Principles of TrainingPrinciples of Training

FrequencyFrequency

• Basic health related fitness 3-4 x per week• The greater the aerobic component of the event,

the more frequent the training• Non endurance athletes frequency 3x per week• Most endurance athletes frequency 4-6 x per

week• Dangers of over training. Injury boredom, poor

technique burnout.• Dangers of under training. Loss of motivation,

poor or no improvement

IntensityIntensity

• How hard should I be training.• Why do we need to train at the correct intensity?• Correct intensity provides sustained improvements in

performance due to physiological adaptations.• Too much and we risk injury and burn out• To little and the gains are small if at all• By manipulating frequency and intensity we can overload

the system thereby making improvements.• Intensity is measured by Heart rate. Perceived exertion

rate PER, Repetition max. RM, Subjective measures of feelings

DurationDuration

• The length of time we train. The time of stimulation.

• By manipulating duration and intensity we can overload the systems and make adaptations.

• As fitness increases, duration needs to increase if you wish to improve.

• Because without it adaptations/ improvements will slow down or cease. This means the athlete needs to devote more time to training.

OverloadOverload

Foundation principle behind all training programmes

Overload leads to training gains.

The higher the level of conditioning the greater the overload required.

By varying frequency, duration and intensity we can apply overload.

SpecificitySpecificity

• You get what you train for

• You should train the :

• energy systems

• muscles groups

• Specific to the sport/activity being played

AdaptationAdaptation

• The body will adapt in response to:• Frequency of training• Intensity of training• Duration of training• Specificity of training• Adaptations tend to occur early on training. As time

progresses, gains made tend to become smaller this is known as the law of diminishing returns.

• You need to increase the level of overload as the level of improvement/ conditioning increases

• Physiological adaptations.. Increases heart volume, increase lung volume, more slow twitch muscle fibres, increased blood volume, increased RBC’s

RegularityRegularity

• Regularity is closely linked to frequency of training.

• Adaptations will only be achieved if training is regular

• There has to be consistent and regular exercising of muscles and energy systems if you want to improve.

ReversibilityReversibility

• The longer the build up, the slower the loss.

Generalisation before specialisationGeneralisation before specialisation

• Core Fitness components:

• Cardio – respiratory endurance

• Strength

• Flexibility

• Is important before skill specialisation.

• This allows for greater quality and quantity of practice

VarietyVariety

• Variety is the spice of life.• Advantages.• Improved motivation• Prevent boredom• Help overcome plateaus in training• How to add variety to training• Circuit training• Running in new locations or with people• Playing different games at training

Group and Individual TrainingGroup and Individual Training

• Advantages of training in a group• Friendly competition within group,• Motivation of a group• Support with a group• Information goes out to the whole group• Team bonding• Advantages of training as individuals• You can receive specialised training depending on your

skill/ fitness profile• You can train “where you are at”• You can work towards individual goals

Methods of trainingMethods of training

• Continuous Training

• Is designed to improve Cardio respiratory endurance and muscular endurance

• Common continuous training activities include

• Aerobics• Jogging/ Running• Cycling • Swimming

Continuous TrainingContinuous Training

• Application of Frequency

• Health related fitness Training Frequency 3x per week

• Sports related fitness 5-6 x per week

• If training competitively in an aerobic activity the frequency of the training increases as the aerobic component increases.

Continuous TrainingContinuous Training

• Application of Duration

• Minimum length of time required to gain an aerobic benefit is 20 minutes. Ideal starting point for beginners who want a basic health related fitness.

• Sport related fitness sessions up to an hour may be required.

• Beyond an hour benefits begin to decrease.

Continuous trainingContinuous training

• Intensity• Aerobic capacity is developed by exercising with your

heart rate at about 70% of maximum• An effective method for establishing your training

threshold is to use the Karvonen Formula• Training Heart Rate [THR] = RHR + 0.6 [MHR – RHR]

• Training Heart Rate [THR] = RHR + 0.85 [MHR – RHR]

What To Do

Cycling Swimming Running Upper

Body

Have Cycling 0 -10 +10 -15

Been Swimming +10 0 +20 -5

doing Running -10 -20 0 -25

Upper Body

+15 +5 +25 0

Continuous trainingContinuous training

• Application of Overload• How can we overload the system in order to keep producing gains?• Increase intensity of training• Increase frequency of training• Increase duration of training

• Resting Heart rate decreases with appropriate training.• Using the Karvonen Formula• RHR comes down also. • Get into THR zone quicker which means can train for longer time in

this zone

Continuous Training SummaryContinuous Training Summary

Principle of training Application

Frequency 3-5 x per week

Intensity Age THR Zone THR = 133 – 182 bpm

Intensity Karvonen Formula THR = 142 - 154

Duration of session Up to an hour

Continuous TrainingContinuous Training

• How you will apply overload to his training• Increase intensity, frequency, duration of training.• Consequently, adaptations will be made.• They key is to regularly ensure overload is being applied. Eg

measuring RHR and recalculating THR zone.• It is important to realise that this assumes that medically the person

can cope with this training

Weight TrainingWeight Training

• Weight Training develops the following components of fitness • Muscular strength• Muscular endurance• Muscular power• Terminology used in a weight training programme• Repetition Max : The max amount of weight that can be lifted x the

number of times [ no more no less]

• Repetitions [Reps] The number of times the exercise is done

• Sets: The number of times each set of exercise is done

Weight TrainingWeight Training

• Application of Frequency• 3 sessions per week with 24 hours between sessions

• We need time to recover between sessions so the body can heal and overcome fatigue

• Supercompensation in training

C

Onset of Ex. D

_____________________________________________Normal state

A B

Weight TrainingWeight Training

• Following the onset of exercise, we go through four phases.• A: Fatigue - Decrease in performance as we fire

• B: Recovery as we rest immediately following a session of training

• Supercompensation as the body adapts to training

• De training – reversibility if training does not occur

• Best time to train is during C Supercompensation

• Supercompensation phase lasts between 24-48hours depending on intensity of training

• We are ready to train when we feel ready

• PER Ratio can be of benefit

Weight TrainingWeight Training

• Application of Intensity• Four Types Of Muscle contractions• A. Isotonic Tradition weight training• B. Isometric Contractions against immoveable force• C. Isokinetic Tends to use highly specialised machines• D. Eccentric Slowly lowering weights [ controlling]

Weight TrainingWeight Training• Basic weight Training RegimesCOMPONENT

Load Reps Sets Speed Rest

Advanced

Strength2-6 RM 2- 6 3-6 Slow /

Medium3-5 mins

Beginner

Strength8-12 RM 8-12 2-3 Slow /

Medium

2-3 mins

Power 8-20 RM 4- 8 3-6 Fast /

explosive

3-5mins

Endurance 15+ RM 15- 30 2-3 Medium Minimal

Weight TrainingWeight Training

• Application of Overload• How do we apply over load to weight training?• A. Increase the repetition max• B. Increase the number of reps per set• C. Increase the number of sets• D. Decrease rest time between sets• E. Decrease time between training sessions• F The best method is to re-test the RM after a period of time and

altering the load accordingly

Weight TrainingWeight Training

• Application of specificity EG. Volleyball player• Use exercises that mimic the sporting actions of the sports we play. Eg.

squat jumps in volleyball• How would you increase a vertical jump. Identify main muscle groups• Quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteals , gastrocnemius/ soleus• Exercises you would perform would be:• Squats, toe raises, leg extensions• The exercises would be performed fast/ explosive because you are

training for power• Having selected the exercises there are two essential rules to follow before

starting:• 1. Make sure you understand the correct technique• Never put two exercises together that stress the same muscle group

Circuit TrainingCircuit Training

• What health and skill components can circuit training develop?

• A. Muscular strength B. Muscular power

• C. Muscular Endurance D. Aerobic Endurance

• E. Agility F. Skill / Technique

• Basic circuits can be designed for general fitness, or sport specific fitness and skills.

• There Are two general circuit types.

• A . Fixed load. You do a set number of a set exercise before moving on. Eg. 10 chin ups

• B. Individual load You do as many of a certain exercise as possible within a time period.

• In both programmes. You need to consider :

• 1. A separate flexibility programme

• 2. Never exercise the same muscle group in succession

Circuit TrainingCircuit Training

• Application of Frequency• Designed to be primarily cardiorespiratory in nature 3-5 days/ week

• Application of Intensity• What factors will determine how intense the training will be?• A, Purpose .. what you are training for• B. Individual fitness level• C. Exercises selected• Having determined these we can use duration and overload to set

intensity.• We measure intensity in a circuit by using THR [ Target heart rate]• And PER [perceived exertion rate]

Circuit TrainingCircuit Training

• Application of Duration• A. Set Duration. This depends on the individual and the training

objectives but 20-60 seconds is usual.

. B . Rest Duration This can be increased or decreased to meet

intensity required.

General fitness 0-10 seconds

Strength/ power 30-60 seconds

Elderly/ Unfit 20-60 seconds

We can manipulate these factors to provide overload

Circuit trainingCircuit training

• Application of Overload• Factors that can be manipulated in order to apply

overload• 1. Rest duration• 2. Exercise duration• 3. Intensity of session

• It is time to overload an athlete when;

A They feel ready to move on

B When testing shows they have improved

Circuit TrainingCircuit Training

• Application of Specificity• Train energy systems• Muscle groups specific to a sport

Interval TrainingInterval Training• ATP-CP Energy System• Supplies energy for 0-10 seconds

• It takes up to 2 minutes to replace CP stores

• Interval training guidelines for ATP-CP System

• Between reps the rest is passive to allow CP stores to be replaced

Training Component Application

Work duration 1-10 secondsRest duration between reps 10-100 seconds

Work: Rest ratio 1:10

Reps 4:6

Sets 2-4

Rest between sets 5-10 minutes

Interval trainingInterval training

• Anaerobic energy system

• Lasts 30 to 120 seconds

• Lactic acid is produced

• We should perform light exercises between reps in rest phase to help remove lactic acid

• Interval training guidelines for anaerobic system

Training Component

Application

Work Duration 30-120 seconds

Rest Duration

Between reps90-360 seconds

Work : Rest

Ratio

1:3

Reps 4-6

Sets 1-4

Rest Between

sets

5-10 minutes

Interval TrainingInterval Training

• Aerobic System• Energy system supp• supplies energy for long

distance • Interval training guidelines

for aerobic training

Training component

Application

Work duration 15-seconds – 3minutes

Rest Duration

Between reps

1- 5 minutes

Work: Rest

ratio

1:1 TO 1:2

Reps 5-20

Sets 1-3

Rest between sets

Minimal

Interval TrainingInterval Training

• Application of Overload• How can we overload these energy systems.• 1. Decrease the rest between reps• 2.Increase the number of reps• 3. Increase sets• 4. Increase work-time

• We apply overload to the athlete• A. Athlete feels ready• B. We can use PER [perceived exertion rate]• C. We notice a decreased resting heart rate [RHR]