Processing of Maize SSA [Compatibility Mode]
Transcript of Processing of Maize SSA [Compatibility Mode]
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Harvest and Post-harvest
Processing of Hybrid Maize
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Factors affect in producing hybrid maize
Use of appropriate production technologies
Environmental conditions during growing
period
Time of sowing, harvesting, shelling and
cleaning
Drying method
Storage practice
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insects
rodents
birds
GERMINATION
PLANTING
STORAGE
MARKETING SYSTEM PROCESSING
FOOD PREPARATIONFOOD CONSUMPTIONNUTRITIONAL UTILIZATION
EXPORT
HARVEST
MATURATION
agronomic
practices
insect
damagedisease
abiotic stress
birds / rodents / insectsmicroorganisms
climate
Physical losses
shelling
drying
handling
transport
transport
insects
rodents
microorganisms
viability losses
At what stages in the cycle do losses occur?
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Post-harvest pipe line
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Operations/ Steps Followed in Harvesting
and Post-harvest Processing of Maize
Time of Harvesting
Husking, Sorting and Harvesting method
Drying
Shelling
Cleaning
Weighing, Bagging and storing
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Harvesting
- Plants show distinct sings of drying
- Plant leaves turns light yellow.
- Only few top leaves may be green.
- About 75% HK is almost completely dry andturn to straw/brown colour.
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Mature cobs in the field for harvesting
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There are some hybrids
- Where cobs mature and dry earlier, but
stalks remain green for a longer time.
- Some time force maturity also occurs.
For this consider
i) Degree of drying of HK
ii) MC of grain
iii) Black layer formation to determine
harvesting time.
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Checking of black layer formation
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Indications of seed reaching maturityIndications of seed reaching maturity
Milk layerDry husks
Black layer
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Germination
Dry weight
Size
Humidity
Physiological
maturity
Time after flowering
Seed development and maturation
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Physiological maturityPhysiological maturity
This generally coincides with the maximum
accumulation of dry matter
At Physiological Maturity grains develop to
complete functional maturity and express
maximum quality potential
This generally coincides with the maximum
accumulation of dry matter
At Physiological Maturity grains develop to
complete functional maturity and express
maximum quality potential
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As fodder
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Harvest Timing - EarlyHarvest Timing - Early
At physiological maturity (3035% MC)
Advantages
a) Prevents further damage from corn borer, ear worms,
ear rot fungi etc.
c) Market seed earlier
d) Land availability and timely sowing of subsequent crop
Disadvantages
a) MC remains too high
b) Requires mechanical drying facilities
c) Drying cost often excessive harvesting at this stage
At physiological maturity (3035% MC)
Advantages
a) Prevents further damage from corn borer, ear worms,
ear rot fungi etc.
c) Market seed earlier
d) Land availability and timely sowing of subsequent crop
Disadvantages
a) MC remains too high
b) Requires mechanical drying facilities
c) Drying cost often excessive harvesting at this stage
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Harvest Timing - LateHarvest Timing - Late
At about 1418% MC
Advantage-lower drying cost
Disadvantage Expose the crop toundesireable elements in the field such astemperature and moisture extremes, rainfall, losseslike shattering, diseases, insects, rodents, birds,theft, etc.
At about 1418% MC
Advantage-lower drying cost
Disadvantage Expose the crop toundesireable elements in the field such astemperature and moisture extremes, rainfall, losseslike shattering, diseases, insects, rodents, birds,theft, etc.
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Appropriate harvest time
At physiological maturity MC remains too high.
So, harvesting may be delayed until seed moisture
declines to an economically acceptable level.
If possible, a prompt harvest at field maturity, as
delay will unduly expose the crop to possible
undesirable elements in the field.
Maize grains obtain field maturity typically few days(7-10 day) after physiological maturity.
This is typically in the range of 20-25% MC.
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Harvesting at field maturity results
Improved appearance of grains.
Greater resistance to mechanical injury fromhandling in processing plants.
Reduce drying cost.
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In dry and sunny days harvesting should
be done.
If it is possible, cobs can be harvested by
dehusking directly from the standing
plants.
Consider for harvest
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Effect of yield on harvesting time
Premature harvesting of maize reducesthe yield.Delay in harvesting expose seeds
rainfall, diseases and insects, birddamage, and theft.
Fully mature grain will result inmaximum yield, improved appearance
of grain and greater resistance to
mechanical injury.
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Dehusking by bamboo stick
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Harvest Methods - HandHarvest Methods - Hand
Advantages:
a) Less damage
b) Selective harvest
Advantages:
a) Less damage
b) Selective harvest
Disadvantages:
a) Labor availabilityb) Labor cost
c) Area - timing
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Husking
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Combine direct harvest
One pass maize harvest
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Care after harvesting-drying After harvest, put the cobs on concrete/mats for
drying
Dont heap the un-husked cobs after harvesting
Drying- to bring down the MC prior to shelling
Dehusk the harvested cobs as early as possible -
because initial high moisture can quickly deteriorate
grain quality
After dehusking, immediately the ears spread for sun
drying prior to shelling
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Spreading of harvested cobs Dehusking
Sun drying of dehusked ears
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What to Sort out
1. Diseased ears
2. Pre-germinated
3. Moldy/insect damaged
Cob rot
Corn borer damage
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Sorting/Selection
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Methods of Drying
Conventional method
(1) Sun drying- It is not expensive
De-husked ears or shelled grain are dried by
spreading them evenly & thinly on concretefloor or mats, plastic or canvass.
Takes about 2 to 3 sunny days to dry, it
depends on initial MC and weather condition. MC of de-husked ears should be down to about
18-20% for shelling, while shelled grains about
12% for storage.
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Precautions required in sun drying
No direct contract with soil, use
tarpauline, sheets, mats etc.
Frequent turning of cobs for uniform
drying.
(2) By natural ventilation
(3) Another method is suspending rows
of bundled cobs
Ear with husk open to expose the kernels
on bamboo poles.
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DRYING
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SHELLING
Shelling of ears can be done in various ways after drying
the ears down to about 18-20% MC, to minimize
mechanical damage.
Several types of manually operated corn sheller,
improved hand corn sheller can also be used.
Power driven BARI corn sheller - for commercial use.
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Shelling
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Drying the Seed CropDrying the Seed Crop
Sun drying
Labor is required to spread and turn
cobs (or grain) to evenly expose
them to sun
Sun drying
Labor is required to spread and turn
cobs (or grain) to evenly expose
them to sun
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Important aspects while shelling to get
good quality grain
Shell at proper moisture (about 18-20% MC).
Check for mechanical damage if any, that makes
lower quality grain.
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CLEANING AND DRYING OF SHELLED GRAINS
Shelled grains need proper drying prior to
market/store After shelling and drying, the grains should be
cleaned.
Before storing, the dried grains need for cooling
about 8-10 hrs.
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Maize grain preservation
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STORING
The aim of storing is to keep the grain in good
quality.
Before storing proper drying of grain (12% MC).
Grain should be stored in a dry, cool place.Quality will degrade in the storage if high MC
and mechanical damaged grains are stored.
High moisture will cause
Excessive mold growth and pest attack
Farmer level grain storage
jute bags, drum, polyethelene in jute bags
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Avoiding damage by pests
Hygiene
Inspection
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ReceptionDrying Grading
& Sizing
Temporary Storage Treatment andBagging
MarketingStorage
Cleaning
GENERAL FLOW IN SEED CONDITIONINGGENERAL FLOW IN SEED CONDITIONING
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As human food