Presentation pfe

EVALUATION OF VEHICULAR AD-HOCNETWORK PROTOCOLS

RIAHI MALEK

École centrale Polytechnique privée de tunis

15 JULY 2014

Jury: TEMANI MONCEF Advisor: Dr. RACHID ZAGROUBA——– WALID GHARBI

Plan

1 Introduction

2 Vehicular ad-hoc network

3 Vehicular ad-hoc Protocols

4 Simulation

5 Realisation

6 Conclusion

IntroductionVehicular ad-hoc network

Vehicular ad-hoc ProtocolsSimulation

RealisationConclusion

1 Introduction



4 Simulation

5 Realisation

6 Conclusion

RIAHI MALEK EVALUATION OF VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK PROTOCOLS 3 / 42




Introduction

About 1.24 million people die each year as a result of road trafficcrashes.

Enhancement of communication technologies

If cars can communicate?!

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a special form of mobilead-hoc network (MANET)

Question: Why VANET?Answer: road security, traffic informations, driving assistance,entertainment, informations, internet connection...





Special features of VANET networkStandardization work:

1 Introduction

2 Vehicular ad-hoc networkSpecial features of VANET networkStandardization work:


4 Simulation

5 Realisation

6 Conclusion






The vehicular ad-hoc network is a part of mobile ad-hoc network, butdue to many features of Vanet we can’t use Manet protocols:

Highly Dynamic Topology.

Frequently disconnected network topology.

Nodes in VANET are not subject to power and storage limitation.

VANET routing protocols can use lot of additional sensorsnetwork witch can provide useful information.

etc.






DSRC

DSRC was in the beginning a standard for short and mediumrange wireless communication dedicated for automotive use inTHE USA

By 2008 the European Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI) allocated 30 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9GHz band for ITS.

DSRC systems in Europe, Japan and U.S. are not compatibleand actually include some very significant variations (5.8GHz,5.9GHz or even infrared, different baud rates,different protocols.)






CALM

is an initiative by the ISO TC 204/Working Group 16 to define aset of wireless communication protocols and air interfaces for avariety of communication scenarios spanning multiple modes ofcommunications and multiple methods of transmissions inIntelligent Transportation System (ITS)

CALM standard is also principally based on 5.9 GHz DSRCconcept.

The concept of CALM is based on heterogeneous cooperativecommunication framework.






Car 2 Car Communication Consortium

The C2C-CC is supported by European automobile industry.

Car 2 Car Communication Consortium (C2C-CC) aims toestablish an open European industry standard, focused ondevelopment of active safety applications.

Fast data transmission for V2V and V2I communications.

Support for the transmission of different types of messagesincluding safety messages and infotainment.

Different short range wireless LAN technologies including IEEE802.11p.






Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment(WAVE)

IEEE introduced a complete protocol stack of 1609 protocol familyand named it WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment).THE IEEE 1609 family is divided to 6 sub-standards 1609.1,1609.2, 1609.3, 1609.4, 1609.5, 1609.6






IEEE 1609.1 : details the management activities required for theproper operation of the applications.

IEEE 1609.2 : For Transport and Network Layer handling of trafficsafety related applications.

IEEE 1609.3 : named as WSMP (Wave Short Messages Protocol).

IEEE 1609.4 : define the coordination between the multipleschannels of the spectrum.

IEEE 1609.5 : deals with Layer Management

IEEE 1609.6 : offers an additional middle layer between transport andapplication layer.

IEEE 802.11p : details the MAC Layer operation of the WAVEarchitecture.





Geocast based protocolsCluster based protocolsBroadcast based protocolsPosition based routing protocolTopology Based protocols

1 Introduction


3 Vehicular ad-hoc ProtocolsGeocast based protocolsCluster based protocolsBroadcast based protocolsPosition based routing protocolTopology Based protocols

4 Simulation

5 Realisation

6 Conclusion






1 Introduction


3 Vehicular ad-hoc ProtocolsGeocast based protocolsCluster based protocolsBroadcast based protocolsPosition based routing protocolTopology Based protocols

4 Simulation

5 Realisation

6 ConclusionRIAHI MALEK EVALUATION OF VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK PROTOCOLS 15 / 42





Vehicular networks (VANET) is a particular and advanced versionof mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). Thus, there is a remarkablesimilarity between these two types of networks operationally.It is therefore that the routing protocols designed for MANET arenot always appropriate in VANET.Vanet protocols are divided to five major categories






Geocast based protocols

Geocast routing is basically a location based multicast routingused to send a message to all vehicles in a pre-definedgeographical region.The main objective of the protocol is to send a message to allother vehicles within a specified Zone of Relevance (ZOR).In Geocast routing vehicles outside the ZOR are not alerted toavoid unnecessary hasty reaction.Some examples of geocast protocols: Robust Vehicular Routing(ROVER),Dynamic time-stable geocast routing (DTSG),etc.






Cluster based protocols

Each cluster has one cluster-head, which is responsible for intraand inter-cluster management functions.the formation of clusters and the selection of the cluster-head isan important issue.Some examples of cluster based protocols: Hierarchical ClusterBased routing (HCB), Cluster Based Location Routing (CBLR),Cluster-Based Directional Routing Protocol (CBDRP), etc.






Broadcast based protocols

The nodes are organized into two level of hierarchy:The first Level hierarchy includes all the nodes in a cell.The second level hierarchy is represented by cell reflectors, whichare few nodes located closed to geographical center of cell.

similar to flooding base routing protocols for messagebroadcasting and routing overhead.

Some examples of Broadcast based protocols: Distributedvehicular broadcast protocol (DVCAST), Urban MultihopBroadcast protocol (UMB), etc.






Position based protocols

Position based routing consists of sharing the property ofgeographic positioning information in order to select the nextforwarding hops.

Position based routing better performance because that is noneed to be created and maintained global route from source nodeto destination node.

Position based routing is divided in two types:

Position based greedy Vehicle to Vehicle protocols.Delay Tolerant Protocols

Some examples of Position based protocols: Geographic SourceRouting (GSR), Greedy Perimeter Stateless routing (GPSR), etc.






Topology based protocols

Topology based routing protocols which discover the route andmaintain routing information in a table before the sender startstransmitting data.

They are divided into :Proactive, Reactive and hybrid protocols.






Proactive protocols

Nodes of the networks in proactive protocol or table driven routingprotocols periodically exchanging the knowledge of topology.

The proactive protocols do not have initial route discovery delaybut consumes lot of bandwidth for periodic updates of topology.

Some examples of proactive protocols: fisheye state routing(FSR), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), etc.






Reactive protocols

Reactive routing protocols or on-demand routing protocolsperiodically update the routing table, when some data is there tosend.

Convergence take long time and bandwidth in the first timediscovering the network.






hybrid protocols

Hybrid routing protocols is combination of reactive routingprotocols and proactive routing protocols.

Reduce the control overhead of proactive routing protocols anddecrease the initial Route discovery delay in reactive routingprotocols.

Some examples of hybrid protocols: Zone Routing protocol(ZRP), Hybrid Routing Protocol (HARP) , etc.





Mobility GeneratorNetwork simulatorNetwork animator (NAM)XGRAPH

1 Introduction



4 SimulationMobility GeneratorNetwork simulatorNetwork animator (NAM)XGRAPH

5 Realisation

6 Conclusion






1 Introduction



4 SimulationMobility GeneratorNetwork simulatorNetwork animator (NAM)XGRAPH

5 Realisation






To simulate realistic Vanet protocols we have also to simulatenodes movement.Then simulation will be divided to two part :

Mobility simulationNetwork simulation






Mobility generators

Mobility model generator for Vehicular networks (MOVE) is a toolfor generating mobility models for VANET simulations.Simulation of Urban Mobility or SUMO for short, is an opensource,microscopic, multi-modal traffic simulation. It allows tosimulate how a given traffic demand which consists of singlevehicles moves through a given road network.






Network simulator

Network Simulator Version 2, also known as NS-2 is anopen-source event driven packet level network simulatordeveloped as part of the VINT project (Virtual Internet Testbed).

To use NS-2, a user programs in the OTcl script language.An OTcl script will do the following:

Initiates an event scheduler.Sets up the network topology using the network objects.Tells traffic sources when to start/stop transmitting packetsthrough the event scheduler.






Ns-2 architecture

otcl: Object-oriented support

tclcl: C++ and otcl linkage

Discrete event scheduler

Data network components






NETWORK ANIMATOR(NAM)

NAM is a Tcl/TK based animation tool for viewing network simulationtraces and real world packet trace data.






XGRAPH

The xgraph program draws a graph on an X display given data readfrom either data files or from standard input.





ScenarioOutputsResult analysis

1 Introduction



4 Simulation

5 RealisationScenarioOutputsResult analysis

6 Conclusion






1 Introduction



4 Simulation

5 RealisationScenarioOutputsResult analysis






Scenario

Our simulation scenario is like shown below two flows of vehicles in ahigh way. Each flow contains a number of vehicles we will change thespeed while simulating to check result for each speed sample. We willuse the same scenario for AODV and DSR protocols .






This is now a sample of our simulation code trace file used for oursimulation.






As a result of compiling the TCL code we get output files witch are

Trace file (contains all simulation data)

Nam file (file.nam) witch contains nam output for showingsimulation running nodes movement...

TR file (file.tr) witch contains xgraph output






Trace file 1/2

This trace file contains all data about transmission made whilesimulating with time packet loss, packet deliver.We get informationfiltered from the trace file using awk command. We choose to only getour needed information






Trace file 2/2

a trace file called "out.tr" that will be used for our simulation analysis.

event time fromnode

tonode

pkttype

pktsize

flags fid srcaddr

destaddr

seqnum

pktid

Trace Format Example:

Note that even though UDP implementations do not use sequencenumber, NS keeps track of UDP packet sequence number for analysispurposes. The last field shows the unique id of the packet.






Here we are comparing delay of each protocol DSR and AODV insame conditions listed above. We get this result from the simulation

We notice that the delay in low speed from 0 m/s to 20 m/s (0 km/h to70 km/h) is the same. When speed is higher than 20 m/s (about 70km/h) the DSR protocol is slightly better than AODV.






Here we are comparing loss rate of each protocol DSR and AODV insame conditions listed above. We get this result from the simulation.

We notice that when speed is lower than 20 m/s (about 70 km/h) theAODV have less loss rate than DSR protocol by average of 2.5 %. Butwhen speed goes faster loss rate becomes very important and bothprotocols become very faulty.





1 Introduction



4 Simulation

5 Realisation

6 Conclusion





In the end of our work we estimate learned how to interpret aresearch subject and act to find an efficient solutions.

The subject studied was very interesting and motivating, howeverwe found a difficulty to treat it due to time shortness and lack ofinformation specially in simulation field.

After this work we feel ourselves able to deal with the subject dueto that we become familiarized with this field and tools.

Still nowadays Vanet field is very confusing . Lot of dispersedwork, no common standardization every entity is working alone.Also not a lot of standard protocols, almost all protocols areresearch work.


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