PRIMATE EVOLUTIONPRIMATE EVOLUTION

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Primate Adaptation & Primate Adaptation & EvolutionEvolution

Ch. 16, Sec. 1Ch. 16, Sec. 1

PrimatesPrimatesPrimatesPrimates = group of animals that includes = group of animals that includes

lemurslemurs, , monkeysmonkeys, , apesapes, and , and humanshumansCommon traits among primates:Common traits among primates:

Large brains (relative to body size)Large brains (relative to body size)Social interactionsSocial interactionsFlexible shoulder & hip jointsFlexible shoulder & hip joints

Opposable ThumbOpposable Thumb = = thumb that can cross thumb that can cross the palm to meet the the palm to meet the other fingertipsother fingertips

Adaptation for griping Adaptation for griping & climbing& climbing

Binocular VisionBinocular Vision = = both eyes in the frontboth eyes in the front Better depth Better depth

perception, jumping perception, jumping from tree to treefrom tree to tree

Color VisionColor Vision allows allows primates to find food primates to find food that has most nutritionthat has most nutrition Ex: Unripe vs. Ripe Ex: Unripe vs. Ripe

fruitfruit

Primate OriginsPrimate OriginsPrimates share evolutionary historyPrimates share evolutionary historyFossilFossil, , anatomicalanatomical, , DNADNA evidence show a evidence show a

close relationshipclose relationshipPrimates classified into 2 groupsPrimates classified into 2 groups

Primate Ancestors

StrepsirrhinesHaplorhines

Anthropoids

HominoidsHominids

Old World monkeys

Gibbons Orangutans

African apes

Humans

New World monkeys

Tarsiers

Lemurs Lorises, Pottos and Galagos

Humanlike Primates EvolveHumanlike Primates EvolveAnthropoidsAnthropoids = humanlike primates; = humanlike primates;

hominoidshominoids, , New World monkeysNew World monkeys, , Old Old World monkeysWorld monkeys

New World monkeysNew World monkeys found in Central & found in Central & South AmericaSouth America

Arboreal (live in trees)Arboreal (live in trees)Prehensile TailPrehensile Tail = can be used as a 5 = can be used as a 5thth

limblimb

Old World monkeysOld World monkeys found in Africa & Asia found in Africa & AsiaNo prehensile tailNo prehensile tailCan live in trees or on the groundCan live in trees or on the ground

HominoidsHominoids = apes & humans = apes & humansApesApes

No tails, walk on 2 legs w/ support from handsNo tails, walk on 2 legs w/ support from handsHumansHumans

Large brains, walk uprightLarge brains, walk upright

Human AncestryHuman Ancestry

Ch. 16, Sec. 2Ch. 16, Sec. 2

HominidsHominids5-8 mya in Africa a common ancestor 5-8 mya in Africa a common ancestor

branched off into 2 groups (chimps & branched off into 2 groups (chimps & humans)humans)Supported by DNA evidence, comparison of Supported by DNA evidence, comparison of

similar proteins similar proteins HominoidsHominoids = primates that = primates that cancan walk on 2 walk on 2

legs (gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans)legs (gorillas, chimps, bonobos, humans)HominidsHominids = bipedal primates, = bipedal primates, onlyonly walk on walk on

2 legs2 legs

Early HominidsEarly Hominids AustralopithecineAustralopithecine = =

early hominids w/ early hominids w/ apelike and apelike and humanlike qualities, humanlike qualities, intermediateintermediate between between chimp and humanchimp and human

““Lucy”Lucy” Smaller brains, Smaller brains,

bipedalbipedal

Modern HumansModern HumansHumans are Humans are Homo sapiensHomo sapiensOther hominids are also classified in the Other hominids are also classified in the

genus genus HomoHomo2.5 mya earliest hominids in the genus 2.5 mya earliest hominids in the genus

Homo Homo

Mill

ions

of y

ears

ago

H. sapiens H. neanderthalensis

H. heidelbergensisH. erectus

H. antecessorH. ergaster

Homo habilis

P. robustu

sP. boisel

A. garhiParanthropusaethiopicus

A. bahrelghazaliA. afarensis

Kenyanthropusplatyops

AustralopithecusanamensisArdipithecus

ramidus

H. rudolfensis

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/evolutiohttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/evolution/#n/#

http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/ardipithecus/arhttp://dsc.discovery.com/tv/ardipithecus/ardipithecus.htmldipithecus.html