Producing food for humans – from animals or crops? Tackling competition for freshwater use between...

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Results from this study, illustrated in figure 2, show that: • Extensive beef requires the most water per kg of beef •The more intensive systems relying on seeded pasture, rather than natural, and finishing on feedlot require less water than the natural pasture system •All systems depend almost enBrely on green water, only 1,5 percent of total CWU originates as blue water •The green water on croplands is a substanBal part of the feedlot systems finishing on seeded and natural pasture; 31 and 48 percent respecBvely •The two more intensive systems would contribute more to HDP by culBvaBon of crops for human consumpBon instead of feed crops for beef caPle Producing food for humans – from animals or crops? Tackling compeBBon for freshwater use between crop and animal producBon Y. Ran 1,2 M. Lannerstad 3 M. Herrero 4 C. E. M Van Middelaar 1 I. J. M De Boer 1 The demand for livestock products is expected to double by 2050 resulBng from populaBon growth, urbanizaBon and rising incomes (1,2) The major part of the increase will take place in developing countries (3) About one third of global water evapotranspired over agricultural lands can be aPributed to livestock (4) A new approach to water assessments for livestock The aim of this study, is to develop a new approach to livestock water use that determines the environmental impact associated with resource ouPake, while accounBng for the compeBBon for freshwater use between producBon of food and feed crops. The conceptual approach is illustrated in figure 1. The methodology developed here goes beyond assessment of livestock CWU and aims at capturing local impacts of freshwater use in the landscape and compeBBon over resources This highlights the importance of considering water resources from a perspecBve of compeBBon and potenBality, rather than as a quanBtaBve value This is an ongoing research collaboraBon between 1 Stockholm Environment InsBtute, 2 Wageningen InsBtute for Animal Sciences, 4 Commonwealth ScienBfic and Industrial Research OrganizaBon and 3 InternaBonal Livestock Research InsBtute Corresponding author: Ylva Ran [email protected] ● Linnégatan 87 D, 115 23 Stockholm, Sweden● www.seiinternaBonal.org Acknowledgements: Pablo Modernel and ValenBn Picasso, Facultad Agronimia, Universidade de la República Urguay This document is licensed for use under a CreaBve Commons APribuBon –Non commercialShare Alike 3.0 Unported License November 2014 Challenge Evidence Response Five Uruguayan beef producBon systems were studied for esBmaBon of consumpBve water use and potenBality of land and water resources to contribute to human digesBble protein, HDP. HDP is produced either by livestock producBon directly, or culBvaBon of suitable food crops for human consumpBon directly. The water resources consumed for each system was then compared to the raBo of potenBal to contribute to HDP from food or livestock producBon on the current spaBal occupaBon of that livestock system (6). ConsumpBve water use, CWU, for different feed crops in the Uruguayan caPle meat producBon was computed with the global dynamic model LPJmL (4), Figure 1: The conceptual approach to categorize water use in livestock producBon, considering feed and water differences by monogastric and ruminant animals and possible tradeoffs between feed and food crops adapted from Lannerstad and De Boer et al (4, 5) Figure 2 CWU for five different beef producBon systems fed on natural pasture (NP), seeded pasture (SP), and feedlot (FL) in Uruguay . Water resources are categorized in blue and green water over crop and grasslands. 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 NPNP NPSP SPSP NPFL SPFL CWU (liters/kg) Green grassland Green cropland Blue cropland Conclusions Literature cited: 1. IAASTD (2008) Agriculture at a crossroads: Global report, InternaBonal assessment of agricultural knowledge, science and technology for development (IAASTD). Island Press, Washington, D.C., US. 2. Delgado, C., Rosegrant, M., Steinfeld, H., Ehui, S., Courbois, C., (1999) Livestock to 2020. The next revoluBon. , Food, agriculture, and the environment discussion paper 28. IFPRI, Washington, USA, p. 74 3. Alexandratos, N., (2009) World food and agriculture to 2030/50: Highlights and views from mid2009. FAO, Rome, Italy, p. 32. 4. Heinke, J., Lannerstad, M., Hoff, H., Muller, C., Herrero, M., Havlík, P., Gerten, D., Notenbaert, A., Ran, Y., Peden, D., Rockstrom, J. (Manuscript) Livestock and water: A blue, green and green conBnuum. Manuscript 5. De Boer, I.J.M.M., H., van Middelaar, C.E., van Zanten, H.H.E., Klootwijk, C.W., (2014) Measuring land use efficiency by livestock to produce human food: past, present and future, in: Animal ProducBon Systems group, W.U.

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Poster prepared by Y. Ran, M. Lannerstad, M. Herrero, C.E.M Van Middelaar, I.J.M. De Boer for the ILRI@40 Workshop, Addis Ababa, 7 November 2014. The demand for livestock products is expected to double by 2050 resulting from population growth, urbanization and rising incomes. The major part of the increase will take place in developing countries. About one third of global water evapotranspired over agricultural lands can be attributed to livestock. The aim of this study, is to develop a new approach to livestock water use that determines the environmental impact associated with resource outtake, while accounting for the competition for freshwater use between production of food and feed crops.

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Results  from  this  study,  illustrated  in  figure  2,  show  that:  •  Extensive  beef  requires  the  most  water  per  kg  of  beef    •The    more  intensive    systems  relying  on  seeded  pasture,  rather  than  natural,    and  finishing  on  feedlot  require  less    water  than  the  natural  pasture  system  •All  systems  depend  almost  enBrely  on  green  water,  only  1,5  percent  of  total  CWU  originates  as  blue  water  •The  green  water  on  croplands  is  a  substanBal  part  of  the  feedlot  systems  finishing  on  seeded  and  natural  pasture;  31  and  48  percent  respecBvely  •The  two  more  intensive  systems  would  contribute  more  to  HDP  by  culBvaBon  of  crops  for  human  consumpBon  instead  of  feed  crops  for  beef  caPle  

Producing  food  for  humans  –  from  animals  or  crops?  Tackling  compeBBon  for  freshwater  use  between  crop  and  animal  producBon  

 Y.  Ran1,2  M.  Lannerstad3  M.  Herrero4C.  E.  M  Van  Middelaar1  I.  J.  M  De  Boer1  

• The  demand  for  livestock  products  is  expected  to  double  by  2050  resulBng  from  populaBon  growth,  urbanizaBon  and  rising  incomes  (1,2)  • The  major  part  of  the  increase  will  take  place  in  developing  countries    (3)  • About  one  third  of  global  water  evapotranspired  over  agricultural  lands  can  be  aPributed  to  livestock  (4)    A  new  approach  to  water  assessments  for  livestock  The  aim  of  this  study,  is  to  develop  a  new  approach  to  livestock  water  use  that  determines  the  environmental  impact  associated  with  resource  ouPake,  while  accounBng  for  the  compeBBon  for  freshwater  use  between  producBon  of  food  and  feed  crops.  The  conceptual  approach  is  illustrated  in  figure  1.      

The  methodology  developed  here  goes  beyond  assessment  of  livestock  CWU  and  aims  at  capturing  local  impacts  of  freshwater  use  in  the  landscape  and  compeBBon  over  resources  This  highlights  the  importance  of  considering  water  resources  from  a  perspecBve  of  compeBBon  and  potenBality,  rather  than  as  a  quanBtaBve  value  

This  is  an  ongoing  research  collaboraBon  between  1Stockholm  Environment  InsBtute,  2Wageningen  InsBtute  for  Animal  Sciences,  4Commonwealth  ScienBfic  and  Industrial  Research  OrganizaBon  and  3InternaBonal  Livestock  Research  InsBtute  Corresponding  author:  Ylva  Ran  ylva.ran@sei-­‐internaBonal.org  ●  Linnégatan  87  D,  115  23  Stockholm,  Sweden●      www.sei-­‐internaBonal.org  Acknowledgements:  Pablo  Modernel  and  ValenBn  Picasso,  Facultad  Agronimia,  Universidade  de  la  República  Urguay  

This  document  is  licensed  for  use  under  a  CreaBve  Commons  APribuBon  –Non  commercial-­‐Share  Alike  3.0  Unported  License                                                  November  2014  

Challenge  

Evidence  

Response    Five  Uruguayan  beef  producBon  systems  were  studied  for  esBmaBon  of  consumpBve  water  use  and  potenBality  of  land  and  water  resources  to  contribute  to  human  digesBble  protein,  HDP.      HDP  is  produced  either  by  livestock  producBon  directly,  or  culBvaBon  of  suitable  food  crops  for  human  consumpBon  directly.  The  water  resources  consumed  for  each  system  was  then  compared  to  the  raBo  of  potenBal  to  contribute  to  HDP  from  food  or  livestock  producBon  on  the  current  spaBal  occupaBon  of  that  livestock  system  (6).    ConsumpBve  water  use,  CWU,  for  different  feed  crops  in  the  Uruguayan  caPle  meat  producBon  was  computed  with  the  global  dynamic  model  LPJmL  (4),            

Figure  1:  The  conceptual  approach  to  categorize  water  use  in  livestock  producBon,  considering  feed  and  water  differences  by  monogastric  and  ruminant  animals  and  possible  trade-­‐offs  between  feed  and  food  crops  adapted  from  Lannerstad  and  De  Boer  et  al  (4,  5)  

Figure  2  CWU  for  five  different  beef  producBon  systems  fed  on  natural  pasture  (NP),  seeded  pasture  (SP),  and  feedlot  (FL)  in  Uruguay  .  Water  resources  are  categorized  in  blue  and  green  water  over  crop  and  grasslands.  

0  

5000  

10000  

15000  

20000  

25000  

30000  

NP-­‐NP   NP-­‐SP   SP-­‐SP   NP-­‐FL   SP-­‐FL  

CWU  (lite

rs/kg)  

Green  grassland   Green  cropland   Blue  cropland  

Conclusions  

Literature  cited:  1.  IAASTD  (2008)  Agriculture  at  a  crossroads:  Global  report,  InternaBonal  assessment  of  agricultural  knowledge,  science  and  technology  for  development  (IAASTD).  Island  Press,  Washington,  D.C.,  US.  2.  Delgado,  C.,  Rosegrant,  M.,  Steinfeld,  H.,  Ehui,  S.,  Courbois,  C.,  (1999)  Livestock  to  2020.  The  next  revoluBon.  ,  Food,  agriculture,    and  the  environment  discussion  paper  28.  IFPRI,  Washington,  USA,  p.  74  3.  Alexandratos,  N.,  (2009)  World  food  and  agriculture  to  2030/50:  Highlights  and  views  from  mid-­‐2009.  FAO,  Rome,  Italy,  p.  32.  4.  Heinke,  J.,  Lannerstad,  M.,  Hoff,  H.,  Muller,  C.,  Herrero,  M.,  Havlík,  P.,  Gerten,  D.,  Notenbaert,  A.,  Ran,  Y.,  Peden,  D.,  Rockstrom,  J.  (Manuscript)  Livestock  and  water:  A  blue,  green  and  green  conBnuum.  Manuscript  5.  De  Boer,  I.J.M.M.,  H.,  van  Middelaar,  C.E.,  van  Zanten,  H.H.E.,  Klootwijk,  C.W.,  (2014)  Measuring  land  use  efficiency  by  livestock  to  produce  human  food:  past,  present  and  future,  in:  Animal  ProducBon  Systems  group,  W.U.