Protein Supplements Intake

Among Gym-Goers in

LebanonBy Nadine Massaad

Acknowledgement

First, I would like to thank my mentor miss Aline Rizkalla who helped me all the

way through the review of every draft and enlightening me about the

requirements to complete the project.

Second, I would like to thank Dr. Mireille Serhan for following our progress and

helping us in reaching the desired goal

And, I would like to thank the gym goers who accepted to fill the needed survey

and the owners of Zahle and Ashrafiyeh gyms.

Table of Contents

I. INTRODUCTION

II. LITTERATURE REVIEW

III.RATIONALE

IV. RESEARCH QUESTION

V. METHODS

VI. DISCUSSION

VII. LIMITATIONS

VIII. ETHICS

IX. CONCLUSION

X. REFERENCES

Introduction

Since body shapes are very important in society, people tend to follow the most

appropriate and easy way to get the perfect body

The use of protein supplements, whether vitamins, minerals, protein, creatine

and other ergogenic compounds, has been in great increase and reached

about 85% among athletes and gym-goers (Maughan et al., 2007)

Protein Supplements

Individuals tend to consume protein supplements to enhance their

muscular gross in size and strength

Misuse in either taking wrong

doses per day or not reading the

labels

Adverse side effects

GoutIncreased body fat

DehydrationKidney overloadCalcium loss…

(Oliver et al., 2011).

Literature Review

In a cross sectional study done by Oliver et al in 2011 on the prevalence of proteins supplements of gym-goers, found

that 25% exceed the RDA recommended for protein intake

Another study revealed that over half of 39 protein supplementers thought that no harm is caused and only 4 out

of 22 non supplementers thought so (Duellman et al, 2008)

In the GUTS(Growing Up Today Study), 91% of 6212 females and 83% of 4237 males

were reading magazines like fashion, health fitness and sports magazines

Duellman et al (2008) also revealed that 7 out of the 39 protein-supplementers got

information about the use of supplementation from the media.

Rationale

Lack of studies that consider the Lebanese population and its gym goers that

consume protein supplements

Lack in the studies reviewing the side effects that are caused by the over intake of

supplements

Crucial to conduct this study and try to get an estimate of the prevalence of protein

supplementation and the possible manifestation of any side effects in order to come

up with the perfect intervention to help and educate gym-goers in the near future

Methods – Cross-Sectional Study Design

Lebanese Gym-Goers

Life Gym in Zahle+ Beirut Gym in

Ashrafiyeh

N = 50

Questionnaire for data collection

Data will be described and

analyzed with the use of tables and

graphs

Results

Sex Proportion (N=50)

Females N=15 30%

Males N=35 70%

Age Group (years) Proportion

15-24 N=32 64%

25-34 N=12 24%

35-44 N=6 12%

Reasons for attending gym

60%24%

16%

Good Shape Health Benefits To Exercise

Protein supplements intake

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

No

Yes

Yes, used to

27(54%)

20(40%)

3(7%)

Intake of Protein Supplements

Total

Protein intake according to Age Groups:

12

4 4

60% 20% 20%0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

15-24 yrs 25-34 yrs 35-44 yrs

Protein intake Percentage

Results showed that protein intake dominated by the smallest age group from 15-24 years old attending

gym and equal consumption for both ranging from 25 till 34 and 35 till 44 years old.

Level of Protein Intake

0

2

0

1

0

0

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

25

30

45

50

75

90

Amount of Protein Intake(grams)

Currently Used to

Type of Protein Supplements Consumed

6

12

2

WHEY PROTEIN

SHAKES/POWDER

CASEIN

Type of Protein Supplements

Source of advices

10%

40%30%

20%

Motivation

Friends Gym Instructor Media Personal Choice

Sources of Supplements

4

14

2

0

20%

70%

10%

0%

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Nutrition Supplement Stores

Gym

Online Stores

Sport Stores

Percentage N

As compared to the source of motivation which is the gym instructor influencing

adults to consume and obtain supplements from the gym

Side Effects

7

13

0

SIDE EFFECTS

SUPPLEMENTS SIDE EFFECTS

No Positive Positive Negative

Discussion

In our study, prevalence of supplementation is

40%by gym-goers

Consistent

Khoury and Antoine-Jonville 36.3%

Higher

Oliver et al(2011) 28%

• Type of protein supplements

Protein powder consumption had a

prevalence of 40% and 39.8% in both

our study and the study in Beirut

respectively

• Outcome of Supplementation

In our study65% + effects/ 35%no – effects

In Oliver et al(2011)77.4% + effects/19.1% - effects

3.7% indecisive

Discussion

Source of information

Gym instructors were the primary source of information in our study

Compliant with Khoury and Antoine-Jonville (2012) discovery

coaches provided an ultimate source of information for exercisers

critical considerations about the accuracy, feasibility and effectiveness of such information

and knowledge are taking place

Media television, internet, books and magazines subjected 30% of our study participants to

protein supplements consumption

correlation with Jacobson et al (2001) and Rosenbloom et al (2002) who considered media,

coaches and peers as a poor source of nutritional scientific information

Duellman et al (2008) also showed that 7 out of 39 protein supplementers got information on

supplementation from the media

Limitations

Small sample size sampling error not representative

Weight and height were self reported lack of accuracy

Reporting bias not reporting having side effects prospective cohort would

be beneficial to follow participants and find a temporal relationship

Ethics

Voluntary participation

Confidentiality preserved by giving IDs rather than taking names

No invasive tests collection of data at one point in time

no physical, social, legal, economic or psychological harm

Questionnaires sealed in a safe place

Destruction of data after a certain time of publication (approximately 5years)

Conclusion

Need to implement programs to increase the scientific knowledge

Increasing awareness

Control over the media to prevent negative impacts on adults and teenagers

Future studies should be done to investigate the possible occurrence of

negative side effects resulting from over consumption of protein supplements

References

D. El Khoury., & S. Antoine-Jonville. (2012). Intake of Nutritional Supplements among PeopleExercising in Gyms in Beirut City. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolismhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/703490 Retrieved from:http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnme/2012/703490/

Duellman, M., Lukaszuk, J., Prawitz, A., & Brandenburg, J. (2008, July). Protein supplement users among high school athletes have misconception about effectiveness. Journal of Strength and Conditioning. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezsecureaccess.balamand.edu.lb/docview/213058820?pq-origsite=summon

Food and Drug Administration (2002) Dietary supplement enforcement report. Retrievedfrom http://www.fda.gov/oc/nutritioninitiative/report.html

Maughan R.J., King D.S., Lea T. (2004) Dietary supplements. Journal of Sports Sciences 22, 95-113

Oliver et al (2011). Prevalence of protein supplement use at gyms. Nutrición Hospitalaria. 26(5)

Rosenbloom, CA, Jonnalagadda, SS, and Skinner, R Nutrition knowledge of collegiate athletes in a Division I National Collegiate Athletic Association institution. J Am Diet Assoc 102:

418420, 2002