Principal Sources of Energy (Renewables vs Fossil)
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Transcript of Principal Sources of Energy (Renewables vs Fossil)
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Principal Sources Of Energy Renewable Energy Vs. Fossil Fuels & Sustainability Issues
ACX Executive Climate Change & Carbon Trading Course
KEFRI, Nairobi
12-16 November, 2012
Abbas S. Kitogo
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1. What is Energy?
2. Types of Energy Sources
3. Renewable Energy/Alternative Energy
4. Non-renewable Energy
5. Energy and Sustainability/MDGs
Outline
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The different forms of energy
(1) Chemical energy - due to chemical reaction(2) Electrical energy - due to flow of electron(3) Heat energy - due to thermal vibration(4) Light energy - due to radiation of light(5) Mechanical energy - due to moving parts(6) Nuclear energy - due to nuclear reaction
The SI unit of energy is Joule
Definition of Energy: Energy is the ability (or) capacity to do work
1. What is energy?
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Renewable Fossil
Can be replaced
Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Hydro, Tidal, Biomass
Cannot replaced
Nuclear, Oil, Natural gas,
Coal
Courtesy of NEED
2. Types of Energy
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• Solar
• Wind
• Hydropower
• Tidal Power
• Biomass
• Geothermal
Renewable Energy
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Solar Power
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Active Passive
Types of Solar Power
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• Works on the principle that hot air rises and cool air sinks (convection)
• Solar heats air and it moves through convection through the structure or to thermal mass
Passive Solar Power
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• Energy from sun is stored in a “thermal mass”
• When needed, heat from thermal mass is then pumped throughout structure
• This also refers to electrical generation using solar power
• Two ways to do this are photovoltaic cells and huge commercial electric facilities
Active Solar Power
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• These facilities use solar power to heat water to form steam. The steam goes to generate electricity just as in fossil fuel or nuclear electric plants.
• No release of air pollutants
• No electricity generated at night
• They do work on cloudy days, though
Large-scale Solar Electric Site
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Wind Power
• Can be used for mechanical tasks, e.g. pumping water
• Can be used for generation of electricity for direct use or storage in batteries
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• High torque, low-speed to pump water, grind grain, saw wood
Mechanical Power Windmills
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• High speed, low torque machines
• Will turn themselves off if wind speed exceeds their limits
Electrical Power Windmills
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Electric Mechanical
Hydropower
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How hydropower works?
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• Essentially entails placing a dam across an ocean inlet and harnessing the energy as water moves in and out with the tides
• Positive & negative effects are same as hydropower
Tidal Power
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Biomass Energy
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Rice husks
Bagasse
Coffee husks
Animal waste Bamboo charcoal Landfill
Fuel plants Coconut husks
Biomass resources
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• Drill to deep, hot rock
– Either wet system where heated water belowground is used
– Dry system sends aboveground water belowground to get heated
• Resulting steam can be used for a number of purposes
Geothermal Energy - How does it work?
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• Using more than one form of energy to meet needs is an important way to ensure long-term energy needs will be met
• Just as in ecosystem ecology, we find that Diversity = Stability
• Depending on only one form of energy leaves nation vulnerable to all sorts of problems
An Energy Mix
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• Coal
• Petroleum and Gas
• Nuclear Energy
Fossil Fuel
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• Coal has the longest life expectancy
• Emit CO2
• Unless cheap alternatives to burning coal are found there is likely to be an increase in its use
Coal
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• Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy
• Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone!
Nuclear Energy
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• petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.
• Widely used in power generation and in our cars
Petroleum and Gas
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Energy and the MDGs
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• The Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) are a series of quantified development targets agreed at the UN General Assembly in 2000.
• There is no MDG on energy
• Access to energy is fundamental to all of the MDGs
• The quality, reliability and affordability of energy services are what matter from a human development point of view
What are the MDGs?
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Energy
MDG 1: Eradicateextreme poverty
and hunger
MDG 2: Achieve universal primary
education
MDG 3: Promote gender equality and
empower women
MDG 4: Reducechild mortality
MDG 5: Improvematernal health
MDG 6: CombatHIV/AIDS, malaria
and other diseases
MDG 7: Ensureenvironmentalsustainability
MDG 8: Develop global
partnership
Energy and the MDGs
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• Most staple foods must be cooked and processed before being eaten
• Transport of goods to market requires motive power
• Productive activities, jobs, agriculture and commercial trade all require energy (i.e. electricity & fuels)
MDG 1: Poverty and Hunger
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• Many girls do not go to school in order to support family energy and water needs (carrying, grinding, pumping)
• Rural areas find it hard to attract teachers to unelectrified communities
• It is hard for children to study in the evening without lights
• Lack of energy services constrain women’s economic opportunities
MDGs 2&3: Education and Gender Equality
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• Indoor air pollution from unvented cooking with solid fuels is the fourth largest cause of death for people in developing countries
• Physical burden of wood & water carrying causes exhaustion and undermines the health of child bearing women
• Lack of electricity limits healthcare services (i.e. night time deliveries, sterilization, etc)
• Lack of ITC limits people’s capacity to learn about healthcare and disease prevention
MDGs 4,5&6: Health and Disease
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• National MDG reports treat energy mainly within the context of MDG 7
• Cleaner energy services can encourage a better management of natural resources, including better water quality
• Climate mitigation & adaptation
MDG 7: Environmental sustainability
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Oil pressSaw
Grinding millDe-husker
Battery charging
Engine
The Multifunctional Platform supports a simple dieselengine that can power different tools : cereal grinding mills,de-huskers, oil presses, joinery and carpentry tools
Example: Multifunctional Platform
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• Provides reliable, affordable energy services
• Fee for Service
• Reduces women’s/girls’ workload
• Frees up women’s/girls’ time
• Creates opportunities for income generating activities
Benefits
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The Multifunctional Platform also provides water distribution
and lighting.
The advantages of the engine are its simplicity, sturdiness and
multiple uses - a perfect example of appropriate RE technology.
Benefits
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Abbas S. KitogoMobile: +254 700 58 18 26Email: [email protected]: www.cdminafrica.ning.comNairobi, Kenya