PresentationProposal !–!David!H.!Michels! … · 2015. 7. 6. · ! 5!...

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1 Presentation Proposal – David H. Michels CPD Session Thursday March 21, 2013 Beyond the Court: Researching for Academic and Professional Publications Research for clients and court is familiar ground. Now you want to share your knowledge with your colleagues. Join us as we explore another kind of research for professional and academic publications. The Plan: Conceptualizing our research (have I bitten off too much?) Wrestling with the literature review (have I found enough?) Sifting through sources (have I kept the good stuff?) Grounding our writing in sources (have I avoided plagiarism?) This session will be 60 minutes with an additional 30 minutes for Q&A. I include interactive opportunities and participants are invited to bring something to write on, and perhaps one idea that might just make a good book or article someday. Bio: David H. Michels MA MLIS PhD (cand.). Public Services Librarian, Schulich School of Law, and Lecturer, School of Information Management. His own published research is in law, information science, and sociology of religion and media.

Transcript of PresentationProposal !–!David!H.!Michels! … · 2015. 7. 6. · ! 5!...

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    Presentation  Proposal  –  David  H.  Michels  CPD  Session  -‐  Thursday  March  21,  2013    Beyond  the  Court:    Researching  for  Academic  and  Professional  Publications  

    Research  for  clients  and  court  is  familiar  ground.      Now  you  want  to  share  your  knowledge  with  your  colleagues.      Join  us  as  we  explore  another  kind  of  research  for  professional  and  academic  publications.      

    The  Plan:  

    • Conceptualizing  our  research  (have  I  bitten  off  too  much?)      • Wrestling  with  the  literature  review  (have  I  found  enough?)      • Sifting  through  sources  (have  I  kept  the  good  stuff?)  • Grounding  our  writing  in  sources  (have  I  avoided  plagiarism?)  

    This  session  will  be  60  minutes  with  an  additional  30  minutes  for  Q&A.      I  include  interactive  opportunities  and  participants  are  invited  to  bring  something  to  write  on,  and  perhaps  one  idea  that  might  just  make  a  good  book  or  article  someday.    

    Bio:    

    David  H.  Michels  MA  MLIS  PhD  (cand.).  Public  Services  Librarian,  Schulich  School  of  Law,  and  Lecturer,  School  of  Information  Management.    His  own  published  research  is  in  law,  information  science,  and  sociology  of  religion  and  media.    

       

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    Introduction  (5min)  

    A. “The  podium  and  the  pulpit…”  

    Good  evening!  My  name  is  David  Michels  and  I  am  the  Public  Services  Librarian  for  the  Schulich  School  of  Law,  and  a  Lecturer  in  the  School  of  Information  Management.    My  passion  is  connecting  people  with  information,  and  I  do  think  being  an  Information  Professional  in  the  Information  Age  is  cool.    

    Now  Librarianship  is  my  second  career;  pastor  was  my  first.    After  10  years  preaching  I  knew  well,  but  presenting  academic  papers  was  completely  new.    Not  surprisingly  after  the  first  academic  paper  I  delivered  I  friend  in  the  audience  came  to  me  and  said  “I  was  thinking  during  your  presentation  that  it  reminded  me  of  something;  then  it  hit  me:  a  sermon!”  Perhaps  I  made  too  many  “thou  shalt”  statements  and  a  little  lacking  on  the  carefulness  of  the  “we  propose“  style  of  academic  writing.    It  took  time  to  adjust  my  way  of  researching,  writing  and  speaking  to  suit  a  new  context  and  a  different  style  of  communication.    I  might  add  that  I  also  have  heard  a  few  academics  and  lawyers  preach,  and  occasionally  even  in  church.      

    I  offer  this  only  to  suggest  that  most  of  you  are  comfortable  with  research  and  writing  for  one  style  will  be  able  to  switch  styles  easily.  Others  like  me  will  take  some  adjustment.    I  hope  some  of  the  tips  and  suggestions  I  offer  today  can  be  a  help.    

    B. The  Plan  

    My  goals  for  this  evening’s  session  are  to  provide  you  additional  tools  to  help  conceptualize  your  professional  or  academic  writing  project  and  to  conduct  effective  research  to  support  it.    I  do  not  offer  myself  as  a  master  academic  writer  or  even  the  most  prolific.    I  am  a  master  researcher,  and  I  understand  the  creation,  organization,  and  use  of  academic  and  professional  information.    

    Learning  Objectives:  

    • You  will  have  begun  to  develop  a  plan  for  your  research  project.      • You  will  have  a  framework  for  conducting  your  literature  review.  • You  will  understand  how  filter,  evaluate,  and  manage  your  sources.    • You  will  be  comfortable  grounding  your  research  in  your  sources.  

    The  presentation  will  be  about  60  min  and  then  there  will  be  30  minutes  for  questions/discussion.    We  will  interrupt  the  presentation  occasionally  to  be  a  little  interactive.      

       

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    Developing  a  plan  for  your  research  project.  

    So  what  do  you  want  to  write?  “It  matters”  (15min)  

    Let’s  begin  with  the  most  important  question:  what  do  you  want  to  write?    The  type  of  research/writing  project  will  determine  the  nature,  scope,  and  depth  of  your  research.    So  let’s  talk  about  the  types  of  writing  projects.    

    Book  Review  “A  Good  Place  to  Start”  

    • Descriptive  -‐  give  the  essential  information  about  a  book.  This  is  done  with  description  and  exposition,  by  stating  the  perceived  aims  and  purposes  of  the  author,  and  by  quoting  striking  passages  from  the  text.  

    • Critical  -‐  describe  and  evaluate  the  book,  in  terms  of  accepted  literary  and  historical  standards,  and  supports  this  evaluation  with  evidence  from  the  text.  The  following  pointers  are  meant  to  be  suggestions  for  writing  a  critical  review.  

    Article  “Short  &  To  The  Point”  

    • Comment  –  a  synopsis  and  analysis  of  a  specific  case  or  piece  of  legislation.    

    • Report  –  explore  the  conduct  of  research  in  a  specific  project  and  present  the  findings  of  the  research  team.  

    • Review  –  an  assessment  of  the  literature  on  the  topic  identifying  themes  and  gaps.    This  assessment.  

    Book  Chapter  “Soldiers  All  In  A  Row”  

    • Festschrift  –  a  published  collection  of  legal  essays  written  by  several  authors  to  honour  a  distinguished  jurist  or  scholar  or  to  mark  a  significant  legal  event.  

    • Theme  –  a  published  collection  of  legal  essays  written  by  several  authors  around  a  particular  theme  or  problem.    The  essays  may  explore  different  aspects  or  perspectives  on  the  topic.    

    Book  “A  Full  Meal  Deal”  

    • Monograph  –  one  author,  one  unified  writing  that  can  expand  on  the  thesis  at  greater  length  and  depth.    

    • Collection  –  an  edited  collection  of  articles  by  several  authors  around  a  theme.    

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    Book  Reviews  –  “Great  place  to  start”  

    When  I  was  completing  my  last  professional  degree  I  was  advised  to  consider  book  reviews  as  a  good  entry  into  academic  writing.    It  helps  you  develop  your  writing  style  and  you  will  receive  free  books.      

    Where  do  you  find  opportunities  for  reviewing?    

    • Societies  -‐  If  you  are  a  member  of  a  professional  or  academic  society  that  publishes  a  journal  or  magazine  they  may  periodically  distribute  a  list  of  books  to  be  reviewed  for  their  members.    I  am  a  member  of  the  Canadian  Association  for  Information  Science  and  quarterly  they  post  a  list  of  books  on  their  Google  group.    Usually  they  are  snapped  up  within  and  hour  or  two.      

    • Journals  -‐  Most  journals  also  have  Book  Review  editors  and  you  can  ask  to  be  put  on  a  review  list.    You  will  probably  be  asked  for  your  CV  and  areas  of  interest/expertise.    

    There  are  two  types  of  Reviews:  

    • Descriptive  reviews  -‐  give  the  essential  information  about  a  book.  This  is  done  with  description  and  exposition,  by  stating  the  perceived  aims  and  purposes  of  the  author,  and  by  quoting  striking  passages  from  the  text.  

    • Critical  reviews  -‐  describe  and  evaluate  the  book,  in  terms  of  accepted  literary  and  historical  standards,  and  support  this  evaluation  with  evidence  from  the  text.    

       

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    Example  of  a  Descriptive  Review  

    4059  Page,  Christopher.  The  Roles  of  Public  Opinion  Research  in  Canadian  Government.  Toronto:  University  of  Toronto  Press,  2006.  258p.  The  Institute  of  Public  Administration  of  Canada  Series  in  Public  Management  and  Governance.  biblio.  index.  $60.00.  $27.95pa.  ISBN  0-‐8020-‐9039-‐7.  ISBN  0-‐8020-‐9377-‐9pa.  CCIP.  DDC  320.6’0971.        

    Many  informed  observers  have  come  to  believe  that  governments  spend  too  much  public  money  and  assign  too  much  importance  to  public  opinion  research.  Polls  allegedly  cause  politicians  to  follow  rather  than  lead  and  produce  attempts  to  manipulate  public  opinion.  The  Government  of  Canada  spends  approximately  $20  million  annually  on  polling.  The  spending  is  justified  on  the  grounds  that  it  enables  government  to  be  more  responsive  to  citizens.        

    This  book  argues  that  enhanced  responsiveness  to  public  concerns  might  arise  sometimes.  However,  it  finds  that  the  main  uses  of  polling  data  are  to  help  set  the  decision-‐making  agenda  of  government  and,  even  more  importantly,  to  help  governments  communicate  with  citizens  in  order  to  increase  public  understanding  of,  support  of,  and  compliance  with  the  policies  and  actions  of  government.  The  book  reaches  this  conclusion  through  three  case  studies  of  the  policy  process:  the  patriation  of  the  Constitution  and  the  adoption  of  the  Charter  of  Rights  and  Freedoms;  the  adoption  of  the  Goods  and  Services  Tax,  and  the  strengthening  of  gun  control  rules.        

    The  three  cases  cover  different  time  periods  and  different  political  parties  in  office.  The  cases  are  thoroughly  analysed  so  as  to  offer  a  fascinating  insight  into  the  inner  workings  of  the  policy  process  at  the  highest  levels.  Reliance  on  polling  is  found  to  be  greatest  on  high-‐profile  issues,  because  such  issues  can  potentially  affect  the  political  fortunes  of  governments  more  dramatically.  Each  of  the  cases  fell  into  the  high-‐profile  category.  In  each  case,  polling  shaped  communications  strategy  and  tactics  after  the  policy  was  decided  and  played  a  limited  role  in  the  formulation  of  policy.  The  final  chapter  examines  the  potential  and  the  problems  of  polling.        

    This  is  one  of  very  few  careful  examinations  of  the  role  of  opinion  research  within  government.  Written  originally  as  a  doctoral  dissertation,  it  will  appeal  mainly  to  students  of  the  policy  process  and,  to  a  lesser  extent,  practitioners  in  government  who  want  to  learn  what  works  and  what  not  to  do  when  it  comes  to  relying  on  polls.    

    —  Paul  G.  Thomas  is  the  Duff  Roblin  Professor  of  Government  at  the  University  of  Manitoba,  the  author  of  Parliamentary  Reform  Through  Political  Parties,  and  the  co-‐author  of  Canadian  Public  Administration:  Problematical  Perspectives.      

    Paul  G.  Thomas  Scholarly,  Review  of  Christopher  Page,  The  Roles  of  Public  Opinion  Research  in  Canadian  Government,  Scholarly  Reviews,  Canadian  Book  Review  Annual  (Sample  Reviews).  

       

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    How  to  Write  a  Critical  Book  Review  

    Basic  requirements  

    To  write  a  critical  review,  the  reviewer  must  know  two  things:    

    • Knowing  the  work  under  review:  This  demands  not  only  attempting  to  understand  the  author's  purpose  and  how  the  component  parts  of  the  work  contribute  to  that  purpose,  but  also  knowledge  of  the  author:  his/her  nationality,  time  period,  other  works  etc.  

    • Requirements  of  the  genre:  This  means  understanding  the  art  form  and  how  it  functions.    Without  such  context,  the  reviewer  has  no  historical  or  literary  standard  upon  which  to  base  an  evaluation.  

    Reviewing  essentials    

    • Description  of  the  book.    Sufficient  description  should  be  given  so  that  the  reader  will  have  some  understanding  of  the  author's  thoughts.    This  account  is  not  a  summary.    It  can  be  woven  into  the  critical  remarks.  

    • Discuss  the  author.    Biographical  information  should  be  relevant  to  the  subject  of  the  review  and  enhance  the  reader's  understanding  of  the  work  under  discussion.  

    • Appraise  the  book.    A  review  must  be  a  considered  judgment  that  includes:  o a  statement  of  the  reviewer's  understanding  of  the  author's  purpose,  o how  well  the  reviewer  feels  the  author's  purpose  has  been  achieved,  o evidence  to  support  the  reviewer's  judgment  of  the  author'  achievement.  

    First  Draft  

    • Opening  paragraphs  set  the  tone  of  the  paper.  Possible  introductions  usually  make  a  statement  about  the:  

    o Thesis  o Authorial  purpose  o Topicality  of  the  work  or  its  significance  o Comparison  of  the  work  to  others  by  the  same  author  or  within  the  same  genre  o Author  

    • The  body  of  the  review  logically  develops  your  thesis.  Follow  your  outline  or  adjust  it  to  further  your  argument.  The  aim  should  be  to  push  your  central  point.  Put  quoted  material  in  quotation  marks,  or  indented,  and  properly  footnoted.  

    • Concluding  paragraphs  sums  up  or  restates  your  thesis  or  it  may  make  a  final  judgment  regarding  the  book.  Do  not  introduce  new  information  or  ideas  in  the  conclusion.  

    Dalhousie  Libraries  Guide  to  Writing  Book  Reviews  Online:  l  

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    Where  do  you  do  to  find  book  reviews?    

    The  most  effective  and  efficient  way  to  locate  Canadian  law  book  reviews  is  the  Index  to  Canadian  Legal  Literature.  You  can  search  by  subject/author  for  articles  and  book  reviews  and  by  citation  for  case/legislation  comments.  Where  to  find  this  set:  

    1.  Print  (2nd  floor  reference/3rd  floor  journals)  

    2.  WestlawCanada  (Password  Required):  LawSource  -‐  ICLL  

     

    3.  LexisQuicklaw  (Password  Required):  Source  Directory  -‐  Legal  Indices  and  Tables  -‐  Index  to  Canadian  Legal  Literature  

     

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    There  are  two  key  English  language  databases  of  legal  articles:  Index  to  Legal  Periodicals  (ILP)  and  LegalTrac.  These  databases  index  articles  from  the  U.S.,  U.K.,  Canada,  Australia,  and  New  Zealand.  Many  articles  are  full  text,  others  can  be  asked  by  the  "Get  it@Dal"  link  or  button.  

    ILP  Indexes  articles  from  615+  legal  periodicals  published  in  the  United  States,  Canada,  Great  Britain,  New  Zealand  and  Australia.    

     

    LegalTrac  Indexes  articles  in  all  major  law  reviews,  law  journals,  specialty  law  and  bar  association  journals,  and  legal  newspapers  on  Federal  and  State  Cases,  Laws  and  Government  Regulations,  Legal  Practice,  and  legal  subjects  such  as  Taxation  and  International  Law.  British  Commonwealth  and  European  Union  cases  and  law  are  also  included.    

    Outside  of  Law  

    Book  Reviews  Plus  (HH  Wilson)  

     Where  do  I  find  information  about  the  author?  

    Biographical  

    • Canadian  Legal  Directory  • Canada  Law  List  • Martindale-‐Hubbell  (Martindale.com)  • Firm/Faculty  Website  (Schulich  School  of  Law)  

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    Publications  

    • Index  to  Canadian  Legal  Literature  Author  Index  • Index  to  Legal  /  LegalTrac  Periodicals  Author  Index  

    How  do  I  do  a  Literature  Review?  (Book,  Journals,  Theses,  oh  my!)  (15min)    

    Purpose  of  the  Literature  Review    A  literature  review  is  an  explanation  of  what  has  been  published  on  a  subject  by  recognized  researchers.      http://calstatela.libguides.com/content.php?pid=160334&sid=1356038    Definition:    “The  selection  of  available  documents  on  the  topic,  which  contain  information,  ideas,  data  and  evidence  written  from  a  particular  standpoint  to  fulfill  certain  aims  or  express  certain  views  on  the  nature  of  the  topic  and  how  it  is  investigated,  and  the  effective  evaluation  of  these  documents  in  relation  to  the  research  being  proposed.”    Chris  Hart,  Doing  a  Literature  Review:  Releasing  the  Social  Science  Research  Imagination  (London:  Sage,  1998)  at  13.    “A  Research  literature  review  is  a  systematic,  explicit,  and  reproducible  method  for  identifying,  evaluating,  and  synthesizing  the  existing  body  of  completed  and  recorded  work  produced  by  researchers,  scholars,  and  practitioners.”      Arlene  Fink,  Conducting  Research  Literature  Reviews:  From  the  Internet  to  Paper  (London,  Sage,  2010)  at  3.    “A  formal  literature  review  is  a  very  specific  piece  of  argumentative  writing.  It  is  a  work  that  relies  on  scientific  and  academic  discourse  and  debate  to  construct  arguments  about  a  current  research  project.”    Purposes  of  the  ‘literature  review’:  

    1. Inform  your  readers  of  developments  in  the  field.  2. Establish  their  own  credibility.  3. Argue  the  need  for,  and  relevance  and  significance  of,  their  study.  4. Providing  a  context  for  your  own  methodological  approach.  5. Arguing  the  relevance  of  your  approach.  

     Zina  O’Leary,  The  Essential  Guide  to  Doing  Research  (London,  Sage,  2004)  at  78-‐79.      

  •   10  

    Eight  literature  review  tasks  

     1. Select  Research  Questions  

    A  research  question  is  a  precisely  stated  question  that  guides  the  review.    

    2. Select  Bibliographic  Indices,  Databases  or  Websites  The  bibliographic  databases  of  interest  in  research  reviews  contain  full  reports  of  original  studies.  Other  sources  for  literature  reviews  include  experts  in  the  field  of  interest,  the  web,  and  the  reference  lists  contained  in  the  books/articles.      

    3. Choose  Search  Terms  (Ask  Experts)  Search  terms  are  the  words  and  phrases  that  you  use  o  get  the  appropriate  articles,  books,  and  reports.  You  base  them  on  the  words  and  concepts  that  frame  the  research  questions,  and  you  use  the  particular  grammar  and  logic  to  conduct  the  search.    

    4. Apply  Practical  Screens  Preliminary  literature  searches  always  yield  too  many  articles,  but  only  a  few  are  relevant.  You  screen  the  literature  to  get  at  the  relevant  articles  by  setting  criteria  for  inclusion  into  and  exclusion  from  the  review.  Practical  screening  criteria  include  factors  such  as  the  language  in  which  the  article  is  printed,  the  setting  of  the  study,  and  its  funding  source.    

    5. Apply  Methodological  Screens  Methodological  criteria  include  criteria  for  evaluating  the  adequacy  of  a  study’s  coverage  and  its  scientific  quality.  

     6. Do  the  Review  

    Reliable  and  valid  reviews  involve  using  a  standardized  for  abstracting  data  from  articles,  training  reviewers  to  do  the  abstraction,  monitoring  the  quality  of  the  review,  and  plot  testing  the  process.    

    7. Synthesize  the  Results  Literature  reviews  results  may  be  synthesized  descriptively.  Descriptive  syntheses  are  interpretations  of  the  reviews  findings  based  on  the  reviewers’  experience  and  the  quality  and  content  of  the  available  literature.    

    8. Produce  Descriptive  Review  Primarily  qualitative  synthesis  of  results.  

     Fink,  2010,  5        

  •   11  

    Goal  of  the  Literature  Review    Integration    

    • Find  connections  between  sources.    • Rather  than  summarize  each  source,  discuss  what  they  have  in  common,  in  what  ways  

    they  intersect,  or  how  they  significantly  differ.    • While  integrating,  or  synthesizing,  your  sources,  keep  the  big  picture  in  mind.  

     Conducting  the  Literature  Review  

    1. What  is  the  specific  thesis,  problem,  or  research  question  that  my  review  of  literature  helps  to  define?        

    2. What  type  of  literature  review  am  I  conducting?  Am  I  looking  at  issues  of  theory?  methodology?  policy?  quantitative  research  (e.g.  on  the  effectiveness  of  a  new  procedure)?  qualitative  research  (e.g.  studies  )?    

    3. What  is  the  scope  of  my  literature  review?  What  types  of  publications  am  I  using  (e.g.,  journals,  books,  government  documents,  popular  media)?  What  discipline  am  I  working  in  (e.g.,  psychology,  organizational  behavior,  education)?  

    4. How  good  was  my  information  seeking?  Has  my  search  been  wide  enough  to  ensure  I've  found  all  the  relevant  material?  Has  it  been  narrow  enough  to  exclude  irrelevant  material?  Is  the  number  of  sources  I've  used  appropriate  for  the  length  of  my  paper?  

    5. Have  I  critically  analyzed  the  literature  I  use?  Do  I  follow  through  a  set  of  concepts  and  questions,  comparing  items  to  each  other  in  the  ways  they  deal  with  them?  Instead  of  just  listing  and  summarizing  items,  do  I  assess  them,  discussing  strengths  and  weaknesses?    

    6. Have  I  cited  and  discussed  studies  contrary  to  my  perspective?    7. Will  the  reader  find  my  literature  review  relevant,  appropriate,  and  useful?    

     Chris  Hart,  Doing  a  Literature  Review:  Releasing  the  Social  Science  Research  Imagination  (London,  Sage,  1998).    

       

       

  •   12  

    Bibliographic  Tools  

    Books    

    • Google  Books  • WorldCat  • Novanet  

    Journals    

    • Subscription  Sources  • HeinOnline  • Westlaw  • LexisNexisQuicklaw  

     • Open  Access  Sources  

    • SSRN  (Legal  Scholarship  Network)  http://www.ssrn.com/  • WorldLII  Journals  Project  http://www.worldlii.org/int/journals/  • Berkeley  Electronic  Press  Legal  Repository  http://law.bepress.com/repository/  • European  Integration  Online  Papers  http://eiop.or.at/eiop/index.php/eiop  • European  Research  Papers  Archive  http://eiop.or.at/erpa/  • Cornell  Law  School  Working  Papers  Series  

    http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clsops/  • North  East  Law  Libraries  Consortium  (NELLCO)  Legal  Scholarship  Repository  

    http://lsr.nellco.org/    

    Festschriften    • Index  to  Common  Law  Festschriften  http://magic.lbr.auckland.ac.nz/festschrift/  

     Theses  

    • Open  Access  Sources  • Theses  Canada  • Dalhousie  Online  Theses  

    • Dissertations  Subscription  Services  • Proquest  UMI  Dissertations  and  Theses  • ProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses:  UK  &  Ireland  

    Websites  • Web-‐letters  • Blogs/Podcasts  • White  Papers/Reports    

  •   13  

    Managing  My  Sources    

    Managing  your  information  sources  is  an  essential  research  task  that  should  be  planned  even  before  the  literature  review  begins.    By  organizing  your  citations  you  will  be  able  quickly  locate  sources  as  you  need  them  for  writing  and  citing.      

    Gather  and  record  complete  citations  and  well  as  annotations  that  summarize  the  content  and  important  notes  for  later.      

    Michels,  David  and  David  Blaikie.  “’I  took  up  the  case  of  the  stranger’  -‐  Arguments  from  Faith,  History  and  Law”  In  Randy  Lippert  and  Sean  Rehaag  eds,  Sanctuary  Practices  in  International  Perspectives  (New  York:  Routledge  Press,  2012).  

    Michels  is  a  Law  Librarian  and  Sociologist  of  Religion  at  Dalhousie  University.  Blaikie  is  a  Law  Professor  at  Schulich  School  of  Law.    

    This  is  a  comparative  analysis  of  justifications  for  the  practice  of  ecclesiatical  sanctuary  as  reported  in  Canada,  UK  and  USA  news  media.    The  chapter  identified  theological  as  well  as  philosophical  differences  in  the  national  sanctuary  movements.    

    Records  can  be  managed  using  a  print  cataloguing  system  or  using  free  or  subscription  bibliographic  software.  

    Software   Publisher  Recent  Version  

    Cost   Notes  

    Refworks   Refworks   2010-‐05   US  $100/year  

    web-‐based,  browser-‐accessed,  centrally-‐hosted  program.  Compatible  with  Mac  and  Windows,  Integration  with  MS  Word,  OpenOffice,  and  Mac  Pages.  

    Mendeley  Mendeley  2012-‐11-‐15  (1.5.2)  

    Free  

    Desktop  &  Web  components,  iPhone  and  iPad.  Compatible  with  Mac  and  Windows.  Integration  with  MS  Word  and  OpenOffice.  

    EndNote  Thomson  Reuters  

    2012  (X6)   US  $299  Includes  EndNote  Web  account.  Compatible  with  Mac  and  Windows.  Integration  with  MS  Word.  

  •   14  

    Zotero  

    Center  for  History  and  New  Media  at  GMU  

    2012-‐07-‐26  (3.0.8.1)    

    Free  /  Online  storage  free  up  to  300  MB  /  Additional  storage  space  available  

    Firefox  extension  or  stand-‐alone  with  connectors  for  Chrome  and  Safari.  Compatible  with  Mac  and  Windows.  Integration  with  MS  Word,  OpenOffice,  Mac  Pages,  Google  Docs.  

    Comparison  of  Reference  Managers,  Wikipedia.com  (March,  2013)  

     

     

       

  •   15  

    How  do  I  evaluate  my  sources?  (15min)  

    The  criteria  for  evaluating  information  have  not  changed  but  the  sources  of  legal  scholarship  have  changed  tremendously.    Legal  information  (cases,  statutes,  commentary)  were  published  in  print  under  tight  editorial  control.    Increasingly  documents  are  gathered  online  from  official  and  unofficial  sources  that  require  the  end-‐user  to  be  more  vigilant  in  what  is  selected.    

    Criteria  

    Author  or  Organization  • Is  there  an  author  of  the  work?  If  so,  is  the  author  clearly  identified?    • Are  the  author's  credentials  for  writing  on  this  topic  stated?  For  instance,  journal  articles  

    often  list  the  university  or  organization  the  authors  are  affiliated  with.    • If  the  author  is  affiliated  with  an  organization,  could  this  organization  have  a  bias?    • Have  you  seen  the  author's  name  cited  in  other  sources  or  bibliographies?  Repeated  

    citations  by  others  and  a  substantial  body  of  work  by  the  author  can  indicate  expertise.    • Does  the  source  represent  a  group,  organization,  institution,  corporation  or  government  

    body?    • For  online  sources,  is  there  a  way  to  contact  the  author  and/or  organization?    

     Accuracy  

    • Is  the  source  part  of  an  edited  or  peer-‐reviewed  publication?    • Can  factual  information  be  verified  through  references  to  other  credible  sources?    • Based  on  what  you  already  know  about  the  subject,  or  have  checked  from  other  

    sources,  does  this  information  seem  credible?    • Is  it  clear  who  has  the  responsibility  for  the  accuracy  of  the  information  presented?  Is  it  

    on  a  site  like  Wikipedia  which  can  be  edited  by  anyone?    • If  data  are  presented  in  graphs  or  charts,  is  the  source  of  the  data  clear?    • Look  at  the  NIPCC  website  and  ask  yourself  if  the  information  seems  credible  and  

    accurate.      

    Currency  • Is  there  a  date  stating  when  the  document  was  originally  created?    • Is  it  clear  when  the  source  was  last  updated,  revised  or  edited?    • Are  there  any  indications  that  the  material  is  updated  frequently  or  consistently  to  

    ensure  currency  of  the  content?    • If  online,  are  any  links  to  other  websites  current?    

     Objectivity  

    • Is  the  page  free  of  advertising?  If  the  page  does  contain  advertising,  are  the  ads  clearly  separated  from  the  content?    

    • Does  the  page  display  a  particular  bias  or  perspective?  Or  is  the  information  presented  factually,  without  bias?    

  •   16  

    • Is  it  clear  and  forthcoming  about  its  view  of  the  subject?    • Does  it  use  inflammatory  or  provocative  language?    

     Coverage  

    • Does  the  source  update  other  works,  support  other  works  you've  read,  or  add  new  information?    

    • Does  the  source  cover  the  topic  comprehensively,  or  does  it  only  cover  one  aspect?  Make  sure  to  analyze  enough  sources  to  obtain  a  range  of  viewpoints  on  all  facets  of  the  topic.    

    • For  books,  a  table  of  contents  and  index  can  be  helpful  in  assessing  the  coverage  of  the  work.    

    • For  online  sources,  is  the  site  complete  or  still  under  construction?  Does  the  source  seem  stable,  or  is  it  likely  to  change  much  between  the  time  you  read  it  and  the  time  your  research  is  finished?    

    • For  online  sources,  if  there  is  a  print  equivalent  to  the  website,  is  there  clear  indication  of  whether  the  entire  work  or  only  a  portion  is  available  online?      

    Purpose  and  Audience  • Why  was  the  source  created  -‐  to  educate?  sell  a  product?  advocate  a  viewpoint?    • Is  the  publication  aimed  at  a  general  or  a  specialized  audience?    • Is  the  source  too  elementary,  too  technical,  too  advanced,  or  just  right  for  your  research  

    needs?    • Which  parts  of  the  information  presented  are  fact  and  which  are  opinion?    

     http://wiki.ubc.ca/Library:Evaluating_Information_Sources      

  •   17  

    How  do  I  use  my  sources?  (10min)  

    Quoting/Paraphrasing  

    Academic  Integrity  and  Plagiarism  

    The  use  of  another's  intellectual  property  such  words,  phrases,  ideas  or  thoughts,  as  well  recorded  or  published  works  without  attributing  the  other's  contribution  is  an  ethical  offense  that  can  have  professional  as  well  as  academic  consequences.    Taking  credit  for  work  completed  by  another  or  resubmitting  your  own  work  without  acknowledging  the  previous  use  are  also  examples  of  plagiarism.    

    Plagiarism  in  the  News:  

    • German  Education  Minister  Resigns  Amidst  Plagiarism  Scandal  (Feb.  10,  2013)  • Toronto  School  Board  Head  Resigns,  Plagiarism  Allegations  Grow  (Jan.  10,  2013)  • Internal  Probe  Finds  UW  Prof  Guilty  of  Plagiarism  (Jan.  8,  2013)  • New  Plagiarism  Cases  Cause  Second  Thoughts  in  Germany  (March  11,  2013)  • Plagiarism  in  Successful  NSF  Proposals  (March  10,  2013)  

    Dalhousie  University  Academic  Integrity    

    • Guidelines  and  Resources  • You  Quote  It,  You  Note  It  Tutorial  

    Quoting,  Paraphrasing  or  Summarizing?  What's  the  difference?  

    Quotations  must  be  identical  to  the  original,  using  a  narrow  segment  of  the  source.  They  must  match  the  source  document  word  for  word  and  must  be  attributed  to  the  original  author.  

    "Access  to  courts  of  justice  is  a  fundamental  right  in  western  societies.  The  ability  to  stand  before  your  accusers  and  offer  evidence  in  your  defense  is  essential  to  our  right  to  security  of  the  person.  However  important  this  right  is,  there  exist  in  Canada  gate-‐keeping  mechanisms  that  historically  and  contemporarily  limit  a  person’s  access  to  this  venue.  One  of  these  is  the  requirement  of  oaths  in  court."    

    Michels  and  Blaikie,  L’État  et  la  diversité  culturelle  et  religieuse  1800-‐1914,  (Quebec:  Presses  de  l'Université  du  Québec,  2009)  at  14.  

    Paraphrasing  involves  putting  a  passage  from  source  material  into  your  own  words.  A  paraphrase  must  also  be  attributed  to  the  original  source.  Paraphrased  material  is  usually  shorter  than  the  original  passage,  taking  a  somewhat  broader  segment  of  the  source  and  condensing  it  slightly.  

  •   18  

    It  is  a  fundamental  right  in  the  West  to  be  able  to  personally  defend  yourself  in  courts  of  law.  Michels  and  Blaikie  identified  court  oaths  in  as  gatekeeper  mechanisms  that  have  limited  access  throughout  Canadian  history.      Michels  and  Blaikie,  L’État  et  la  diversité  culturelle  et  religieuse  1800-‐1914,  (Quebec:  Presses  de  l'Université  du  Québec,  2009).  

    Summarizing  involves  putting  the  main  idea(s)  into  your  own  words,  including  only  the  main  point(s).  Once  again,  it  is  necessary  to  attribute  summarized  ideas  to  the  original  source.  Summaries  are  significantly  shorter  than  the  original  and  take  a  broad  overview  of  the  source  material.  

    Michels  and  Blaikie  argue  that  oaths  act  as  gate  keeping  mechanisms  for  the  courts.    

    Michels  and  Blaikie,  L’État  et  la  diversité  culturelle  et  religieuse  1800-‐1914,  (Quebec:  Presses  de  l'Université  du  Québec,  2009).    

     Citing  your  Sources  

    Where  you  publish  and  in  what  discipline  will  determine  what  citation  style  you  use.  Always  refer  to  the  publisher's  information  for  prospective  authors.    

    Common  Citation  Styles  in  Law  

    • Canadian  Guide  to  Uniform  Legal  Citation,  7th  ed.  (McGill)  (Dal  Law)  • The  Bluebook  A  Uniform  System  of  Citation,  19th  ed.  (Harvard)  (Dal  Law)  • Guide  to  Foreign  and  International  Legal  Citations,  2nd  ed.  (New  York)  (Dal  Law)  • New  Zealand  Law  Style  Guide,  2nd  ed.  (web)    • The  Australian  Guide  to  Legal  Citation,  3rd  ed.  (pdf)  • Oxford  University  Standard  of  Citation  for  Legal  Authorities,  4th  ed.  (pdf)  (Dal  Law)  

    Other  Common  Citation  Styles  

    • The  Canadian  Press  Stylebook:  A  Guide  for  Writers  and  Editors,  16th  ed.  (Dal  Law)  (HPL:  13th  ed.)  

    • MLA  Handbook  for  Writers  of  Research  papers,  7th  ed.  (English)  (Dal  Law)  • Publication  Manual  of  the  American  Psychological  Association,  10th  ed.  (Dal  Law)  (HPL)  • The  Chicago  Manual  of  Style,  15th  ed.  (Dal  Law)  (HPL)  • AMA  Manual  of  Style:  A  Guide  for  Authors  and  Editors,  10th  ed.  (Medicine)  (Dal  Law)  • Uniform  Requirements  for  Manuscripts  Submitted  to  Biomedical  Journals  (vancouver)  •  

    The  following  are  a  sample  of  secondary  source  citations  using  the  McGill  format.    

  •   19  

    Book  Reviews    

    • Tastad,  Mary.  Book  Review  of  Legal  Research  and  Writing  by  Ted  Tjaden,  (2002)  27  Can  L  Libraries  42.    

    • Arbuckle,  Kathryn.  Book  Review  of  Legal  Research  and  Writing  by  Ted  Tjaden,  (Sept  2002)  40  Alta  L  Rev  519.    

    Books  

    • Fitzgerald,  Maureen  F.  Legal  Problem  Solving:  Reasoning,  Research  and  Writing,  5th  ed  (Markham,  ON:  LexisNexis,  2010).    

    • Kerr,  Margaret,  JoAnn  Kurtz,  and  Arlene  Blatt.  Legal  Research:  Step  by  Step.  3rd  ed  (Toronto,  ON:  Emond  Montgomery,  2010).    

    • MacEllven,  D  T  et  al.  Legal  Research  Handbook,  5  ed  (Markham,  ON:  LexisNexis,  2003).    

    Articles    

    • Colbran,  Stephen  &  Belinda  Tynan.  "Australian  Law  Postgraduate  Network"  (2006)  16  Legal  Educ  Rev  35.    

    • Cooper,  Donna  et  al.  "The  Emergence  of  the  JD  in  the  Australian  Legal  Education  Marketplace  and  its  Impact  on  Academic  Standards"  (2011)  21  Legal  Education  Review  23.    

    • Loughnan,  Arlie  &  Rita  Shackel.  “The  Travails  of  Postgraduate  Research  in  Law.  (Australia)”  (2009)  19  Legal  Educ  Rev  99    

    Theses    

    • Apold,  Victoria.  Commercial  Surrogacy:  Reconsidering  Canada's  criminal  prohibition  (LLM  Dalhousie  law  School,  2005)  [unpublished].  

    • Bartlett,  Amy  Christine.  The  Prevention  of  Violence  in  Intrastate  Conflict:  Opportunities  for  an  International  Response  System  (LLM  Dalhousie  Law  School,  2005)  [unpublished].  

    Web-‐documents  

    • Strategis  Guide  for  Canadian  Legal  Research  (24  November  2006),  online:  Industry  Canada,  .    

     

       

  •   20  

    Where  do  I  Publish?  

    1.  What’s  the  best  journal  or  publisher?  

    Again,  this  depends  on  your  publishing  goal:  academic  or  professional,  peer-‐reviewed  or  editor-‐reviewed,  and  your  field/discipline.    There  are  tools  that  can  assist  you  in  locating  appropriate  publishers.    

    Online  Catalogues:  subject  search/narrow  by  material  type/subject  

    A  general  search  of  the  WorldCat  catalogue  for  a  particular  subject  will  generate  a  wide  collection  of  materials.    The  filter  features  to  the  left  will  allow  you  to  reduce  your  results  down  to  books  or  print  and  electronic  journals.    

     

    Journal  Ranking  sites:  Washington  and  Lee  University  Law  Journal  Rankings:    http://lawlib.wlu.edu/LJ/index.aspx  

  •   21  

    Journal  rankings  can  be  problematic  but  with  care  they  can  be  useful  tools.  For  a  fuller  discussion  on  the  ranking  question  see  the  helpful  analysis  from  CALT.  

     “Ranking  World  Law  Journals”,  Canadian  Association  of  Law  Teachers,  Online:  http://www.acpd-‐calt.org/?p=1589.    

    2. Open  Access  Publishing  

    It  is  increasingly  important  to  consider  Open  Access  publishing.    Open  access  promotes  broader  access  to  academic  research  by  scholars,  students,  professionals  and  the  general  public.    

    The  concept  of  open  access  continues  to  evolve,  but  in  general,  it  means  that  works  such  as  peer-‐reviewed  journal  articles,  graduate  theses,  data,  or  other  types  of  scholarly  information  are  made  available  free  of  charge,  immediately  (no  publisher  delay  or  embargo),  and  in  a  permanently  accessible,  online  format.    

    • Dalhousie  Libraries  Open  Access  Subject  Guide  • Sherpa/Romeo  –  Publisher  Copyright  Policies  &  Self-‐Archiving  • OpenDOAR  Search  for  Repositories  

     3. Surveying  the  Market  

    I  need  to  be  able  to  demonstrate  to  the  publisher  the  need  for  this  book  or  collection.    How  can  I  determine  what  has  been  published  in  this  market?  

  •   22  

    • Global  Books  in  Print  (Dalhousie  Subscription  Service)  

    GBIP  provides  bibliographic  data  and  price  information  for  English-‐language  books  worldwide  as  well  as  many  books  in  Spanish  and  some  in  French  and  German  and  other  languages,  wherever  published.  It  includes  Books  In  Print  (U.S.  and  Canada),  Whitaker’s  BookBank  (U.K.),  International  Books  In  Print  (Continental  Europe,  Africa,  Asia,  and  Latin  America)  and  Australian  and  New  Zealand  Books  In  Print  (Australia,  New  Zealand,  and  the  Oceanic  states).    

     

    • Amazon  /  Chapters  (General/Popular)  • WorldCat  (Academic  Treatises)