Processing of Maize SSA
Transcript of Processing of Maize SSA
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 2/44
Harvest and Post-harvest
Processing of Hybrid Maize
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 3/44
Factors affect in producing hybrid maize
� Use of appropriate production technologies
� Environmental conditions during growing
period
� Time of sowing, harvesting, shelling and
cleaning
� Drying method
� Storage practice
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 4/44
insects
rodents
birds
GERMINATION
PLANTING
STORAGE
MARKETING SYSTEM PROCESSING
FOOD PREPARATIONFOOD CONSUMPTIONNUTRITIONAL UTILIZATION
EXPORT
HARVEST
MATURATION
agronomic
practices
insect
damagedisease
abiotic stress
birds / rodents / insectsmicroorganisms
climate
Physical losses
shelling
drying
handling
transport
transport
insects
rodents
microorganisms
viability losses
At what stages in the cycle do losses occur?
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 5/44
Post-harvest pipe line
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 6/44
Operations/ Steps Followed in Harvesting
and Post-harvest Processing of Maize
Time of Harvesting
Husking, Sorting and Harvesting method
Drying
Shelling
Cleaning
Weighing, Bagging and storing
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 7/44
Harvesting
- Plants show distinct sings of drying
- Plant leaves turns light yellow.
- Only few top leaves may be green.
- About 75% HK is almost completely dry and
turn to straw/brown colour.
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 8/44
Mature cobs in the field for harvesting
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 9/44
There are some hybrids
- Where cobs mature and dry earlier, butstalks remain green for a longer time.
- Some time force maturity also occurs.
For this consider
i) Degree of drying of HK
ii) MC of grain
iii) ³Black layer´ formation to determine
harvesting time.
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 10/44
Checking of ³black layer´ formation
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 11/44
Indications of seed reaching maturityIndications of seed reaching maturity
Milk layer Dry husks
Black layer
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 12/44
Germination
Dry weight
Size
Humidity
Physiological
maturity
Time after flowering
Seed development and maturation
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 13/44
Physiological maturityPhysiological maturity
This generally coincides with the maximum
accumulation of dry matter
At Physiological Maturity grains develop to
complete functional maturity and express
maximum quality potential
This generally coincides with the maximum
accumulation of dry matter
At Physiological Maturity grains develop to
complete functional maturity and express
maximum quality potential
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 14/44
As fodder
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 15/44
Harvest ² Timing - EarlyHarvest ² Timing - Early
¡ At physiological maturity (30±35% MC)
¡ Advantages
a) Prevents further damage from corn borer, ear worms,
ear rot fungi etc.
c) Market seed earlier
d) Land availability and timely sowing of subsequent crop
Disadvantages
a) MC remains too highb) Requires mechanical drying facilities
c) Drying cost often excessive harvesting at this stage
¡ At physiological maturity (30±35% MC)
¡ Advantages
a) Prevents further damage from corn borer, ear worms,
ear rot fungi etc.
c) Market seed earlier
d) Land availability and timely sowing of subsequent crop
Disadvantages
a) MC remains too highb) Requires mechanical drying facilities
c) Drying cost often excessive harvesting at this stage
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 16/44
Harvest ² Timing - LateHarvest ² Timing - Late
¡ At about 14±18% MC
¡Advantage-lower drying cost
¡Disadvantage ± Expose the crop toundesireable elements in the field such astemperature and moisture extremes, rainfall, losseslike shattering, diseases, insects, rodents, birds,theft , etc.
¡ At about 14±18% MC
¡Advantage-lower drying cost
¡Disadvantage ± Expose the crop toundesireable elements in the field such astemperature and moisture extremes, rainfall, losseslike shattering, diseases, insects, rodents, birds,theft , etc.
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 18/44
Harvesting at field maturity results
Improved appearance of grains.
Greater resistance to mechanical injury fromhandling in processing plants.
Reduce drying cost.
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 19/44
In dry and sunny days harvesting should
be done.
If it is possible, cobs can be harvested by
dehusking directly from the standing
plants.
Consider for harvest
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 20/44
Eff ec f yie on har e ing time
y Premature har e ting of maize re uce the yie
y De ay in har e ting e ose see s
rainfall, diseases and insects, birddamage, and theft.
y Fully mature grain will result in
maximum yield, improved appearance of grain and greater resistance to
mechanical injury.
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 21/44
Dehusking by bamboo stick
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 22/44
Harvest ² Methods - HandHarvest ² Methods - Hand
¡Advantages:
a) Less damage
b) Selective harvest
¡Advantages:
a) Less damage
b) Selective harvest
Disadvantages:
a) Labor availabilityb) Labor cost
c) Area - timing
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 23/44
Husking
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 24/44
Combine direct harvest
One pass maize harvest
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 25/44
Care after harvesting-drying After harvest, put the cobs on concrete/mats for
drying
Don¶t heap the un-husked cobs after harvesting
Drying- to bring down the MC prior to shelling
Dehusk the harvested cobs as early as possible -
because initial high moisture can quickly deteriorate
grain quality
After dehusking, immediately the ears spread for sun
drying prior to shelling
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 26/44
Spreading of harvested cobs Dehusking
Sun drying of dehusked ears
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 27/44
What to Sort out
1. Diseased ears
2. Pre-germinated
3. Moldy/insect damaged
Cob rot
Corn borer damage
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 28/44
Sorting/Selection
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 29/44
Methods of Drying
Conventional method
(1) Sun drying- It is not expensive
De-husked ears or shelled grain are dried by
spreading them evenly & thinly on concretefloor or mats, plastic or canvass.
Takes about 2 to 3 sunny days to dry, it
depends on initial MC and weather condition. MC of de-husked ears should be down to about
18-20% for shelling, while shelled grains about
12% for storage.
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 30/44
Precautions required in sun drying
No direct contract with soil, use
tarpauline, sheets, mats etc.
Frequent turning of cobs for uniform
drying.
(2) By natural ventilation
(3) Another method is suspending rows
of bundled cobs
Ear with husk open to expose the kernels
on bamboo poles.
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 31/44
DRYING
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 32/44
SHELLING
Shelling of ears can be done in various ways after drying
the ears down to about 18-20% MC, to minimize
mechanical damage.
Several types of manually operated corn sheller,
improved hand corn sheller can also be used.
Power driven BARI corn sheller - for commercial use.
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 34/44
Shelling
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 35/44
Drying the Seed CropDrying the Seed Crop
Sun drying
Labor is required to spread and turn
cobs (or grain) to evenly expose
them to sun
Sun drying
Labor is required to spread and turn
cobs (or grain) to evenly expose
them to sun
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 36/44
Important aspects while shelling to getgood quality grain
Shell at proper moisture (about 18-20% MC).
Check for mechanical damage if any, that makes
lower quality grain.
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 37/44
CLEANING AND DRYING OF SHELLED GRAINS
Shelled grains need proper drying prior to
market/store After shelling and drying, the grains should be
cleaned.
Before storing, the dried grains need for cooling
about 8-10 hrs.
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 39/44
Maize grain preservation
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 41/44
STORING
The aim of storing is to keep the grain in good
quality.
Before storing proper drying of grain (12% MC).
Grain should be stored in a dry, cool place.Quality will degrade in the storage if high MC
and mechanical damaged grains are stored.
High moisture will cause
Excessive mold growth and pest attack
Farmer level grain storage
jute bags, drum, polyethelene in jute bags
8/6/2019 Processing of Maize SSA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/processing-of-maize-ssa 43/44
ReceptionDrying Grading
& Sizing
Temporary Storage Treatment andBagging
MarketingStorage
Cleaning
GENERAL FLOW IN SEED CONDITIONINGGENERAL FLOW IN SEED CONDITIONING