dan digabungkan ke dalam sebuah matriks.

• Kriteria produktivitas punya sasaran perbaikan dan bobot sesuai dengan tingkat kepentingan manajemen.

• Hasil akhir OMAX: indikator pencapaian suatu kelompok kerja


• Kelebihan:– Realistis dan lengkap (sumber perbaikan: bobot & berpatokan pada

periode sebelumnya)– Data mudah diperoleh– Kemudahan dalam menentukan indikator kinerjanya, tdk perlu rumus

yang rumit

• Kekurangan:– Bobot ditentukan berdasarkan pengalaman manajer data belum

tentu valid– Perlu pengukuran yang kontinu untuk mendapatkan indeks kinerja

yang diharapkan


• Functions:

– Productivity measurement method

– Problem solving tool for Productivity

– Monitoring productivity improvement


• Three important aspects:– Awareness

– Improvement

– Maintenance

OMAX Structure

OMAX Structure

• A Defining:– Productivity criteria:

• Ex: output/hour, scrap/100 units– Current Performance:

• Ex: output/hour = 100, scrap/100 units = 4

• B Quantifying:– Scales: 11 scale indicating level from 0 to 10:

• Level 0, the worst productivity that might be happened• Level 3, current productivity• Level 10, the expected productivity

OMAX Structure

• B Quantifying:– Scores: indicating productivity score

• C Monitoring:– Scores: score for each productivity criterion– Weighting: indicate the relative importance for each productivity

criterion

OMAX (Example)

Kriteria produktivitas - OMAX

• Rasio 1 : – tingkat keuntungan: revenue / biaya produksi

• Rasio 2:– Tingkat kegagalan produksi:

• Jumlah produk yang diperbaiki / jumlah produk yang dihasilkan

• Rasio 3:– Tingkat efisiensi pegngunaan energi

• Jumlah produk yang dihasilkan / jmlh pemakaian listrik


• Rasio 4 : tingkat kehadiran tenaga kerja– Jumlah absensi tenaga kerja / jmlh tenaga kerja

• Rasio 5: tingkat jam lembur– Jlmh jam lembur tenaga kerja / jmlh jam kerja

normal• Rasio 6: tingkat efektivitas jam kerja per

produk– Recovered hours / (labor hours+overtime-absensi)


• Rasio 7 : tingkat efektivitas pencapaian nilai produksi – Jmlh produk dihasilkan / jmlh target produk

• Rasio 8: tingkat efektivitas jam tenaga kerja– Jmlh produk dihasilkan / labor hours

• Rasio 9: tingkat down time– Tingkat kegagalan produksi:

• Jumlah jam kerusakan mesin / total jam mesin normal

• Rasio 10: tingkat kegunaan mesin– Jmlh produk dihasilkan / jumlah mesin


• Example:No. Productivity criteria units 1 January 2003 Measured

performance on 30 dec.2003

The worst performance

Expected performance

Based performance

1.

2.

3. 4.

5.

6.

Speed of service

Lateness

Queuing

Idle time

Absent

Complain

min./man

min./day

man

minute

man/day

man/wk

10

60

8

60

10

7

2

10

2

15

2

0

4

45

5

30

4

5

3

30

5

40

5

2


%100Pr

eperformancBased

eperformancBasedindicatoroductivityeperformancofIndex

%100300

300Pr

indicatoroductivityeperformancofIndex

460

70303030180120

Pr

valuesallofsumaindicatoroductivity

weightscoreValue

%33.53%100300

300460

eperformancofIndex

Productivity

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