Presentation on the In-depth Analysis and Public Health Hazard caused by Nipah Virus
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Transcript of Presentation on the In-depth Analysis and Public Health Hazard caused by Nipah Virus
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Presentation on the in-dePth analysis and Public health hazard caused by niPah Virus
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Presented By Sanjina Kowsar Mahmud 121-0523-030
Tamanna Nahar- 132-0959-630Ishrat Zereen-133-0911-630
Mabruka Tabassum-132-1231-030Taiyeba Masrafa-132-1402-030
north south uniVersity
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At a Glance
Nipah virus infections were first described during widespread outbreaks that occurred in Malaysia in 1998-1999
This virus is carried in fruit bats of the genus Pteropus, a host to which it seems well adapted. It emerges periodically to affect humans, pigs and occasionally other domesticated animals.
The virus is named after the Malaysian village where it was first discovered. This virus along with Hendra virus comprises a new genus designated Henipavirus in the sub family
Paramyxovirinae.
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Geographic Distribution
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Fruit Bats Nipah Virus
Transmission Pathway
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Clinical Manifestation
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Diagnosis
Nipah virus can be recovered in many cell lines including Vero (African green monkey kidney), RK-13, BHK and porcine spleen cells.
In humans, Nipah virus has been isolated from blood, throat or nasal swabs, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and urine samples, as well as from a variety of postmortem tissues. Nipah virus is
most likely to be recovered from clinical samples early in the illness. This virus is classified as a biosafety level 4 (BSL4) pathogen, which restricts the number of laboratories able to perform
virus isolation
Viral antigens can be detected in formalin-fixed tissues by immunohistochemistry. Antigens are most likely to be found in the central nervous system (CNS), followed by the lung or kidney.
Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques are in routine use at some laboratories.
Antibodies to Nipah virus may be found in serum and/or CSF. Acute and convalescent samples are collected whenever possible. Serologic tests used in humans include enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and serum neutralization.
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Risk Factor
date palm sap collected during winter months, as high possibility of the
presence of fruit bats
A complex process of anthropogenic driven deforestation, climatic changes
has built the new rise of mixed agro-pig farming practices and design of pig-sties led to the spillovers of the virus from its
wildlife reservoir into pig population.
activities involving close contact with pigs, such as processing of piglets,
administering injection or medication to pigs, assisting in the birth of piglets,
assisting in pig breeding, and handling of dead pigs
Risk Factors
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Treatement
No effective drug therapies available yet. Treatment is limited to supportive care. Because Nipah virus encephalitis can be transmitted person-to-person, standard infection control practices and proper barrier nursing techniques are important in preventing hospital-acquired infections (nosocomial transmission).
The drug ribavirin has been shown to be effective against the viruses in vitro, but human investigations to date have been inconclusive and the clinical usefulness of ribavirin remains uncertain.
Passive immunization using a human monoclonal antibody targeting the Nipah G glycoprotein has been evaluated in the post-exposure therapy in the ferret model and found to be of benefit.
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Prevention and Control
Do not drink raw date palm
sap & unpasteurized fruit
juices
Wash, peel, and/or cook all
fruit thoroughly before eating
Equipment and other fomites
should be cleaned
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Fatal Rate
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Epidemiology of Nipah Virus
What is the
Problem?
Out-Break of Nipah
virus
Where is the
Problem?
Bangladesh ,more
precisely north west portion of
Bangladesh
When is the
Problem ?
Harvesting date
juice from December through March
Why is the Problem?
Deadly effects of Nipah virus is exposed to
human population via
domestic animals or person to
person or fruit juice i.e. for Bangladesh
date sap
How to control and
prevent?
After culling, the burial sites are
disinfected with
chlorinated lime.
biosecurity practices
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.Confirmatory diagnosis done by
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Public Health Loopholes
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Recommendation Public Health Administrator
globally should have conducted seminars to
promote awareness when Niv was first out-broken
Extensive research should have performed by the epidemiologist so that
human would have been familiar and more cautious
Recomendation
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Conclusion To conclude, Nipah encephalitis, a fatal zoonotic diseasere currently
claims lives in Bangladesh following the initial reports of outbreaks in other countries.
Multidisciplinary outbreak investigations can be an important tool in exploring novel characteristics and risk factors of emerging infectious zoonotic diseases in resource-poorsettings
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thank you
any Questions
Slide Number 1Slide Number 2Slide Number 3Slide Number 4Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Slide Number 10Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Prognosis of Nipah virusSlide Number 15Slide Number 16Slide Number 17Slide Number 18