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![Page 1: Primate evolution & human origins. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history Darwin, 1859 During many years I collected notes on the origin.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/5697bf731a28abf838c7f1b8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Primate evolution & human origins
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Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history
Darwin, 1859
During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views.
Darwin, 1871
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Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
Hylobatidae Hominidae
Ponginae Homininae
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Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
tarsierlemur
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Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
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Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
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Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
Hylobatidae Hominidae
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Primates
Prosimii Tarsiiformes Anthropoidea
Platyrrhini Catarrhini
Cercopithecoidea Hominoidea
Hylobatidae Hominidae
Ponginae Homininae
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Pongo pygmaeus
Ponginae
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Pan troglodytes
Pan paniscus
Homininae
Gorilla gorilla
Homo sapiens
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Morphological and molecular analyses demonstrate that humans are closely related to gorillas and chimpanzees
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Gigantopithecus blackii
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gorilla
human
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Ape & Human common ancestor
opposable hallux
luxuriant body hair
ape-sized brain
knuckle-walker (not bipedal)
complex social relationships
used simple tools
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The phylogenetic relationships among the species of fossil hominids have not been definitively established
The fossil record includes a diversity of hominids that lived after the human lineage and the chimpanzee lineage separated
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Sahalanthropus tchadensis
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Ardipithecus ramidus
4.4 MYAknown only from teeth
Australopithecus anamensis
3.9 - 4.2 MYAknown only from jaws & teeth
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Australopithecus afarensis
3.0 - 3.9 MYA‘Lucy’
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Australopithecus afarensis
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Australopithecus afarensis
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Australopithecus afarensis
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Australopithecus afarensis
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‘Robust’ australopithecines
Genus: Paranthropus
3 species: aethiopicus, boisei, robustus
not human ancestors
large molars
powerful jaws
bony crest on skull
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Paranthropus aethiopicus
1.9 - 2.7 MYAformerly Australopithecus
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Paranthropus boisei
1.4 - 2.3 MYAformerly Australopithecus
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Paranthropus boisei
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Paranthropus robustus
1.0 - 2.0 MYAformerly Australopithecus
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‘Gracile’ australopithecines
Genus: Australopithecus
3 species: afarensis, africanus
human ancestors
small braincases
bipedal
make/use stone tools
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Australopithecus africanus
2.4 - 2.8 MYAhuman lineage unknown
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Australopithecus africanus
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The earliest known stone tools predate the earliest known Homo species
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Homo rudolfensis
1.8 - 2.4 MYAconspecific with H. habilis?
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Homo habilis
1.6 - 1.9 MYAformerly Australopithecus
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Homo habilis
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An analysis of the skulls of Homo habilis suggest that they may have had at least rudimentary language
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Homo erectus
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Homo erectus
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Homo ergaster
1.5 - 1.8 MYAAfrican H. erectus
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Homo ergaster
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Homo ergaster
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Homo heidelbergensis
immediate ancestor to H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens
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Homo neanderthalensis
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Homo neanderthalensis
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Homo neanderthalensis & H. sapiens
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QuickTime™ and aPhoto decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Homo neanderthalensis & H. sapiens
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Homo neanderthalensis & H. sapiens
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Analyses of a limited sample of ancient DNA suggest that modern humans and Neandertals were distinct lineages, and that modern humans emerging from Africa replaced Neandertals in Europe
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What a piece of work is a man! How noble in reason! How infinite in faculty! In form and moving how express and admirable! In action how like an angel! In apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world! The paragon of animals!
Hamlet, William Shakespeare
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The origin of modern Homo sapiens is controversial
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Homo sapiens
Morphological analyses suggest that modern humans evolved in Africa, then replaced archaic humans elsewhere
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bipedalism
big brains
naked skin
Causes of hominid evolution
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Pelvic girdle
female male
Tilted forwardBones lighter, thinner, smootherCavity of true pelvis:
broad, shallowAcetabulasmaller, further apartPubic arch broaderPelvic brim widerSacrum wider, shorter
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chimpanzee
human
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gorilla
human
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There are one hundred and ninety-three living species of monkeys and apes. One hundred and ninety-two of them are covered with hair. The exception is a naked ape self-named Homo sapiens.
Desmond Morris
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gibbon chimpanzeeorangutan gorilla human
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