Problem 08 Just a Heel Prick
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Transcript of Problem 08 Just a Heel Prick
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T E A M 3
Problem 08: Just a HeelPrick
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CLINICAL LAB TE S T
B E E R L AMBART
S E P A R A T ION OF M IXT U R E
COLORIM E T E R
FLAMEPHOTOM E T E R
S P ECT ROP HOTOM E T R Y
BLOOD CELL ANALYZER
WHA T WE LE A RNT ?
Content Page
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Clinical Lab Test
y phenylketonuria (PKU).y Congenital Hypothyroidismy Galactosemiay Sickle Cell Diseasey
BiotinidaseD
eficiencyy Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasiay Jaundicey Maple SyrupUrineDisease (MSUD)y Tyrosinemiay Muscular dystrophyy Cystic Fibrosisy MCAD deficiencyy Toxoplasmosisy Leukemia
http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/genetic#
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Beer-Lambert law
A = a(epsilon) * b * c
TA
1log10!
i
t
I
IT !
The Beer-Lambert law (or Beer's law) is the linear relationship between
absorbance and concentration of an absorbing species.
Example:Enzyme activity Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was quantified
using the spectrophotometer. The absorbance recorded was 0.786.
Given that , molar absorptivity is 18.6 x 103 L mol-1 cm-1 and path
length, l is 1.0 cm. Calculate the concentration of ALP.
concentration of ALP=0.786/(18.6 x 10^3mol-1 cm-1 x 1.0 cm)
=0.0423moles/ml
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Separation of mixtures
Mixture
Separation
Technique
Sand + Water Salt + WaterRed Ink + Blue
Ink
Filtration
Decantation
Evaporation
Centrifugation
Chromatography
Distillation
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Chromatography
Chromatography is the collective term for a familyof
laboratory techniques for the separation of mixtures. It involves
passing a mixture which contains the analyte through a
stationary phase, which separates it from other molecules in themixture and allows it to be isolated.
Paper Chromatography
Liquid Chromatography
Thin-Layer Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
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Colorimeter
To use this device: different solutions must be made,
and a control Only after the device has been
calibrated can you use it.
Colorimeter measures the absorbance of particular wavelengths
of light by a specific solution.
Uses of Colorimetry :-Haemoglobin Content ofBlood
-Sugar/Glucose in Blood-Cholesterol-Lead in Urine/Faeces-Chlorophyll in samples
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Question 12
Voltage read on themeter
Vout = (1 + Rf/RI)
Vout = (1 + 4/2) 26.1 =
78.3mV
Given that V1 = +1.3 mV with reference cuvettes, V1 = +27.4 mV withreference and sample cuvettes, R2 = 4 k, R3 = 2 k, what is the
voltage read on the meter display for both conditions of V1?
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Flamephotometer
Principles of operationEmit Radiation
Cooling down
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y The burner: a flame that can be maintained in a constant form and at a
constant temperature.y Nebuliser and mixing chamber: a means of transporting a homogeneous
solution into the flame at a steady rate.y Simple colour filters (interference type): a means of isolating light of the
wavelength to be measured from that of extraneous emissions.y Photo-detector: a means of measuring the intensity of radiation emitted
by the flame.
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Spectrophotometer
y Aspectrophotometer is employed to measure theamount of light that a sample absorbs.
y The instrument operates by passing a beam of light
through a sample and measuring the intensity oflight reaching a detector.
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Components of the spectrophotometer
y Light source generates a broad spectrum of lighty Monochromator grate and slit to select select the correct wavelengthy Aperture to close off the light beam from the sampley Cuvette to hold the reference or sampley Photoresistor to convert transmitted light into electricityy Amplifier to amplify the electricityy Meter to read the current generated
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Single Beam Design
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Double beam design
y More expensive than single beam models because of the
additional complexity and components.y In this type of instrument both the reference and sample cells are
placed in the instrument at the same time.
y Two paths
y The source beam strikes a rotating sector.
y
The reference and the other is for the sample.
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Term NAME Definition & Range
WBC WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Count
The number of white blood cells in a volume of blood
Ranges: 4300 ~ 10800 cells per cubic mm (cmm)
RBC RED
BLOOD
CELLSCount The number of red blood cells in a volume of bloodRanges: 4.2mil ~ 5.9mil cmm
HGB HEMOGLOBIN Hemoglobin is the protein molecule within red blood
cells that carries oxygen and gives blood its red color.13 to 18 grams per deciliter for men and 12 to 16 for women
(international units 8.1 to 11.2 millimoles/liter for men, 7.4 to 9.9 for
women).
HCT HEMATOCRIT ratio of the volume of red cells to the volume of
whole blood. 45% to 52% for men and 37% to 48%
for women
MCV MEAN CORPUSCULAR
VOL
average volume of a red blood cell
80 to 100 femtoliters (a fraction of one millionth of a
litre).
MCH MEAN CORPUSCULAR
HEMOGLOBIN
the average amount of hemoglobin in the average
red cell27 to 32 picograms
MCHC MEAN CORPUSCULAR
(HEMO) CONCENTRATION
average concentration of hemoglobin in a given
volume of red cells
32% to 36%.
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What we learnt
y Various Type of equipment for testing purposes
y How its being calibrated to ensure accurarcy
y Various Pediatric test conducted for diagnose
purposey Working Principle and Mechanism behind various
equipment