Studies on Settlement, Distribution and Ab d f F li O i tAbundance of Fouling Organisms at

Mumbai Harbour

by

B S Swami & M UdhayakumarB. S. Swami & M. Udhayakumar

Department Of Marine Biotechnology, Naval Materials Research Laboratory,

DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Anand Nagar P.O., Ambernath (E)

Dist.- Thane - 421 506, M h ht I diMaharashtra - India

CONSEQUENCES OF BIOFOULINGCO S QU C S O O OU G

MARINE FACILITY NATURE OF PROBLEMMARINE FACILITY NATURE OF PROBLEM

1. SHIP HULLS DECREASE IN SPEED, CORROSION2. SEA PIPING CORROSION, PRESSURE DROP,

CHOKING3. OFF-SHORE STRUCTURES CORROSION, IMPEDIMENTS IN

NDT MAINTENANCE, FLUID LOADING4. OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENTS OBSTRUCTION IN FUNCTIONING OF

(CURRENT METER) MOVING PARTS5. OTEC STRUCTURES STABILITY OF STRUCTURE, MOVING

PARTS6. POWER STATIONS CORROSION, CHOKING, PRESSURE

DROP 7 CONDENSER TUBES AFFECTING HEAT TRANSFER7. CONDENSER TUBES AFFECTING HEAT TRANSFER

EFFECIENCY

AIM OF THE WORKAIM OF THE WORK

• TO DETERMIE THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN FOULING SPECIES

• TO STUDY THE SEASONAL INFLUENCE ON SETTLEMENTSETTLEMENT

• TO LIST THE NEW SPECIES RECORDED

Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods1. Preparation of test panels:

Material Perspex Size 15 X 16 X 0 4 cm Nos = 15Material- Perspex, Size - 15 X 16 X 0.4 cm, Nos = 152. Exposure of test panels:

Bolted on experimental frame (ms)3 Study sites:3. Study sites:

1. Near- shore waters (St-1)2. Tidal basin (St-2)

4. Examination of test panels:p1. Under Stereomicroscope2. Census of each organism was made by Grid Method

(Winston & Jackson, 1998)5 Ch t i ti f f li bl5. Characterization of fouling assembly :

Criteria used -1. Density (Population abundance)2 Species composition (Species diversity)2. Species composition (Species diversity)

Experimental frame bolted with test f fpanels for Biofouling studies

Hydrographical conditions at two study sites at Mumbai harbour

• Near shore waters

Hydrographical Seasonsparameters

Monsoon Post-mon Pre-mon

Salinity (‰) 22 12 – 35 81 34 92 – 35 87 34 92 – 36 21Salinity (‰) 22.12 – 35.81 34.92 – 35.87 34.92 – 36.21

Temp. (°C) 29.20 – 31.50 26.2 – 30.30 27.20 – 31.10

pH 7.77 - 8.15 7.71 – 7.95 7. 91 – 7.99

DO (mg./l) 5.66 – 6.30 4.47 -6.20 4.19 – 6. 29

TSS (mg./l) 69.20 – 245.60 35.60 – 73.20 46.60 - 202.80

DO = Dissolved Oxygen, TSS = Total Suspended Solids

Hydrographical Seasons

• Tidal basin

parametersMonsoon Post - mon Pre - mon

Salinity (‰) 16 26 – 35 81 33 65 – 34 92 35 25 – 35 81Salinity (‰) 16.26 – 35.81 33.65 – 34.92 35.25 – 35.81

Temp. (°C) 29.20 – 31.60 26.28 – 31.20 27.10 – 30.80

pH 7.61 - 7.95 7.49 – 7.86 7. 28 – 7.77

DO (mg./l) 1.46 – 4.56 2.74 -7.49 1.83 – 5.39

TSS (mg./l) 14.40 – 37.60 9.60 – 37.20 6.80 - 24.80

DO = Dissolved Oxygen, TSS = Total Suspended Solids

Density of fouling organisms recorded atNear-shore waters (St. 1) & Tidal basin (St. 2)( ) ( )

00 01Period

Species composition recorded at Near-shore waters (St.1) & Tidal Basin (St.2)( ) ( )

00 0100

Period

Site to site variations in bio-fouling organisms settled at St.1 & St. 2 (statistical analysis)

Period Density‘n’ ‘t’ ‘p’

Species composition‘t’ ‘p’

June’00JulyAug

Monsoon

15 15.65 p<0.0005 4.06 p<0.001 14 7.14 p<0.00005 2.`3 NSAug.

Sept.14 7.14 p 0.00005 2. 3 NS 18 6.84 p<0.00005 7.44 p<0.00005 17 19.79 p<0.00005 00 NS

Post-monsoonOct.Nov.Dec.Jan’01

18 3.89 p<0.002 3.0 p<0.0118 21.98 p<0.405 1.07 NS 18 9.11 p<0.00005 2.12 p<0.0518 11,62 p<0.00005 3.39 p<0.005

Feb.Mar.Apr.

Pre-monsoon21 1.08 NS 6.06 p<0.00005 22 20.74 p<0.00005 5.46 p<0.0000520 9.49 p<0.00005 4.49 p<0.0005Apr.

May20 9.49 p<0.00005 4.49 p<0.000519 4.02 p<0.001 5.83 p<0.00005

n = No of samples, t = Students ‘t’ test, NS = Not significant

Seasonal variations in fouling species settled at Near-shore waters Season Density (no/m2) Species comp.(no/panel)

Mean ± SD Mean ± SD P 6708 ± 1674 23 ± 5Pre – mon. 6708 ± 1674 23 ± 5 Monsoon 5655 ± 1446 15 ± 4 Post-mon. 4785 ± 911 18 ± 3 __________________________________________________________________________ Level of significance __________________________________________________________________________ Density Species composition Seasons ‘n’ ‘t’ ‘p’ ‘t’ ‘p’ __________________________________________________________________________ Pre-mon. x Mon. 75 2.91 p< 0.005 7.69 p<0.00005 Mon. x Post-mon. 71 3.09 p< 0.005 3.61 p< 0.001 Post-mon x Pre-mon. 72 6.00 p< 0.00005 5.2 p<0.00005 __________________________________________________________________________‘n’ = Number of samples, ‘t’ = Student’s ‘t’ test, ‘p’ = Level of significance

Seasonal variations in fouling species at Tidal basinSeasonal variations in fouling species at Tidal basin Season Density (no/m2) Species comp.(no/panel)

Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Pre – mon. 45393 ± 9106 16 ± 4 Monsoon 6099 ± 4556 12 ± 5 Post-mon. 6006 ± 14191 15 ± 3 ________________________________________________________________________ Level of significance determined _______________________________________________________________________________ Density Species composition Seasons ‘n’ ‘t’ ‘p’ ‘t’ ‘p’ _______________________________________________________________________________ Pre-mon. x Mon. 82 6..10 p< 0.00005 3.96 p< 0.0005 Mon. x Post-mon. 76 0.29 NS 3.15 p< 0.005 P t P 82 5 47 < 0 00005 1 30 NSPost-mon x Pre-mon. 82 5.47 p< 0.00005 1.30 NS _______________________________________________________________________________ ‘n’ = Number of samples, ‘t’ = Student’s ‘t’ test, ‘p’ = Level of significance,

NS = Not significant

SPECIES RECORDED FOR THE FIRST TIME FROM MUMBAI HARBOUR

POLYCHAETESBRYOZOANS

• Hydroides operculatus• Branchiomma cingulata• Ficopomatus uschakovi• Pseudobranchiomma orientalis

BRYOZOANS

Alderina arabianensis

• Jasminaria sp.• Demonax leucasis

ASCIDIANS

Electra crustulenta

Electra bellula

• Symplegma viride• Botrylloides magnicoecum• B. chavelance

Clothrudium sp.

c a e a ce• Diplosoma macdonaldi• Ascidia sydneiensis• Ascidia indica

Biofouling at KarwarBiofouling at Karwar

Unattended under water structure can generate the

i ht f bi hi h

Exclusive settlement of barnacles. Such kind of fouling growth can

t i t bl tweight of biomass as high as 8 Kg/ m2 / Year (dry weight)

create maintenance problem to waterfront structures

Heavy Settlement of Green Mussels and Barnacles (90 days)

Shell dwelling Organisms lead to Corrosion

Heavy settlement of Oysters and Barnacles on S.S. 304 showing crevice corrosion

Heavy settlement of B. variegatus and B. reticulatus on S.S. 316 test panel

Heavy settlement of shell dwelling organisms on test panels exposed for longer durationpanels exposed for longer duration

Biofouling problems in power plants (MAPS) (Ref: IGCAR Kalpakkam, 1990) ( ) ( p , )

Growth of mussels on trash tracks

Mussel shells removed from intake conduitfrom intake conduit

Art of fouling

Condenser tubes blocked by mussel shells

A close view of Hydroids on MAPS intake screenmussel shells on MAPS intake screen

Biofouling in Mumbai Harbourg

Intensive settlement of encrusting b t t l f th

Heavy settlement of D. cingulata(P l h t ) d S t (A idi )bryozoans on test panels of three

different sizes(Polychaeta) and S. reptans (Ascidia), under water view

C td Contd -

33

1 2

B. variegatus covered by two Membranipora species

Test panel shows the settlement of 1. E. bengalensis , 2. M. annae and 3. S. reptansg , p(colonial ascidian) at Near-shore waters.

Bio-fouling affects the Structural materials

Settlement of M. sallei and B variegatus on ship hullB. variegatus on ship hull

E. bengalensis (bryozoa) can grow 10 cm in 30 daysgrow 10 cm in 30 days

Settlement of macro fouling species on different materials used as test panels exposed for 30 days at Mumbai harbor

Different Bryozoans Polychaetes Cirripedes Area Wt. of materials

y( no/m2)

y( no./m2)

p( no./m2) covered

(%)biomass(kg/m2)*

Timber 968 4085 508 85 3.2

Sun mica 868 9620 438 88 2.92

Perspex 1230 12465 258 92 2.45

Bakelite 720 2962 14080 75 4.48

Fiberglass 1164 10664 6840 92 2 85Fiberglass 1164 10664 6840 92 2.85

Glass 1013 11244 6746 80 4.61

Asbestos 1152 9678 12586 95 4.7

Slate 1112 6988 280 90 2.27

Rubber 600 3465 646 35 1.75

Teflon 1063 4210 607 90 0.33

Titanium 1128 10982 912 86 3.25

Mild steel 1514 1304 1304 45 1.3

* = Dry weight measured after 60 days exposureInference : Various non-toxic materials exposed in marine environment are prone to accumulate biofouling growth. In the present study perspex test panels are used to generate the fouling data.

ConclusionsConclusions• Density and species distribution recorded at two sites varied

f it t it d tfrom site to site, and season to season.

• Sixty fouling species have been recorded from two sites.

• Of the these, sixteen species are recorded for the first time from the region i.e., four belong to bryozoan, 6 from polychaetes, six from tunicata.

• Settlement of fouling species during pre-monsoon season was significantly higher than monsoon and post-monsoon at Near Shore waters.Shore waters.

• At Tidal basin, density recorded during monsoon was higher than the density recorded during pre-monsoon.

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

• Dr. J. Narayana Das, Director, NMRLDr. J. Narayana Das, Director, NMRL• Dr. P. C. Deb, Emeritus Scientist &

Ex Director NMRLEx. Director, NMRL• Dr. A. A. Karande, Sr. Scientist &

Ex Dy Director NMRLEx. Dy. Director, NMRL• All colleagues of Dept. of Marine

Biotechnology NMRLBiotechnology, NMRL.

THANK YOU