Presentation JOHPA Final
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Transcript of Presentation JOHPA Final
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“Impact of Climate Change on Occupational Health and Safety: Are we prepared?”
Dr. Homero Silva-SerranoProfessor of Public Health Environment and Climate Change
School of Public Health and Health TechnologyUniversity of Technology, Jamaica
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Vision 2030
“Jamaica, the place of choice to live, raise families,
work and do business”
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Vision Labour Market and Productivity Sector Plan
“An efficient and harmonious labour market sustaining a prosperous society and economy, supported by a trained, educated, productive
workforce that is attractive to quality job creating investments”.
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Attain Vision through Four Main Goals
• An efficient and effective labour market;• Higher levels of human and social capital
formation and trust;• Full and satisfying employment; and• Level of national productivity that is
internationally competitive
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Are we Efficient?Are we Effective?
Are we competitive?
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Annual Average LabourProductivity Growth Rates
Barbados (BRD), Canada (CAN), Dominican Republic (DOM), Ireland (IRL), Malaysia (MYS), Mauritius (MUS) Singapore (SGP), Trinidad and Tobago (TTO) and United States (USA)
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Annual Average LabourProductivity Growth Rates
Barbados (BRD), Canada (CAN), Dominican Republic (DOM), Ireland (IRL), Malaysia (MYS), Mauritius (MUS) Singapore (SGP), Trinidad and Tobago (TTO) and United States (USA)
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Growth Real GDP Per Worker(International Prices $I) 2000-2003
In 2008, it was estimated that labour productivity declined further
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Real GDP per worker per sector
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Answer
No•We are not efficient•We are not effective•We are not internationally competitive
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How we can solve this?
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We need to invest in Human Capital
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Investment in Human Capital
• In the 60’s Schultz produced this idea;• Investing in Human Capital contributes up to
65% of a country’s economic growth.• The posibility, the capability of human beings
to contribute, to produce is called Human Capital;
• Health and Education are the two main ingredients for human capital development
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Workers Health Determinants
Worker’sHealth
Life Styles
Environmental Pollution
OccupationalHazards
Health condition
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From Homo sapiens to Homo sedens
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Twenty Highest Female Obesity Prevalence and Twenty Lowest Female Obesity Prevalence Countries
Ranking Most Obese Prevalence Ranking Least Obese Prevalence
1 Nauru 81.9 1 Ethiopia 0.03
2 Tonga 80.8 2 Eritrea 0.2
3 Micronesia 78.5 3 Sri Lanka 0.2
4 Cook Islands 72.5 4 Bangladesh 0.3
5 Samoa 72.4 5 Nepal 0.4
6 Niue 70.1 6 Cambodia 0.5
7 Kuwait 66.6 7 Viet Nam 1.1
8 Barbados 62.7 8 Dem Republic of the Congo 1.7
9 Palau 61.9 9 Japan 1.7
10 Trinidad and Tobago 60.7 10 Rwanda 1.7
11 Dominica 60.0 11 Central African Republic 2.1
12 Egypt 59.4 12 Zambia 2.2
13 United States 54.8 13 Burkina Faso 2.3
14 Jamaica 52.6 14 Uganda 2.4
15 United Arab Emirates 52.4 15 Afghanistan 2.9
16 Jordan 52.2 16 India 3.0
17 Nicaragua 51.2 17 Malawi 3.1
18 Mexico 51.1 18 Kenya 3.1
19 Malta 50.6 19 Burundi 3.2
20 Seychelles 50.4 20 Papua New Guinea 3.2
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Impacts of obesity
• Major risk factors for a number of chronic diseases: diabetes, CVDs, musculoskeletal disorders and cancer.
• These conditions cause premature death and substantial disability, and
• Very high economic burden – Programmes related to PHC.
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Health Condition
• Chronic Diseases↑• Obesity ↑• Mental Health ↑• Violence ↑• Sedentarism ↑• Junk Food ↑• Energy Consumption per capita ↑• Environmental Pollution ↑
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Two New Menaces
• Climate Change• “Heat” Islands
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Workers Health Determinants
Worker’sHealth
Climate Change Heat Islands
Life Styles
Environmental Pollution
OccupationalHazards
Health condition
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Climate Change Impacts• Higher temperatures
– 2 oC • Higher Relative Humidity
– 2.2% from 1973 to 2003• Rising seas• Increased risk of drought, fire and floods • Stronger storms and increased storm damage • Changing landscapes • More heat-related illness and disease • Economic losses • Wildlife at risk
It is expected an increase of 1.5 to 2.8o Celsius increase in temperature by 2050 and 2080
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Temperature Increase “Heat Island”
• Increase in Temperature by “Heat Island”– 5.8 a 8.0 oC, above present conditions – an average of 6.9 oC
• Total Temperature Increase– By 2050 1.5 + 6.9 = 8.4 oC– By 2080 2.8 + 6.9 = 9.7 oC
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Health Effects of Heat Stress
The health effects caused by heat stress include: •heat cramps, •heat exhaustion •heat stroke. •Heat stress can also increase the risk from other health and safety hazards.
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How all of these impact on the Working Conditions?
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Ways of thermal exchange by the human body
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Kingston max Ave Temp.
Kingston Rel HumAt 1:00 PM
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Humidex Chart
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Preventive Measures
Humidex Response Efficiency Provide 15 minutes relief per hour
Provide adequate cool (10–15 oC) water
At least 1 cup (240 mL) of water every 20 minutes
Workers with symptoms should seek medical attention
40 - 42 Provide 30 minutes relief per hour in addition to the provisions listed previously 50% If feasible provide 45 minutes relief per hour in addition to the provisions listed above If a 75% relief period is not feasible then stop work until Humidex is 42 or less for Humidex 1 or 46 or less for Humidex 2
45 or over Stop work until Humidex is 44 or less for Humidex 1 or 49 or less for Humidex 2 0%
38 - 39
75%
43 - 4425%
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Who is going to be Impacted?
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Labour Distribution By Sector
Goods Producing sectorAgriculture/Forestry/Fishing 216500Mining 9700Manufacturing 71200Construction/Installation 110900
Services Producing SectorsElectricity/Gas/Water 7600Wholesale/Retails/Hotels/Restaurants Services 269700Trsnasport/Storage/Communication 79700Finance/Insurance/Real Estate/Business Services 74100Community/Social/Personal services 317700Industry Not specified 1700Total Emploted Labour Force 1158800
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Informal Workforce
• Self-employed• House-hold unpaid labor (family
members)• Independent Services Workers
40
Informal Workers are often unprotected in the Regulatory Arena
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Informal Workforce
41
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Informal Workforce
42
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Informal Workforce
43
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Max Monthly Temperature and Humidity in Kingston
Jan Feb Mar Apr may Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecMax Temp (oC) 29.8 29.6 29.8 30.3 30.8 31.2 31.7 31.9 31.7 31.3 31.1 30.5Relative Humidity 61 62 64 60 66 65 65 68 68 65 65 64
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Climate Change and Heath IslandImpacts on Workers Environment
First Approach
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecHumidex Normal 38 38 40 39 42 42 43 45 45 42 42 41Max Temp+Climate Change 31.3 31.1 31.3 31.8 32.3 32.7 33.2 33.4 33.2 32.8 32.6 32Humidex Climate Change 41 41 42 42 45 45 45 48 47 45 45 43Max Temp Climate+Heat island 38.2 38 38.2 38.7 39.2 39.6 40.1 40.3 40.1 39.7 39.5 38.9Humidex 54 55 55 >57 >57 >57 >57 >57 >57 >57 >57 >57
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Second Approach
How many hours would be lost per day?
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Hourly Variation Relative Humidity and Temperature
Jan Feb
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Hourly Variation Relative Humidity and Temperature
AprMar
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Hourly Variation Relative Humidity and Temperature
May Jun
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Hourly Variation Relative Humidity and Temperature
AugJul
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Hourly Variation Relative Humidity and Temperature
Sep Oct
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Hourly Variation Relative Humidity and Temperature
DecNov
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec10:00 Hrs 40 39 39 42 43 44 44 45 44 45 43 4113:00 Hrs 40 40 41 42 44 45 45 46 45 44 43 4016:00 Hrs 40 39 40 42 43 44 43 45 45 45 43 42% Rest 50 25 50 50 75 100 100 100 100 100 75 50Hrs Lost 3.0 1.5 3.0 3.0 4.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 3.0
Scenario 1: Hours Lost due to Climate Change
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10:00 Hrs 45 43 45 46 50 51 51 52 50 50 50 4613:00 Hrs 45 45 46 48 49 51 53 53 51 50 50 4716:00 Hrs 45 45 46 47 48 51 53 51 51 50 49 47% Rest 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100Hrs Lost 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Scenario 2: Hours Lost due to Climate Change + Heat Island (3 oC)
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Number of Workers working Outdoors
Goods Producing sector
% Working Outdoor
Number WorkingOutdoor
Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing 216,500 70 151,550Mining 9,700 30 2,910Manufacturing 71,200 20 14,240Construction/Installation 110,900 70 77,630Total 408,300 246,330
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Impact on Goods Producing Sector
Agriculture,Forestry,Fishing Mining Manufacturing
Construction,Installation Total
Jan 10,002,300 192,060 1,879,680 10,247,160 22,321,200Feb 5,001,150 96,030 1,879,680 10,247,160 17,224,020Mar 10,002,300 192,060 1,879,680 10,247,160 22,321,200Apr 10,002,300 192,060 1,879,680 10,247,160 22,321,200May 15,003,450 288,090 1,879,680 10,247,160 27,418,380Jun 20,004,600 384,120 1,879,680 10,247,160 32,515,560Jul 20,004,600 384,120 1,879,680 10,247,160 32,515,560Aug 20,004,600 384,120 1,879,680 10,247,160 32,515,560Sep 20,004,600 384,120 1,879,680 10,247,160 32,515,560Oct 20,004,600 384,120 1,879,680 10,247,160 32,515,560Nov 15,003,450 288,090 1,879,680 10,247,160 27,418,380Dec 10,002,300 192,060 1,879,680 10,247,160 22,321,200Total Hrs 175,040,250 3,361,050 22,556,160 122,965,920 323,923,380
Goods Producing sector
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Economic Impact
Goods Producing sectorMinimum
Wage Total Hrs EconomicLossesAgriculture/Forestry/Fishing JMD 4,500.00 175,040,250 JMD 19,692,028,125.00Mining JMD 15,000.00 3,361,050 JMD 1,260,393,750.00Manufacturing JMD 13,946.00 22,556,160 JMD 7,864,205,184.00Construction/Installation JMD 7,650.00 122,965,920 JMD 23,517,232,200.00
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Is our response to climate change influenced by Others?
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I believe yes.
We are not giving attention to the real priorities.
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Climate Change Contribute but is not the main factor
• Two to threes Celsius rise can lead to a three fold increase in dengue fever transmission
• If dengue cases are zero 0X3 = 0• 600 DALYs = 600/2.9 millions = 1.8 hrs/capita/year• Diarrhoeal diseases, sea food poisoning, and increases in dangerous
pollutants• Toxic algae bloom and increased cases of human shell fish ‐ and reef‐
fish poisoning.• Incidents of high temperature morbidity and mortality are
projected to increase.• Loss of food production → hunger and malnutrition• Asthma• Cerebrovascular (stroke)
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Perfect Health
0
50
100
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 60 80
Lev
el o
f H
ealt
h
Age, years
Healthy from womb to tomb
A Healthy Death
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Healthy Years Lost (DALYS)
0
50
100
1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 60 80
Healthy time
Non – Healthy time
Lev
el o
f H
ealt
h
Age, years
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Impact of Dengue in Labour Productivity
• 600 DALYs = 600/2.9 millions = 1.8 hrs/capita/year
• If 50% of workers get sick because of Dengue then
• 408,300 workers X 50% = 204,500 workers with Dengue
• 204,500 x 1.8 Hrs/Capita = 368,100 hrs , ~ 0.11% of total hours workers rest.
• Violence in terms of homicides represents 1578 or 70,000 DALYs
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Overall recommendations for the Health Sector
• Public education in the management of stress;• Elimination of taxes on electric fans;• Increased public education in the areas of sanitation and
food poisoning;• Relevant agencies prepared for handling increases in the
incidents of food poisoning;• Public health inspections for mosquitoes, including pest and
rodent eradication;• Sustainable design standards for housing in areas subjected
to high rainfall and hurricane winds, for example, roofs can reduce heat absorption by painting them white or silver; windows need cross ventilation; and
• More attention to be paid to the design of settlements.
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Second Communication Priorities in Health
• Better water monitoring and management;• Capacity building ODPEM to warn of hazards;• Improve data gathering ability and technical support staff for
monitoring and warning of air borne ‐ type diseases (Met Office);• More collaboration between research institutions re pollution
control;• Validate regional models and calibrate statistical models using all
available climate data ;• Support research institutions involved in environmental health risks;• Safe water storage drums; and• More proactive actions in pressing the case for mitigation of
greenhouse gases,.
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Objective
Achieve Efficiency, Effectiveness and international competitiveness through the
Protection of workers health and safety from climate change impacts in Jamaica and the
Caribbean
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Specific objectives• Assess the working conditions of workers in different
sectors in Jamaica related to humidity and temperature among others;
• Assess medical conditions of workers in different sectors
• Estimate future working conditions of workers using climate change predictions
• Prepare a Humidex Chart for the Caribbean• Prepare guidelines for the protection of workers health
and safety• Promote the use of Humidex Chart
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Will Climate Change Affect Workers Environment?Will Climate Affect Vision 2030 Goals?
Are we prepared?