Preposition for Advance Level

7/29/2019 Preposition for Advance Level

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about

about [ bwt]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word that refers to different sides or aspects of somethingfrom some point of orientation prep a book about a dog1. prep

in connection with: in connection with or relating to think about problems

2. prepapproximately: close to in number, time, or degree inviting about fifteen people

3. prepdoing or attending to: with or in an activity go about your business

4. prep, adverbU.K.at hand: somewhere in a place or on a person I don't have any cash about me.

She must be about. I saw her a minute ago.

5. adverball around: on every side of or all the way around"He proceeded to the banks of the Hudson, and looked about among the vessels."(JULES VERNE Around the

World in 80 Days1873)

6. adverbadds emphasis: used to emphasize a statement, usually when expressing impatience or anger ( informal) Well, it's about time you showed up!

7. adverbSAILINGto opposite tack: on or to the opposite tack

8. prep, adverbU.K.Same asaround (sense 5) (sense 11) (sense 13) (sense 14)

[ Old English onbtan "on or around the outside of" < on(see on) +btan (see but)]be about to have something as an essential characteristic or be fundamentally equivalent tosomething Being successful is all about energy, drive, and commitment.be about to to be on the point of doing something The game was about to start.be what something or somebody is (all) about to be what something or somebody involvesor has as a purpose (informal)not about to used to emphasize that somebody is certainly not going to do something(informal) I'm not about to apologize!

Microsoft Encarta 2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


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above

above [ bv]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating a position directly overhead, on top of, orhigher than something prep The bird flew up above the trees. adverb gazing at the sky above1. prep

over: over, higher than, or on top of hanging over the fireplace

2. prep, adverbmore than: greater than an amount or level 100 pounds above the ideal body weight

3. prep, adverbsuperior to: higher in status or power A general is above a colonel.

4. preptoo good for: too good or important to be affected by or involved in something They felt they were above small town gossip.

5. prepbeyond: not subject to something negative such as criticism or reproach"He wanted her to know that here too his conduct should be above suspicion."(GEORGE ELIOT Middlemarch

1872)

6. prepin more respected position than: in a position that is valued more or considered more important than otherpeople or things

We put your needs above everything else.

7. preptoo difficult for: outside or beyond somebody's understanding The lecture was completely above me.

8. preplouder than: louder than or over another sound She couldn't hear him above the roar of the band.

9. prepnorth of: lying north of a place a small town just above Seattle

10.prepupstream from: lying upstream from a place

11.adverb, adjectivein previous place in writing: appearing previously in a piece of writing (often used in hyphenated compounds) using the information from the table above

12.adverbRELIGIONin heaven: to or in heaven (literary)

13.adverbon top: overhead, in a higher position, or on top

[ Old English abufan< an(see on) + bufan"above" < Indo-European]above all used to indicate the most important thing or the main point of a statement


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across

across [ krwss, krss]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating that somebody or something is on theopposite side of something or moves or reaches from one side to the other prep I live across the street from you. adverb a bridge wide enough to walk across1. prep

in spite of boundaries: in such a way that boundaries or borders are transcended united across cultures

2. adjective, adverbso as to cross something: in such a way as to intersect or form a cross with something placed one board across the other

3. prepthroughout: all over something or somewhere all across the state

4. adverbmeasured in width: as measured from one side of something to the other about an inch across

5. adverbhorizontally on crossword: in a horizontal position in a crossword puzzle couldn't find the solution to 3 acrossSee alsodown1 (sense 18)

[13th century. < Old French croixor en croix"transversely" < Latin crux"cross"]


after

after [ftr]prep1. later than: later in time than2. behind: behind in order or place3. in pursuit of: in pursuit of or looking for4. regarding: about or regarding5. following from: subsequent to and considering6. like: in imitation or in the manner of

a painting after the style of Czanne


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7. agreeing with: in agreement with or in conformity to8. past hour of: later than a particular hour

a quarter after seven

adverb1. later: later in time or place2. NAUTICALAVIATIONfarther back: farther toward the rear of a ship, submarine, or aircraftconjunctionfollowing time when: following a time when, and sometimes as a result You'll miss me after I've gone.

adjective1. subsequent: later in time2. NAUTICALAVIATIONrear: situated farther toward the rear of a ship, submarine, or aircraft[ Old English fter. Assumed to be a comparative form, "farther away" < Indo-European,"away, off"]after all1. used to emphasize something that should be taken into consideration in spite of whathas happened or been said2. used to show that in the end something happened, was done, or was recognized in spiteof expectations to the contrary or efforts to prevent it


against

against [ gnst]CORE MEANING: a preposition indicating opposition to or conflict with somebody orsomething, either physically or intellectually prep a battle against cancerprep1. in competition with: with somebody or something as an opponent in a competitive situation, especially in sports

Iowa against UCLA in the Rose Bowl

2. in contact with by leaning: in a position such that part or all of something touches another object or surface, byleaning or resting on the side of it

I leaned against a tree.

3. into sudden contact or collision with: so as to briefly touch or suddenly collide with a usually stationary objectwhile in movement

banged his head against the beam

4. in opposite direction to: in the opposite direction to the movement, angle, or position of something orsomebody

to swim against the current

5. seen in contrast with: seen in contrast with physical surroundings The dark green pines are lovely against the blue sky.

6. in relation to events: in relation to, or contrasted with, a set of events or circumstances


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Government action makes sense against the background of rising tensions.

7. as protection from: in order to prevent or avoid something, or to be protected from something vaccinate against disease

8. in payment of: in partial or total payment of, or as a charge on I'd like to put this money against the amount I owe you.

9. as disadvantage to: to the disadvantage of somebody or something Will you hold it against me if I don't come to your party?

10. ompared with: in comparison with something weighed the cost of hiring someone against that of promoting existing staff

11. ontrary to: contrary to, or not approved or allowed by somebody or something It's against the law.

12. n preparation for: in preparation for something, usually an expected unpleasant event (dated) to save against hard times

[14th century. < again + adverbial suffix -es+ -t, after such words as amidst]


along

along [ lwng]CORE MEANING: a preposition indicating that something is situated or moves over all orpart of the length of something came racing along the path1. prep

parallel with: following a course or line parallel with or beside freighters sailing along the coastline

2. adverbwith somebody: with you, with somebody, or with the rest of the group when going somewhere I asked if I could come along.

Next time you come, bring your guitar along.

3. prepsimilar to: in accordance with or similar to new questions along the same lines

4. adverbforward: forward, onward, or in a particular direction Move along there!

5. adverbat or to place: arriving at or coming or going to a place There'll be a bus along in a minute.

[14th century. < Old English andlang"against the long" < lang"long"]along with together with, or as well as


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among

among [ mng]oramongst[ mngst] CORE MEANING: a preposition indicating that something orsomebody is surrounded by people, things, ideas, or circumstances You're among friends here.prep1. of group: belonging to a particular group or class

Her carvings are among the world's finest.

2. in group: in or by a particular group a widely-held notion among physicists

3. between group members: by, between, or to each person or thing in a group divided among six of us

4. in addition to: in addition to other things or people The photos showed, among other things, a birthday party.

[ Old English on (ge)mong< on"in" + (ge)mong"crowd" < Indo-European]See between.


around

around [ rwnd]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word used to indicate that something surrounds a place orobject or is situated on or moves from place to place on all sides of it prep She came in and looked at the mess all around her. prep A crumbling wall still stood around the old town. adverb From this spot you could see the countryside for miles around.1. prep

to other side of: moving or looking to the other side of There is a drugstore around the corner.

2. prepsurrounding: so as to surround or be on all sides of a belt around his waist

A crowd gathered around them.

3. prep, adverbturning on axis: revolving round a center or axis prep satellites moving around the planet

4. adverb, adjectivealive or existing: present, alive, or in existence (informal) What's amazing is that nearly everyone from that era is still around.

5. prep, adverb


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in all directions: situated, moving, or happening in all directions from a central point of reference adverb The area was built up for several miles around.

6. prepregarding: with regard to There is a great deal of anxiety around the issue of change.

7. prepnear: in the near vicinity of She lives around the Boston area.

8. prepso as to avoid: so as to sidestep or otherwise avoid something unpleasant or difficult finally found a way around the problem

9. prep, adverbto everyone: to all members in a group, from person to person adverb passed the plate of sandwiches around

10.adverbto reversed position: in or to a different or the opposite direction wheeled around and jogged off

11.adverbpresent: in existence since computers have been around

12.adverb, prepin various places: positioned here and there There were vases of flowers around the room.

13.adverb, prepat hand: in the vicinity, sometimes with no definite purpose or intent lounged around in the hotel lobby

Is the boss around?

14.adverb, prepin various directions: from place to place in different directions or in no particular direction rushing around

15.adverbin circulation: available, prevalent, or in circulation There's lots of illness around at the moment.

16.adverb, prepapproximately: close to in number, time, or degree around $600 a month

[13th century. < a-1 "on" + round1, probably after Old French a la reond"in the round,roundabout"]have been around to have had enough experience of life and the ways of the world not tobe easily deceived (informal)


at 1


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at [stressed, at unstressed, t]CORE MEANING: a preposition used to indicate general position or location. In order to bemore precise about exact physical location, other prepositions such as "on," "over,""under," and "by" are used instead. a conference at the school Someone's at the door.

I work at home.prep1. attending: attending regularly

not at school yet

2. from interval of: used to describe the position of something by indicating its distance or angle She followed them at a distance.

3. indicates when something happens: used to indicate the time or age when something happens Lunch is at noon.

4. during event: while present during an event had a good time at the carnival

5. indicates rate or frequency: used to indicate the rate, frequency, level, or price of something driving at 65 miles per hour

6. toward: to or in the direction of somebody or something He glanced over at her.

7. as reaction to: used to indicate what somebody is reacting to amazed at what had happened

8. in stated activity: used to indicate an activity or subject that a judgment about somebody relates to an expert at windsurfing

9. in condition or state: indicating the condition or state that somebody or something is in at risk of infection

10. oing: engaged or occupied in hard at work

11. n manner of: used to indicate how something is done set off at a run

12. ndicates repeated actions: used to indicate the object of a repeated action She just picks at her food.

13. ccording to somebody's wishes: in response to or based on somebody's wish or decision Spend this money at your discretion.

14.Caribbeanat or to the house of: used to indicate location at somebody's house I'm living at my aunt.

I'm going at Eugene.

[ Old English t< Indo-European]

at all in any way, to any extent, or under any conditions don't like it at allat that1. in addition It was a coincidence, and a happy one at that.2. nevertheless, or in spite of something else It just might work at that.3. at a specific point or place I think we'll leave it at that for today.


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where it's or something is at where all the action and excitement is happening (slang)The symbol @ means "at," and until the 1990s it was mainly used in commercial ortechnical contexts: 25 lbs @ $3.50 per lb;150 miles @ 30 mph. Its most familiar use today,however, is in e-mail addresses, where it usually comes between the user's personal screenname and the domain name of his or her organization or Internet service provider:[email protected].


before

before [bi fwr]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating that a point in time, event, or situationprecedes another in a sequence prep We try all of the products before deciding to stock them. conjunction We lost a lot of manufacturing jobs in the 12 years before I becamepresident. conjunction She died at the hospital before her parents could reach her side. adverb They had left the subway terminal perhaps twenty minutes before. adverb He has had this nightmare before.1. prep, conjunction, adverb

earlier: earlier than a date, time, or event2. prep, conjunction

indicates sequence: used to indicate a sequence of actions, one preceding the other and closely connected withit

3. prepin presence of: in the presence of a person or body of people spoke before a huge crowd

4. prepwith more importance than: indicating that one thing is preferable to or more important than another Their needs come before yours.

5. prepindicates location: located close to something but just ahead of it

6. prepahead of: stretching ahead of somebody

7. adverbpreviously: on a previous occasion

8. conjunctionrather than: used to indicate that somebody would prefer to do one thing rather than what he or she considersto be a worse thing

I'll die before I'll tell you anything about it.

[ Old English beforan< Germanic]



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behind

behind(pluralbehinds) CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating that somebody orsomething is in or is going toward a position at the back or rear of something prep From behind the door we heard country music. prep She was behind the wheel, and I was in the back. adverb Their car was hit from behind. adverb She had to go back because she'd left her money behind.1. prep, adverb

at back of: in or toward a position farther back or at the rear of something2. prep, adverb

following: following somebody or something3. adverb

in debt: in debt, or in arrears on a payment months behind on the payments

4. adverbremaining: used to indicate that somebody or something is left after another's departure was left behind

5. prepin past: indicates that an achievement or experience happened in the past My best days are behind me.

6. preplater than: indicates that something is not as far advanced as it should be seven weeks behind schedule

7. prepcausing something: causing or being responsible for something the reason behind it

8. prepsupporting somebody: backing or supporting somebody I'm behind you all the way on this issue.

9. prepunderneath: underneath the external appearance of somebody or something Behind his calm exterior, he was very confused.

10.nounbuttocks: somebody's buttocks (informal)

11.nounone point scored: in Australian Rules, a single point scored as a result of the ball being kicked between the goalpost and the behind post, hit against a goal post, or punched or handled over the goal line

[ Old English behindan< hindan"from behind" < Germanic]get behind somebody or something to give somebody or something strong support The whole community needs to get behind this airport protest.put something behind you to ensure that something unpleasant can no longer affect youdetrimentally


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below

below [bi l]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating a position beneath or lower than something prep a river below the town adverb on the shelf below1. prep, adverb

in lower grade: at or to a level, standard, or grade that is lower than that specified or understood animals ranked below humans

below average

30 degrees below

2. adverbfurther down: lower down or later on in a text, especially on the same page see below

on page 29 below

3. adverbNAUTICALlower than deck: on or to a level of a ship or boat that is lower than the deck

[14th century. < earlier form of by1 + low1]


beneath

beneathCORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating a position underneath or lower thansomething1. prep, adverb

underneath: in, at, or to a lower position or less superficial level than that specified or understood beneath the bed

Beneath his veneer of politeness lay hostility.

2. prep, adverblower: in, at, or to a lower level, grade, or standard than that specified or understood beneath the usual standard

3. preptoo low for: too low in status or character for beneath contempt Gossiping is beneath you.

[ Old English binithan, bineothan"by or from below" < Germanic]



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beside

besideprep1. at side of: in a position next to or alongside

Sit beside me.

2. compared with: in comparison with handsome beside his brother

3. as well as: in addition to in another dictionary beside this one

[ Old English besdan "by the side of"]beside yourself in a very excited or agitated statebeside or besides?Beside is a preposition referring to physical position: Come and sit beside me. It is alsoused to mean "in addition to," although this can lead to confusion with the meaning "at theside of." Besides is an adverb meaning "what is more" or "in addition": It's late, and

besides, the weather's too cold.; I've money to live on, and plenty more besides. It is also apreposition meaning "in addition to": There are other people involved besides us. Note thatbesides is inclusive, whereas exceptis exclusive, so that Besides Larry, we'll invite John,Jake, and Rene means that Larry is also invited, whereas They are all invited except Larrymeans that Larry is not invited.


between

betweenCORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating an intermediate point between two places,people, or times prep I was standing between two other women. prep I intend to pay off my mortgage between now and 2010. adverb He worked two shifts, with an hour off between.prep1. to and from: from one place to another

She travels between Los Angeles and Santa Monica most days.

2. together: together or in combination with Between us we should have enough money to pay for the trip.

3. indicates comparison: indicates a comparison, discussion, or relationship involving two people or groups Reconciliation was hampered by personality conflicts between company executives.

4. indicates choices: indicates two or more possible courses of action The court offers them a choice between a f ine or community service.

[ Old English betwonum "by two each"


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between or among?Although some people insist on using among and not between when more than two itemsare involved, it is established usage to use between in this meaning as well, especially whenamong might sound too formal: They shared out the money equally between their fivechildren. Among is never used when only two items are involved.


beyond

beyond [bee nd, bi ynd]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating that something is on the other side ofsomething else, either physically or in the abstract prep They are expanding environmental protection programs beyond the border area. prep The gift of laughter is beyond price.

1. prep, adverbafter stated time: indicates that something continues after a particular time will remain the world's leading economy in the next decade and beyond

2. preppast: past a stage or situation Don't attempt to live beyond your income.

3. prepfarther than: further than a particular state of mind or emotion The site has proved to be popular beyond anyone's wildest dreams.

4. prepexcept: indicates an exception He was incapable of any emotion beyond a certain rueful irony.

5. prepimpossible for: indicates that something is impossible for somebody to do It is beyond me to describe the complexities of this problem.

6. nounthe hereafter: the form of existence that some people believe the spirit reaches after death He feels that his late parents watch over him from the beyond.

7. nounwhat is out there: an area that lies outside what is known Humanity stands at the edge of the solar system, contemplating the beyond.

[ Old English begeondan< beform of by1 + geondan(see yond)]


but

but [stressed, but unstressed, bt]


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CORE MEANING: a grammatical word used in the middle of or at the beginning of asentence to introduce something that is true in spite of either being or seeming contrary towhat has just been said I thought it was late, but it was only 9 o'clock. Not one, but two offers were received. Yes, but not now.

It's true her name is Spanish, but she's actually Greek. I'm a blond, but both my mother and father have dark hair.1. conjunction

introducing opposing proposition: used to introduce a statement that disagrees with something just said, orthat expresses an emotion such as surprise or disbelief at what was just said

"I don't think you're qualified for the job." "But I have all the right credentials!"

2. conjunctionintroducing further information: used to introduce a clause or a new sentence that adds information such asbackground or reasoning

Jeff isn't coming with us. But he doesn't like horror movies anyway.

3. conjunctionexcept that: used to introduce a dependent clause, e.g. a reason for doing or not doing something I would have called, but I couldn't find a phone.

4. conjunctionwithout something happening: used to indicate that something does not happen without something elsehappening or being the case (formal) (usually used after negatives)

She never leaves home but she forgets her keys.

5. conjunctionthat: used to introduce a subordinate clause It's not so difficult but I can't understand it.

6. conjunctionwhen: than or when (informal) I'd no sooner put the phone down but it rang again.

7. conjunction, prepexcept: used to indicate the exception to a statement just made He could do nothing but stand and watch her leave.

There was nothing but a lump of moldy bread in the drawer.

8. adverbonly, just, or merely: used to indicate that something happens or is true just to the extent mentioned and notmore (formal)

This is but one of the bread-making techniques used.

He arrived but a minute ago.

We can but try.

9. adverbfor emphasis: used to emphasize a statement (slang) Man, but he's fast!

10.plural nounorbutsobjections: objections to something (informal) Allow time to consider all the ifs, ands, or buts from the children.

[ Old English btan "outside, without, except, but" < Germanic]but for if not for, or if it had not been forbut that1. except that (archaic or formal) Nothing is important but that I see you again.


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2. used as a subordinating conjunction equivalent to "that" following negative words suchas "doubt" and "deny" (archaic) (follows a negative)Can but begin a sentence?Some people object to the use of but, like and, at the beginning of a sentence, regarding itas a joining word that has to have words on either side of it. This is a mistaken notion withno foundation in English structure and usage. It is, however, advisable to reserve this use

for occasions when the special effect that initial position affords is needed; otherwise it canbecome an awkward affectation.But is not usually followed by a comma. A comma may precede but when an independentclause follows, thus: I wanted to leave early, but [not but,] the rest of the group did not.Avoid unnecessary redundancy in using but and other terms such as howevertogether.When but is used to indicate an exception, as in No one but me has (or No one but I have)seen the document, either wording can be used, according to your interpretation of thefunction of but: is it a preposition, as in the first variation, or is it a conjunction, as in thesecond variation? Though strong cases have been made for both wordings, the prepositionalwording does carry slightly more weight. You can recast the sentence as No one has seenthe document but me, where its prepositional function is quite clear.See help.


by1

by [b]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word expressing a spatial relationship, indicating thatsomebody or something is beside or close to somebody or something else prep standing by the window

adverb A large crowd of shoppers stood by watching.1. prep, adverbpast somebody or something in space: indicates movement past somebody or something, sometimes includinga brief stop (used following a verb expressing movement)

He drove by his apartment building.

The server strolled by, pouring us some more coffee.

2. prepalong: next to or along something

3. prepthrough: passing through something entering by the back door

4. prepbefore that time: happening or required at or before a particular time reservations required by Sunday

5. prepduring: happening during a particular time period By day he worked in a canning factory.

6. prepin measures of: at a rate based on a particular measure such as time, weight, or volume sold by weight


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7. prepMATHEMATICSindicates factor or divisor: used in multiplication and division to indicate a number or quantitybeing multiplied, or to indicate the number or quantity that divides another

What is 144 divided by 12?

8. prepMEASUREMENTSindicates dimensions: used between the measurements of the dimensions of an object,expressing area or volume 2 feet by 3

9. prepMEASUREMENTSdiffering in amount of: used to indicate an amount, extent, or rate at which somethingincreases, decreases, or differs

Tax rates are to be cut by 0.25 percent.

10.prepMEASUREMENTSindicates direction: used to indicate a direction north by northwest

11.prepin amounts of particular size: in groups or amounts of a particular size Visitors arrived by the truckload.

12.prepafter same thing: used to link two identical words to indicate a progression or sequence One by one we told our stories.

You can see an improvement day by day.

13.prepindicates cause: used to indicate the person or thing performing an action or causing a situation or reaction(used following a passive verb)

He was hit by a ball.

14.prepindicates creator, author, or artist: used to indicate the person who wrote or created something such as awritten piece or work of art

written by A. A. Milne

15.prepusing method or medium: used to indicate the particular mode, method, or action through which somethingoccurs or is done

traveling by ocean liner

She earns a living by playing the harp.

16.prepindicates means: used to indicate the action used to achieve something (followed by a gerund) The key to attracting banks to small locales is by attracting more businesses.

17.prepin particular manner: with, in, or through a particular manner of doing something used by permission of the author

18.prepaccording to unchanging quality: in terms of a particular attribute or function a teacher by profession and a learner by nature

19.prepin compliance with: in order to comply with something, especially the law By law, patients must have access to their records.

20.prepat particular part: at a particular part of something, e.g. a hand or corner


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held the dancer by the waist

21.adverbin name of something sacred: used to indicate something considered holy when making a solemn oath orpromise

By all that is sacred, I ask you to stop.

22.adverbaway or aside: into a place for safekeeping for use later I spent some of the money and put some by for hard times.

[ Old English b< Germanic]by and by after a while (literary)all by yourself alone, without any company or help He did it all by himself. I don't want to stay here all by myself.by the by orby the bye used to introduce a question or piece of information that is notconnected with the subject being discussedSee bi-.


despite

despiteprep1. regardless of: although it might have been prevented by something

The mission blasted off today despite bad weather.

2. contrary to: indicates that something is done unexpectedly or unintentionally She blushed deeply despite herself.

[13th century. Via Old French despit"spite" < Latin despect-, past participle ofdespicere(see despise)]in despite of in spite of or notwithstanding (archaic)


down 1

down [down](past and past participledowned, present participledowning, 3rd person present singulardowns, pluraldowns) CORE MEANING: a grammatical word used to indicate movement orposition toward a lower level or the ground prep He ran down the stairs and opened the door. prep The sheep was caught in brambles 50 ft. down the hillside. prep Tears were pouring down her cheeks. adverb I was numb from the waist down.


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adverb They all watched the sun go down. adverb She pressed a button and the window slid down.1. prep

to lower level in something: toward or at a lower level in something I dropped my keys down a hole.

2. prepalong: toward or at a position farther along the length of something and usually at a somewhat lower level halfway down the street

3. adverbat or to lower level: at or to a physically lower level or position down in the basement

4. adverbonto surface: out of the hand and onto a surface She calmly put her fork down.

5. adverbaway from present location: to another place away from the current location or base go down to the beach

6. adverbto more southerly place: to a place in the south or to the south of the current location going down to Florida for the winter

7. adverbto or at lower amount: to or at a lower amount or price to get interest rates down

8. adverbshort by particular amount: short of, having lost, or losing by a particular amount They were two goals down at halftime.

9. adverbhaving only so much left: having only a particular amount left I'm down to my last dollar.

10.adverbin part payment: in part payment for something or as a deposit You put 5 percent down, and pay the rest in installments.

11.adverbincluding everyone or everything: including everyone or everything, from highest to lowest, within a group orhierarchy of people or things, or even including the person or thing mentioned

everyone from the managing editor down

account for everything down to the last cent

12.adverbto later period: from an earlier to a later time or person The piano had been handed down to him by his grandmother.

13.adverbin inferior position: in or to an inferior, less free, or less privileged position or condition holding political opponents down

14.adverbto reduced condition: to a lower level of intensity or activity wind down after work

15.adverbinto less solid state: into a different and less solid state


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The hot butter will melt down.

16.adverbon paper: in writing on paper, as a record wrote it down

17.adverbchosen or arranged: chosen or detailed for something, or arranged or scheduled for a particular time or date We're down for two sessions next month.

18.adverbLEISUREvertically in crossword puzzle: in a vertical position in a crossword puzzle the solution to 10 downSee alsoacross (sense 5)

19.adverbU.K.EDUCATIONaway from university: away from, or no longer at, a university down from Cambridge

20.adverbNAUTICALto windward: having the rudder to windward

21.adjectiveunhappy: unhappy and gloomy

22.adjectiveCOMPUTnot in operation: describes a computer system that is temporarily not in operation

23.adjectivemade in part payment: made or given in part payment for something or as a deposit a down payment on the car

24.adjectiveFOOTBALLnot in play: no longer in play

25.adjectiveBASEBALLput out: eliminated from a game

26.adjectiveon ground: lying on the ground a down tree

27.adjectiveagreeable to something: ready and willing to do something (slang) Great! I'm down for that.

28. interjectioninstruction to dog: used as an instruction to a dog to stop jumping up or to lie or sit Down boy!

29.transitive verbeat or drink something: to eat food or drink liquid, especially quickly or greedily

30.transitive verbbring somebody or something to ground: to cause somebody or something to fall to the ground through beinghurt or damaged

31.transitive verbFOOTBALLdeclare ball out of play: in football, to declare a ball as no longer in play

32.nounFOOTBALLplay made in football: in football, one of four consecutive plays within which a team must either scoreor advance the ball at least ten yards

[ Old English dn(e), shortened


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be down on somebody or something to show dislike or hostility toward somebody orsomething, often giving him, her, or it unfair treatment (slang)be down to somebody to be the responsibility of somebodybe down to something to be the result of somethingcome down with something to become sick with somethingdown at the heels shabby and neglecteddown under to or in Australia or New Zealand (informal)down with somebody or something! used to express disapproval of, opposition to, or adesire to get rid of, somebody or something


during

duringprep1. throughout: throughout a period or event, either continuously or several times between the beginning and the

end

There was not even a whisper during the service.

2. at some point in period: at some point or moment within a period or event I can't remember the date, but it was during the winter.

[14th century. Present participle of obsolete dure"last" < Old French durer< Latin durus"hard"]


except

except [ik spt](past and past participleexcepted, present participleexcepting, 3rd person presentsingularexcepts) CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating the only person or thingthat does not apply to a statement just made, or a fact that modifies the truth of thatstatement prep Every house in the street except ours is painted white. prep I like all vegetables except cabbage.

conjunction The fires that annually sweep over the prairies prevent the growth of timber,except along the river courses. conjunction He dislikes the game except when he wins.1. prep

excluding: other than every house except ours

2. conjunctionSame asunless

(archaic)


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3. transitive verbomit: to leave out or exclude somebody or something (formal) (usually passive)

[14th century. < Latin except-, past participle ofexcipere"take out" < capere"take"]except for apart from He had always been healthy except for an irregular heartbeat.except that with the exception of the fact that, or if it were not for the fact that The twins looked identical, except that one had dyed his hair. I would come, except that I have another engagement.except, except for, or excepting:Often the question of whether to use except or except for is a matter of indifference: We'dall seen the play except [or except for] Joe. Where the exception is closely paired with whatit is an exception to, except is more usual: All of us except Joe had seen the play. Exceptfor is used where the connection to what is being excepted is indirect, and is also morecommon at the beginning of a sentence: Except for that, we were in agreement. Exceptingis the correct choice after not: She was the most important person in his life, not exceptinghis mother.See accept.


for

for [stressed, fawr unstressed, fr]CORE MEANING: a preposition indicating that something is directed at somebody, done tobenefit somebody, or done on somebody's behalf Look - there's a letter for you. I'd do anything for you.

The lawyer acted for some of the heirs.1. prepaimed at: intended to be received or used by somebody, or aimed at somebody It's for you - it's a present.

advice for first-time buyers

2. prepto benefit of: intending or intended to benefit somebody or something She would make any sacrifice for the cause.

3. prepon behalf of: on behalf of somebody or something Don't make excuses for him.

4. prepinstead of: instead of or in place of somebody or something, sometimes mistakenly You'll have to find a stand-in for him while he's away.

I took her for the boss.

5. prepin service of: in the service or employment of somebody or something She works for a large company.

6. preptoward: in the direction of


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The following day, we headed for Paris.

7. preplasting: indicating how long something lasts, continues, or extends The interview only lasted for a few minutes.

There was fog for the next mile or so.

8. prepbecause of: indicating a reason why something happens or is done I did it for love.

9. prepdesigned to do: indicating the purpose of an object, action, or activity That towel is for drying your hands.

10.preplinks concepts: used to link two concepts, one of which is the object of the other a cause for concern

a passion for opera

11.prepin exchange for: at a cost of, or giving or receiving something in exchange

got it for a few dollars

12.prepas tribute to: in honor of named for its inventor

13.prepgiven what is usual: with reference to the normal characteristics of something It's very warm for April.

14.prepindicating occasion: at, or planned to be at, a particular time, or on a particular occasion The meeting was scheduled for four o'clock.

Will you be home for Christmas?

15.prepindicates comparison: indicating a comparison or equivalence between two things Pound for pound, the elephant's energy consumption is the lowest of all land animals.

16.prepin order to get: in order to get, achieve, have, keep, or become something Lee's hoping for promotion.

He was searching for a place to sit.

17.prepdespite: in spite of or notwithstanding something He enjoyed himself very much, for all his complaining.

18.prepindicates responsibility: indicating that somebody has the right or responsibility to do something

I can't help you - it's for you to decide.

19.prephaving same meaning as: having the same meaning as another word or phrase The everyday term for rubella is German measles.

20.prepindicates cross-reference: indicating that information can be found elsewhere For further details, consult the owner's manual.

21.adverb, prep


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in support of something: in favor of or in support of something prep Who's for the motion and who's against it?

adverb Ten voted for, and eleven against.

22.conjunctionbecause: for the reason or seeing that (formal) I left in haste, for I was already late for the appointment.

[ Old English < Indo-European, "forward"]See because.


from

from [stressed, frum, from unstressed, frm]CORE MEANING: a preposition used to indicate the source or beginning of something, interms of location, context, or time The condition can manifest itself anytime from adolescence onward. Most funding comes from the government. highlights from her latest novel You can connect to our computer network from home.prep1. range: used to indicate a range, either of time, amount, or things

We are open from 2 to 4:30.

They sell everything, from washing machines to magazines.

2. distance: used to indicate the distance between two things or places The nearest town is not far from here.

3. using: used to indicate the materials or substances something is made of built from native pine

4. cause: used to indicate the cause of or reason for something low morale resulting from staff cuts

5. restraint: used to indicate that an action does not happen or should not happen prevented from seeing her

[ Old English fram, from< Indo-European, "forward, toward"]


in 1

in [in]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating that something or somebody is within orinside something prep The dinner's in the oven.


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adverb I stopped by, but you weren't in.1. prep

indicates place: indicates that something happens or is situated somewhere He spent a whole year in Russia.

2. prepindicates state: indicates a state or condition that something or somebody is experiencing The banking industry is in a state of flux.

3. prepafter: after a period of time that will pass before something happens She should be well enough to leave in a week or two.

4. prepduring: indicates that something happens during a period of time He crossed the desert in 39 days.

5. prepindicates how something is expressed: indicates the means of communication used to express something I managed to write the whole speech in French.

6. prepindicates subject area: indicates a subject or field of activity She graduated with a degree in biology.

7. prepas consequence of: while doing something or as a consequence of something In reaching for a glass he knocked over the ashtray.

8. prepcovered by: indicates that something is wrapped or covered by something The floor was covered in balloons and toys.

9. prepindicates how somebody is dressed: indicates that somebody is dressed in a particular way She was dressed in a beautiful suit.

10.preppregnant with: pregnant with offspring The cows were in calf.

11.adjectivefashionable: fashionable or popular always knew which clubs were in

12.adjective, adverbholding power or office: indicates that a party or group has achieved or will achieve power or authority voted in overwhelmingly

[ Old English < Germanic]in between between Normal light consists of a wave that vibrates up and down, side to side, and every

direction in between.in for indicates that somebody will experience something such as a surprise or a shock Little did she know what she was in for.in on having knowledge about or involvement in something The whole class was in on the plans for the surprise party.in that introduces an explanation of a statement She's unusual for a commuter in that she's never late for work.in with associated with or friendly with a reporter perhaps too much in with the politicians to be objective


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He's been getting in with a bad crowd.the ins and outs all the detailed facts and points about something I don't know all the ins and outs of the matter, but she's leaving.See into.


inside

inside(pluralinsides) CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating the interior part ofsomething, or the part that is enclosed by or surrounded with something adverb I opened the door and looked inside. adjective his inside jacket pocket noun I looked around the room, gnawing the inside of my cheek nervously. prep The jewels are kept inside a locked box.1. adjective, prep

within organization: happening or coming from within an organization They had inside knowledge about the takeover bid.

things that were going on inside the committee

2. adverb, preprelating to inner feelings: indicating emotions that are not expressed She doesn't like to look inside and face up to what she's really like.

Seeing her like that had snapped something inside him.

3. prepwithin particular time: done in a period of time less than the one stated (informal) We managed to completely redecorate the room inside seven hours.

4. adjectiveat edge of road: farthest from the center of a road

5. adjectiveSPORTSnearer to center of playing area: in soccer, field hockey, and other sports, describes a position nearer tothe center of the f ield than another of the same name

inside right

6. adverbin prison: serving time in prison (informal) He was inside for three years.

7. nouninner edge: the part of a road or path farthest from the center was forced to pass him on the inside

8. nounprivileged access: a position that gives access to privileged information information from someone on the inside

9. plural nounorinsidesANATOMYinternal organs: the internal organs of the body, especially the stomach and bowels(informal)

inside of within a particular period of time (informal)


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inside out with the part that is normally inside facing outknow something inside out to know something extremely wellinside, inside of, or within?Though the idiomatic expressions inside and inside of in the sense "within a given amountof time" are used in informal writing and conversation (We'll be finished inside of a month),the usage may be regarded as inappropriate to formal writing. Therefore, the safest choice

is within, as in We'll be finished within a month.


into

into [stressed, ntoo unstressed, nt]CORE MEANING: a preposition indicating that somebody or something moves insidesomething, either physically or figuratively I released the balloon into the air. in case you get into difficulties I decided to go into the army. When did you go into partnership with them?prep1. indicates movement to inside: indicates that something or somebody moves or is moved from outside to inside

or toward the inner part of something

came into the house

2. indicates movement to midst of something: indicates that something or somebody moves to the middle ofsomething and becomes part of it or is surrounded by it

leaped into the water

3. indicates entry: indicates entering a state, career, or period of time burst into action went into marketing

4. indicates accidental contact: indicates coming up against something accidentally bumped into them

5. indicates change: indicates becoming a new entity, shape, or form as a result of a change or transformation turned into a frog

6. indicates result: indicates a situation resulting from somebody's persuasion talked me into going

7. indicates result of dividing: indicates the number or nature of the smaller parts that are left when something isdivided

divided the cake into six

8. MATHEMATICSindicates division: placed before a number being divided by another number to indicate theprocess of division

9 into 63 equals 7.

9. enthusiastic about: indicates interest in or enthusiasm about something (informal) really into tennis

[ Old English in(n)t< in1 + to1]in, into, or in to?In formal written English, the preposition for inward movement is into, not in: She came


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into[not in] the room. We welcomed him into[not in] the family. It is sometimesacceptable to use either in or into, but the latter is usually preferable in formal English: Heput it into[or in] his pocket. Using in for into can be misleading, as in She jumped in thepool. (Did she jump into the pool, or was she already standing in the pool when shejumped?) Do not confuse into with in to - the preposition into is never written as twoseparate words; when the separate words in and to occur side by side, they should not be

joined together: I went into[not in to] the house. I went in to[not into] get my jacket. Seeonto.


like 1

like [lk](plurallikes) CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating that two things or people aresimilar or share some of the same features, qualities, or characteristics; it also introducesan example of the set of things or people that have just been mentioned Vivid red phone booths, looking like London imports, stood nearby.1. prep

resembling: having a resemblance to somebody or something, or so as to have a resemblance to somebody orsomething

She wrapped the towel like a turban on her head.

He looks like the hero type to me!

2. prepsuch as: introduces a typical instance or an example of a particular category or type She won't go to loud places like bars.

I bought things like fishing tackle and waders.

3. prepindicates characteristics: indicates qualities, characteristics, or features (often used in questions) What's it like, being a mother?

When you go on like this, do you know what you sound like?

4. preptypical of: characteristic of somebody or something (often negative) It's not like him to be this late coming home.

5. prepinclined toward: having a tendency or desire to do something I felt like screaming when I found the kitchen floor flooded.

6. prepwith suggestion of: as though something might happen It looks like rain this morning.

7. conjunction

as: in the same way or manner that ( informal) To ski like she does requires great athletic ability.

8. conjunction

as if: as though or as if (nonstandard)


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Butch hops out of the car like it was on fire.

Like I'd tell you a secret!

9. adverb

used as filler or for emphasis: used especially in conversation as a filler, for emphasis, to indicate possibleexaggeration, or to convey uncertainty or approximation ( informal)

You're, like, feeling stressed today, aren't you? There were, like, hundreds of people there.

She has, like, six brothers and sisters.

10.adverb

introduces direct speech: used especially in conversation to introduce a quotation of what somebody said(nonstandard)

Susan is like "It's not for me" and Brandon is like, "You had me worried" and Susan is like, "Don't worry, I'm

not going anywhere."

11.nounsomething similar: a thing or set of things similar to another window boxes, planters, flower pots, and the like

12.nouncounterpart: one person or thing that is regarded as similar or almost identical to another Have you ever tasted the like of this cheesecake?

We won't see his like again in this decade.

13.adjectivealike: having exactly the same or almost identical qualities or characteristics These two cats are as like as though they were of the same litter.

The new laws affect hospitals, nursing homes, clinics, and other like institutions.

[12th century. < Old Norse lkr, shortening ofglkr, equivalent toOld English gelc (seealike)]like as not to a probable or likely extent (informal) Like as not he'll show up very late.

like new in pristine condition (informal) looked like newlike so in the manner demonstrated Spread the fabric out like so.the likes of people or things of the particular sort Such luxuries aren't for the likes of us.like as a conjunction and a filler:In writing and formal contexts, it is best to avoid using like as a conjunction meaning "as"or "as if" or "as though" when introducing a fully developed clause (i.e., one with a subjectand a verb). Avoid constructions like these: It sounds like she may resign.This pizza smellsand tastes like a good pizza should. Recast the sentences: It sounds as if she mayresign.This pizza smells and tastes good, just the way it should. It is acceptable to use likein a comparison as long as you do not include a verb in the matter following like: She ranthe company just like a tyrant.Avoid using like as a meaningless filler: "What were the main characters doing in ChapterOne?" "They were, like, trying to understand the reasons why people go to war." In suchcontexts, like often acknowledges that what follows is not strictly accurate, either becausethe speaker is exaggerating or because he or she is unsure: He's like, seven feet tall. Ittakes like, six or seven hours. Another use of like, to introduce speech, is often heard inhighly informal conversation but is considered nonstandard on any level except in fictionaldialogue: She was like, "Don't worry, I'll do it."


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near

near [neer](past and past participleneared, present participlenearing, 3rd person present singularnears, comparativenearer, superlativenearest) CORE MEANING: a grammatical word thatindicates that somebody or something is at or moving toward a point that is not far away indistance prep The art exhibit is near here. adverb He took a step nearer to the water. adverb as the car drew nearer adjective There must be a restaurant nearer than that. adjective Can you tell me where the nearest telephone is?

1. adverb, prep, adjectiveshort time away: at or to a time not far away adverb as the time for her to leave drew near

prep near the end of the week

adjective the near future

2. adverb, adjectiveclose: at a point that is not far away in state, resemblance, or number adverb a sensation near to fear

adjective the nearest thing to a champion

3. adverb, adjectivealmost: almost in a particular state or situation adverb near total failure

adjective living in near poverty

4. adjective, nounon left: on the left side, especially of an animal or a horse-drawn vehicle the near foreleg

5. adjectiveclosely related: closely related to somebody

6. adjectivemiserly: reluctant to give or spend money (archaic)

7. verbtransitive and intransitive verbapproach: to approach, or approach a particular place, time, or state The project is nearing completion.

With the big event nearing, everyone was working hard.

[12th century. < Old Norse nr"nearer"


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o

of [stressed, uv, ov unstressed, v]CORE MEANING: a preposition introducing a noun or noun phrase that provides moreinformation about a preceding word or phrase, usually, but not always, also a noun Most software has complex sets of commands and options. She let out a little squeal of delight. I'm very fond of onions. He thought of the consequences too late.prep1. affected by action: used to indicate the person or thing affected by or performing an action

the promotion of junior staff

the death of her father

2. used in measuring quantities: used after words or phrases expressing quantities to indicate the substance orthing being measured

millions of dollars

a herd of cows

10 gallons of oil

3. connected with: used to indicate the place that somebody or something belongs to or is connected with the president of France

4. containing: containing a particular substance a mug of coffee

a busload of schoolchildren

5. taken from: used to indicate a part of something that is normally considered as a whole a slice of cake

a square of fabric

6. made from: made from or used as a material to form something ruled with a rod of iron

a paste of flour and water

7. indicating relationship or association: used to indicate a relationship, association, or cause I'll be thinking of you.

accused of negligence

8. relating to: used after words describing feelings and qualities to indicate the person or thing they relate to He's very sure of himself.

It's very kind of you to come.

9. indicating particular type: used to describe somebody or something in terms of a particular type or kind one heck of a gymnast

10. aving particular quality: used to indicate a quality that somebody or something has, or the person or thinghaving a particular quality

announcements of a general nature

a musician of great talent

the gentleness of his manner

11. ndicating amount: used to indicate an amount, age, or value There is a limit of eight characters in a computer user name.

a young boy of 12

12. n every: used to indicate a day or other period of time when an activity regularly occurs (informal) We usually go out for a meal of a Friday.


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13. efore: before the hour of It was a quarter of ten before she returned.

[ Old English < Germanic]of and 've:Note that could've, should've, and would'veare contracted forms ofcould have, shouldhave, and would have. The 'vecontraction is sometimes wrongly interpreted as of, because

it sounds similar: He could've[not could of] been killed. You should've[not should of]followed the instructions. It would've[not would of] been quicker to walk.


o

of

off [awf, of]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word used to indicate separation or distance between twopoints, especially movement away from the speaker adverb He ran off before I could stop him. prep The bottle rolled off the ledge and fell to the floor.1. prep, adverb

so as to leave: so as to come out of or leave a bus, train, or plane Check you have all your belongings before getting off the bus.

He got off at the next stop.

2. prep, adverbso as to keep away from: so as to keep away from, avoid stepping on, or be at a distance from or to the side of The sign said "Please keep off the grass."

I stepped off the curb.

3. prep, adverbaway from work: away from work or usual duties owing to illness, holidays, or normal nonwork time trying to get time off work to visit her in the hospital

I didn't see Jane - it must be her night off.

4. prep, adverbreduced by: so as to be reduced by a particular amount 10 percent off all swimwear this week

She knocked $10 off for the slight stain on the sleeve.

5. prep, adverbin future: a particular distance away in the future My fortieth birthday is only two years off!

6. prep, adverbso as to remove: so as to eliminate or remove something from view The dirt should wash off easily.

He was rubbing something off the board when I came in.

7. adverbto distant place: so as to be away from the present location He hopped in the car, started it up, and took off.


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8. adverbaway: at a particular physical distance away The nearest stop's about two miles off.

9. adverbmeasured: so as to be divided or measured Measure the gap, mark it off with a pencil, and cut the wood to size.

10.adverbto completion: to the point of completion We're trying to get our bills paid off.

11.adverbinto particular state: into a particular state, especially an unconscious state The baby dozed off on the way over here.

12.prepabstaining from: no longer participating in or using I'm off caffeine for a week.

13.prepon diet of: using as a means of subsistence

living off vegetables from our garden

14.prepleading away from: near or next to, and leading or branching away from He lives in an apartment block just off the main street.

15.prepnot liking: no longer inclined toward I'm really off horror movies at the moment.

16.prepfrom: used to show the initiator or source of an action (nonstandard) I got these sunglasses off my sister for my birthday.

17.adverb, adjectivenot in operation: not functioning or in use Shall I switch the engine off?

Make sure the lights are off before you leave.

the off switch

18.adverb, adjectivecanceled: so as to be no longer taking place The deal's off.

19.adjectiveno longer fresh: smelling and tasting bad because of being no longer fresh We had to throw the fish away - it was going off.

20.adjectivein particular condition: in a particular condition with regard to something

How are you off for cash?

21.adjectivenot correct: in error or out of alignment

22.adjectiveon the right of: situated on the right side of a vehicle, farthest away from the curb

23.adjectiveunacceptable: not up to normal or acceptable standards (informal) He was off his game today.


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24.nounCRICKETpart of cricket field: the side of the cricket field facing the batsman taking strike

[ Old English. Originally an emphatic variant of of]off and on occasionallyThere are two usages of off that should be avoided in formal writing. The first involves offplus of: The actors stepped off [not off of] the stage. The second problem involves the use

of off after certain verbs like buyor borrow, which mean "to obtain something from asource": I bought the computer from [not off] my roommate.


on

on [on]prep1. indicates position: used to indicate a position above and in contact with the surface of something else

sitting on the bed

2. attached to something: used to indicate attachment to or suspension from a surface or object a wooden wheel mounted on the wall

3. supporting weight: used to indicate what part of the body is supporting somebody's weight They sat there leaning on their elbows.

4. carrying something: carrying something that is therefore readily accessible I didn't have any cash on me at the time.

5. indicates location or vicinity: located in a place or situated close to or alongside a place a town on the coast of Trinidad

6. at time: used to indicate when something happensjust before noon on Tuesday

7. relating to something: concerned with or relating to a particular subject, thing, or activity a talk on international relations

8. where something is available: used to indicate that some form of information or entertainment is currentlyavailable from a machine or instrument

a comedy show on the radio

9. as means of functioning: used to indicate the means by which somebody or something subsists or functions animals that feed on the leaves of the trees

10. y means of something: using something as a means of transport They arrived on horseback.

11. ngaged in something: engaged in an activity My assistant is away on a course.

12. ccording to something: used to indicate that something is grounds for a statement, way of thinking, or action allowing them to compete on an equal basis

13. n current rank or position: used to indicate somebody's current status or position in an organization orinstitution

My sister is on the committee.


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14. irected toward something or somebody: used to indicate that something is directed toward somebody orsomething

I shone my flashlight on the inscription.

15. harged to somebody: used to indicate that the cost of drinks or a meal is charged to a particular person The drinks are on me.

16. n direct contact: in direct conflict, competition, or contact with another ( informal) spent many hours in one-on-one debate

white-on-white violence

adverb1. in contact with something: in contact with, attached to, or supported by something

an envelope with a stamp on

2. into condition of attachment or suspension: into a condition of being attached to or suspended from something sewing a button on

3. into operation: into the condition of operating or functioning turned the television on

4. with clothing: wearing clothes or placing clothing over a part of the body I pulled my tee-shirt on.

5. persistently: in a continuous or persistent way decided to stay on in Cambridge

6. in progress: in activity or performance at the present time or at some implied time putting a play on

7. BASEBALLindicating runner's position: in baseball, used to indicate whether an offensive player is on the bases had left three runners on

8. GAMBLINGwagered: wagered as a bet put a bet on

adjective1. taking place: happening or being performed at the present time

There's nothing good on tonight. I've got a lot on at the moment.

2. arranged or planned: indicating that an activity is arranged and will happen Is the game still on?

3. functioning: indicating that a machine or device is functioning or in use There's a light on upstairs.

transitive verb(past and past participleonned, present participleonning, 3rd personpresent singularons)MalaysiaSingaporeswitch something on: to switch on something such as a light or an electrical appliance (usuallyused without inflections)

[ Old English, < Indo-European]be on to be performing exceptionally well at something (slang)be on to somebody or something to have information on or be aware of the real nature ofsomebody or something (informal)on and off occasionallyon and on in a continuous, persistent wayyou're on used to indicate that somebody is agreeing to do something proposed bysomebody else (informal)See onto.


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onto

ontoprep1. indicates position: used to indicate that somebody or something is located on something, or moves toward it so

as to be on it

I splashed water onto my face.

hop onto a bus

shine a flashlight onto a wall

loading the data onto a disk

come onto the market

2. making discovery: making or about to make a discovery, often about something secret or illegal I'm really onto something big here. The police were onto them.

3. in contact: in contact with a person or organization Get onto the suppliers.

[Early 18th century. < on + to1]on, onto, or on to?Onto is usually preferable to on where movement is involved, as in I lifted the child onto[not on] my shoulders, and onto is always the better choice where on would be ambiguous:She jumped onto[not on] the platform. Unlike into, the preposition onto can be written astwo separate words: He stepped onto[or on to] the sidewalk. Using onto, however, avoidsthe risk of confusion with the adverb on followed by the preposition to, which indicatesprogression and should not be joined together: We walked on to[not onto] the end of the

road. Let us move on to[not onto] the next topic. See also into.


out

out [owt](past and past participleouted, present participleouting, 3rd person present singularouts) CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating that somebody or something is awayfrom a place or removed from somewhere adverb The child raced out and got back onto the bike. adverb She yanked out the weeds. adjective She's been out late every night.1. adverb

away from particular place: away from a place, especially the inside of something He reached underneath the bed and hauled out a heavy box.

The child scampered out and jumped on the bike.


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2. adverboutside: outside a place rather than inside It's cold out.

3. adverbin another place: in another place, usually far away She's out in Australia, I think.

4. adverbindicates end point: indicates a goal or objective achieved in the action specified by the verb Stick it out - never give up.

5. adverbexisting: in existence It's one of the best albums out.

6. adverbso as to retire from play: in baseball, in such a way as to retire a batter or team, or be retired from play

7. adjective, adverbaway from home: away from home or your place of work adjective He's not answering the doorbell, so he must be out.

adverb She's not answering the phone; she must have gone out.

8. adjective, adverbfarther away: refers to the tide when the sea moves away from the shore adjective We can cross to the island when the tide is out.

adverb The tide moves out at around five o'clock.

9. adjective, adverbno longer burning: no longer alight or no longer burning adjective The fire is out.

adverb The light has gone out.

10.adjective, adverbin flower: in flower adjective The daffodils are out at last.

11.adjective, adverbavailable: available for people to buy adjective Her new book is out in paperback.

12.adjective, adverbon strike: on strike adjective The miners have been out for a month now.

adverb Several hundred workers came out in protest over the benefit cuts.

13.adjectiveno longer in game: unable to take part any longer in a game or sport

14.adjectiveconsidering verdict: describes a jury that is considering its verdict

15.adjectiveincorrect: inaccurate or incorrect Look - the figures are way out.

16.adjectiveunacceptable: unacceptable or not worth considering That possibility is out, I'm afraid.

17.adjectiveunfashionable: no longer in fashion


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18.adjectiveintent: determined or intent on something He's just out for what he can get.

19.adjectiveunconscious: unconscious She was out cold.

20.adjectiveused up: used up or exhausted All our rations are out.

21.adjectivenot in government: no longer in power or office

22.adjectivefinished: completed or concluded before the year is out

23.adjectivenot operational: not in working order All the phones are out.

24.adjectiveretired from play: in baseball, retired from offensive play

25.adjectiveopenly gay or lesbian: open about being gay or lesbian He isn't out to his parents.

26. interjectionaway from here!: a command for somebody to leave a place Out! And don't come back!

27.transitive verbexpose somebody's sexuality: to expose somebody as gay, lesbian, or bisexual or reveal yourself as such The action group has outed many prominent celebrities.

She outed herself to her parents last week.

28.nounway of avoiding bad consequence: a way of escaping from a predicament or avoiding the undesirableconsequences of something (informal)

What's my out if things go wrong?

29.nounBASEBALLplay retiring player: in baseball, a play that retires a batter or base runner

[ Old English t< Germanic]out of1. indicates that somebody leaves a place Three men came out of the store.2. indicates that somebody removes something from a place In her enthusiasm, she pulled the drawer right out of the desk.3. toward the outside She looked longingly out of the window.4. no longer available or in somebody's possession We're out of butter.5. using as a source or material Plastic products are made out of petroleum.6. indicates the proportion that something is true of This applies to one out of five adults.


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7. indicates that somebody gains an advantage from something I think I got a lot out of the course.8. indicates that somebody is sheltered from the weather Remember to keep out of the sun, or at least use sunblock.9. beyond the range of a sound I called her, but she was out of earshot.

10. indicates the motivation behind an action He only did it out of spite.11. indicates that somebody is not or is no longer in a situation A police officer warned them to stay out of trouble.out of it very drunk, or under the influence of drugs (informal) You were totally out of it last night!out with it a command to somebody to let something be known immediately Come on, what's going on? Out with it!


outside

outside(pluraloutsides) CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating the outer surface orappearance of something noun Grill the chicken wings until the outsides are crisp. adverb The house still needs to be painted outside.1. adverb, prep, adjective

beyond the boundary of something: located on or beyond the outer surface or edge of something standing outside the circle

2. adverb, prep, adjectiveout of doors: in the open air rather than inside a building adverb We should head outside soon if we're going to start the barbecue.

prep I'll meet you outside the post office.

adjective an outside toilet

3. adverb, prep, adjectivebeyond immediate environment: happening, existing, or originating in places, people, or groups other thanyour own or those you are used to

adjective It was claimed that most of the substandard work had been done by outside contractors.

adverb in the world outside

prep married outside her religion

4. adjectiveslight: slight or remote There's an outside chance we may still be able to get tickets.

5. adjectivemaximum: the most extreme possible or probable an outside estimate of three months to complete the job

6. adjectiveaway from batter: passing on the side of home plate opposite the batter in baseball or softball an outside pitch


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7. adjectivefarthest from side of road: farthest from the side of a road or the center of a race track coming up fast in the outside lane

8. prepbeyond scope of: not included in the range or scope of something Such behavior is completely outside my comprehension.

9. nounexposed surface: the outer surface or appearance of something The outside of the house needs painting.

10.nounexistence not in institution: existence in the community and not in an institution such as prison or a psychiatrichospital

We wondered what life was like on the outside.

11.nounarea farthest from side of road: the part farthest from the side of a road or the center of a race track coming up fast on the outside

12.nounheavily populated area of Canada: the most populous areas of Canada and Alaska along the coasts or borderingthe lower 48 states

13.adjectiveSPORTSfarther from center: in soccer, field hockey, and other sports, used to describe a position farther fromthe center of the field than another of the same name

outside left

at the outside at the maximum It shouldn't last longer than three hours at the outside.outside of other than the person or thing mentioned


over

over [vr](past and past participleovered, present participleovering, 3rd person present singularovers, pluralovers) CORE MEANING: a grammatical word used to indicate a positiondirectly above something, either resting on the top of something, or above the uppersurface of something with a space in between prep a framed portrait over the fireplace prep He wore a red flannel shirt over a T-shirt. prep Julia was bent over the sink washing glasses. adverb flocks of geese flying over adverb Heat the milk and pour it over.1. prep, adverb

on or to other side of: positioned on or moving to the other side of something such as a barrier, obstacle, orarea of land

prep To see the cathedral you need to cross over the river.

adverb He climbed over into the next field.


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2. prep, adverbthroughout: throughout the whole extent of prep traveling all over Europe

prep In the past few years, fifties diners have sprung up all over town.

adverb People are the same the world over.

3. prep, adverbmore than: more than a particular amount, measurement, or age prep go over your quota

adverb people 30 and over

4. adverbacross intervening space: positioned at, or moving to, a point on the other side of an intervening space She reached over and turned off the TV.

Jim sent a couple of guys over to help out.

5. adverbso as to fall: so as to change position, especially so as to become horizontal after being upright knocked over a pile of books

He rolled over and turned out the light.

6. adverbremaining: remaining or surplus after what was needed has been used There was plenty of food left over from the party.

7. adverbagain: doing something again, or again from the beginning If you make a mistake you'll just have to start over.

8. prepby means of: by means of a device for communication such as a radio or telephone talk over the phone

9. prepabout: indicates the cause or the subject of something grieving over the loss of her husband

10.prepaffecting: indicates what is affected, influenced, or controlled by somebody or something exercising more control over file access

11.prepduring: during or throughout a period of time or an occasion We can discuss this over lunch.

12.preprecovered from: indicates something, e.g. an illness, that somebody has recovered from get over a virus

13.prepin preference to: in preference to something else I'd choose steak over fish every time.

14.adjectivefinished: finished, or no longer in progress When all this is over I'm going on vacation.

15. interjectionRADIOindicating somebody's turn to speak: used when communicating via radio to indicate that somebody hasfinished talking and it is the other person's turn to speak

16.noun


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shot: shot that hits or explodes beyond its target17.noun

U.S.GAMBLINGscore above particular number in wager: in a wager, the score above a particular number ofpoints, or an amount above a particular total

bet the over in the playoff

18.transitive verbpass above: to pass above and across something19.noun

CRICKETbowling of six balls: in cricket, a series of six correctly bowled balls, or the play during this20.transitive verb

BUSINESScarry agenda item forward: to postpone dealing with an item on an agenda until a later meeting[ Old English ofer< Indo-European]over again once moreover against in contrast with, or in opposition toover and above in addition to or in excess of something benefits over and above the basic salaryover and done with completely finished or at an endover and over repeatedly, or a great deal


past 1

past [past]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word describing movement that involves passing or going

beyond somebody or something prep Walk past the library and you'll arrive at the park. adverb She walked right past without saying a word to us.1. prep

on farther side of something: on the farther side of or beyond something the bakery past the school

2. prep, adverblater: later than a particular time It's twenty past seven.

past his bedtime

3. prepbeyond number, amount, or point: beyond a particular number, amount, or point, especially a point at whichsomething can be done

Do what you like; I'm past caring.

[13th century. Past participle of pass]not put it past somebody to believe that somebody is quite capable of doing something,usually something disreputable or outrageous (informal)past or passed?Do not confuse these two words. Consider these examples: He passed me at 80 mph;She isthe past president of our sorority. In the first example, the past tense of the verb pass,which is passed, is required: He passed me.... In the second sentence the adjective past


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("onetime, former") is required: She is the past president....


since

since [sinss]CORE MEANING: a grammatical word used to indicate that a situation has continued from aparticular time or event in the past prep Karen has lived in London since 1988. adverb She left the firm in 1980 and has since been self-employed. conjunction He has been on a high since he got married in January.1. prep, conjunction

happening after: happening at some point or points after the period of time or event mentioned The rate of job growth is higher than under any administration since 1920.

Since Ryland became commissioner in 1994, all complaints are investigated fully.

2. adverbsubsequently: at some point between then and now The department had an engineer, who has since retired.

3. conjunctionbecause: because, seeing that Since it was still light, they were allowed to play in the park.

[15th century. Contraction of obsolete sithence"then, afterward" < Old English sian(

Preposition for Advance Level

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