Preliminary Draft - Marine Transportation Plan (Construction) · marine navigation. Section 5.0...

PRELIMINARY DRAFT MARINE TRANSPORTATION PLAN (CONSTRUCTION) Woodfibre LNG Project Prepared for: Woodfibre LNG Limited Suite 1020, 1075 West Georgia Street Vancouver, BC, V6E 3C9 Prepared by: Hemmera, an Ausenco Company 18th Floor, 4730 Kingsway Burnaby, BC, V5H 0C6 Project No. 989232-05 August 2019

Woodfibre LNG Limited Draft Marine Transportation Plan (Construction) August 2019

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REVISION HISTORY

The construction-phase Marine Transportation Plan (MTPC) provides mitigation measures that will be

developed and implemented throughout the construction period of the Woodfibre LNG Project (Project).

Revisions will be made as additional information becomes available through the progression of detailed

design and/or through feedback from the contractor, Aboriginal groups, the public, and regulatory

agencies. A table of revision listed version, date, distribution, and comment is on page i of this document.

Version Date Issued Distribution Comments

0.1 September 11, 2018 Woodfibre LNG Limited Preliminary Draft

0.2 October 3, 2018 Woodfibre LNG Limited Woodfibre comments


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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Acronym Definition BC British Columbia

CCG Canadian Coast Guard

CEAA Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency

CPA Certified Project Area

DFO Fisheries and Oceans Canada

EAC Environmental Assessment Certificate

EAO Environmental Assessment Office

FDS Federal Decision Statement

LNG liquefied natural gas

MTPC Marine Transportation Plan (Construction)

OGC Oil and Gas Commission

PPA Pacific Pilotage Authority Canada

Project liquefied natural gas (LNG) processing facility with marine storage and offloading

SNEAA Squamish Nation Environmental Assessment Agreement

TERMPOL Technical Review Process of Marine Terminal Systems and Transhipment

Woodfibre Woodfibre LNG Limited

Working Group Woodfibre Environmental Working Group

SYMBOLS AND UNITS OF MEASURE

Unit of Measurement Definition

ft. foot/feet

km kilometre


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... I

SYMBOLS AND UNITS OF MEASURE ........................................................................................................ I

1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 2

1.1 REVISIONS TO THE PLAN ........................................................................................................ 5

2.0 CONSULTATION ............................................................................................................................. 6

3.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................... 7

4.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................. 8

5.0 PROJECT-RELATED MARINE TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIES ............................................... 9

6.0 EXISTING MARINE ACTIVITIES WITHIN HOWE SOUND .......................................................... 10

6.1 ABORIGINAL GROUPS .......................................................................................................... 10

6.1.1 Squamish Nation .................................................................................................. 10

6.1.2 Tsleil-Waututh Nation ........................................................................................... 12

6.2 SMALL VESSEL TRAFFIC ...................................................................................................... 13

6.2.1 Commercial Fisheries .......................................................................................... 13

6.2.2 Water Taxis .......................................................................................................... 13

6.2.3 Recreational Boating ............................................................................................ 16

6.2.4 Other Marine-based Recreation Activities ........................................................... 18

6.3 LARGE VESSEL TRAFFIC ...................................................................................................... 18

6.3.1 Passenger Ferries ................................................................................................ 18

6.3.2 Tugs and Barges .................................................................................................. 19

6.3.3 Deep Sea Bulk and Cargo Ships ......................................................................... 19

7.0 AREAS OF OVERLAPPING MARINE USE .................................................................................. 20

7.1 CONSTRUCTION CREW TRANSPORTATION ............................................................................ 20

7.2 MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTATION ...................................................................... 20

8.0 MARINE TRANSPORTATION MITIGATION ................................................................................ 22

8.1 TECHNICAL REVIEW PROCESS OF MARINE TERMINAL SYSTEMS AND TRANSHIPMENT .............. 23

8.2 VESSEL OPERATION ............................................................................................................ 23

8.3 RESTRICTED AREAS ............................................................................................................ 23

8.4 NOTIFICATIONS ................................................................................................................... 23

8.5 NAVIGATION AIDS AND LIGHTS ............................................................................................. 24

8.6 MARINE-BASED RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES .......................................................................... 24


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8.7 COMMUNICATION ................................................................................................................. 24

8.8 INQUIRY PROCESS ............................................................................................................... 25

9.0 MONITORING ................................................................................................................................ 26

9.1 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT ..................................................................................................... 26

10.0 REPORTING .................................................................................................................................. 27

11.0 PLAN PREPARATION .................................................................................................................. 28

12.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 29

List of Tables

Table 1-1 Conditions for Marine Transportation Plan ......................................................................... 4

Table 2-1 Aboriginal Groups, Government, Public, and Other Parties Engaged ................................ 6

Table 3-1 Regulatory Framework for the Construction-phase Marine Transportation Plan ............... 7

Table 4-1 Summary of Roles and Responsibility for the Construction-phase Marine Transportation Plan ............................................................................................................. 8

Table 6-1 Marine-based Activities Pursued by Squamish Nation Members in Northern Howe Sound ................................................................................................................................ 11

Table 6-2 Terrestrial-based Activities with Marine Travel as an Incidental Activity .......................... 11

Table 8-1 Construction-phase Mitigation Measures.......................................................................... 22

Table 8-2 Inquiry Response Times and Team Availability ................................................................ 25

Table 9-1 Examples of Adaptive Management Strategies ................................................................ 26

Table 11-1 Qualified Professionals ..................................................................................................... 28

List of Figures

Figure 1-1 Project Location and Certified Project Area ........................................................................ 2

Figure 1-1A Overview of the Marine Transportation Routes .................................................................. 3

Figure 6-1 Commercial Marine Features ............................................................................................ 14

Figure 6-2 Commercial Fishing Management Boundaries ................................................................. 15

Figure 6-3 Recreational Features ....................................................................................................... 17


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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Woodfibre LNG Limited (Woodfibre LNG) is proposing to build a liquefied natural gas (LNG) processing

facility with marine storage and offloading (Project), located approximately 7 kilometres (km)southwest of

Squamish, British Columbia (BC) within the District of Squamish municipal boundaries.

The Project area is located at the former Woodfibre Pulp and Paper Mill site, a fee simple, industrially

zoned brownfield site with more than 100 years of industrial use and deep-water marine access. There is

no road access to the site, only marine access via Howe Sound. The community of Britannia Beach is

approximately 5.5 km southeast of the Project area; Darrell Bay is approximately 6.2 km to the east; and

Port Mellon is approximately 22 km southwest. Vancouver is situated approximately 50 km southeast of

the Project area.

Figure 1-1 shows the location of the site and the layout and Certified Project Area (CPA). A detailed

Project description is provided in Section 1.0 of the Project’s Construction Environmental Management

Plan.

Figure 1-1A shows the overview of the transport routes for ferrying personnel and materials to the site.

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989232-05 Figure 1-1A

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The construction-phase Marine Transportation Plan (MTPC) will be implemented to manage and mitigate

Project-related impacts in Howe Sound, including impacts to existing and traditional navigational routes,

fishing areas, habitat areas, harvesting areas, commercial shipping use, recreational and tourism use,

Aboriginal groups’ use, and any associated timing windows.

The MTPC has been prepared to fulfill the following conditions:

· EAC Condition 16: The BC Environmental Assessment Office (EAO) issued Environmental Assessment Certificate (EAC) #E15-02 for the Project on October 26, 2015 and issued an Amendment to the EAC on July 12, 2017.

· Federal Decision Statement (FDS) Condition 7.1 (as revised March 7, 2018): The federal government issued its FDS on March 18, 2016, as well as a revised Decision Statement on March 7, 2018.

The sections of the MTPC where the conditions of the EAC and FDS are addressed are cross-referenced

in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1 Conditions for Marine Transportation Plan

Condition Number Condition MTPC Reference

EAC Condition 16

The Holder must develop, in consultation with TC, DFO, CCG, Pacific Pilotage Authority Canada, the DOS, BC Ferries, Squamish Terminals, and Aboriginal groups a marine transport management and monitoring plan for the Project’s construction phase.

Section 2.0 Consultation

Identify the means by which the marine transportation mitigation measures related to construction in the Application Table 22-1 under the heading “marine transport” (section 7.3, M7.3-1 to M7.3-17) will be implemented.

Section 8.0 Marine Transport Mitigation Measures

Identify construction activities that have the potential to interfere with marine navigation.

Section 5.0 Project-related Marine Activities

Identify existing and traditional navigational routes, fishing areas, habitat areas, harvesting areas, commercial shipping use, recreational and tourism use, Aboriginal groups’ use, and any associated timing windows.

Section 6.0 Existing Marine Activities Within Howe Sound

Identify actions to inform affected stakeholders and Aboriginal groups of potential interference with marine navigation as a result of construction activities.

Section 8.7 Communication

Identify methods to coordinate activities with other marine users, including FortisBC.


Identify methods to minimize displacement of marine-based recreational activities.


Identify mitigation measures to reduce disruption of marine navigation in Howe Sound as a result of construction activities.


Identify methods to monitor the effects of the Holder’s shipping activities on marine users during construction.

Section 8.8 Inquiry Process


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Condition Number Condition MTPC Reference

The Holder must provide the plan to EAO, TC, CCG, Pacific Pilotage Authority Canada, DFO, the DOS, BC Ferries, Squamish Terminals, and Aboriginal groups no less than 30 days prior to the Holder’s planned date to commence construction. The Holder must implement the plan to the satisfaction of EAO.


FDS 7.1

The Proponent shall, in consultation with Aboriginal groups and other marine users, develop, prior to construction, and implement, during all phases of the Designated Project, a communication protocol related to marine transportation between the Proponent and Aboriginal groups and other marine users.


FDS 7.1.1

Identify the location and timing of the construction activities associated with the location and timing of ferry and water taxi traffic associated with the Designated Project and location of the marine access route to be used by the LNG vessels associated with the Designated Project in Howe Sound.

Section 5.0 Project-related Marine Activities

FDS 7.1.2 Identify the location and timing of traditional activities by Aboriginal groups and activities by other marine users.

Section 6.0 Existing Marine Activities Within Howe Sound

FDS 7.1.3 Identify Designated Project -related safety procedures such as navigation aids, updated navigation charts, and use of escort tugboats.

Operation-phase Marine Transportation Plan

FDS 7.1.4 Identify areas where navigation may be controlled for safety reasons. Section 8.0 Marine Transport Mitigation Measures

FDS 7.1.5 Provide speed profiles and schedules applicable to the operation of LNG vessels associated with the Designated Project.

Operation-phase Marine Transportation Plan

FDS 7.1.6

Identify the ways in which Aboriginal groups and other marine users can provide feedback to the Proponent about the adverse environmental effects related to navigation caused by the activities associated with the Designated Project, including construction activities and the operation of ferry, water taxi. and LNG vessels.

Section 8.8 Inquiry Process

Notes: CCG – Canadian Coast Guard; DFO – Fisheries and Oceans Canada; DOS – District of Squamish; PPA – Pacific Pilotage Authority Canada; TC – Transport Canada.

1.1 REVISIONS TO THE PLAN

The MTPC provides mitigation measures that will be developed and implemented throughout the

construction period. Revisions will be made as additional information becomes available through the

progression of detailed design or through the contractor, Aboriginal groups, the public and regulatory

agencies. A table of revision listed version, date, distribution and comment is on page i of this document.


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2.0 CONSULTATION

Per EAC Condition 16, the MTPC will be submitted to the EAO no less than 30 days prior to the start of

Project construction in the marine environment. The plan will also be submitted to Transport Canada, the

Canadian Coast Guard (CCG), Pacific Pilotage Authority Canada (PPA), Fisheries and Oceans Canada

(DFO), the District of Squamish, BC Ferries, Squamish Terminals, and Aboriginal groups no less than 30

days prior to the planned date to commence Project construction in the marine environment.

The MTPC is considered a Regulated Plan under the Squamish Nation Environmental Assessment

Agreement (SNEAA) and must be approved by the Squamish Nation representative of the Woodfibre

Environmental Working Group (Working Group) prior to the start of construction. In accordance with the

process developed by the Working Group and described in the SNEAA, a preliminary draft of the MTPC

was reviewed by the Squamish Nation representative of the Working Group, and these comments were

considered as part of development of the MTPC. Squamish Nation participation in implementation of the

MTPC will occur in accordance with the SNEAA and through contractual opportunities for Squamish

Nation members or businesses in accordance with the Impact Benefit Agreement.

A summary of consultation events is shown in Table 2-1.

Table 2-1 Aboriginal Groups, Government, Public, and Other Parties Engaged

Aboriginal Group/ Agency/Party Date Name of Person

Contacted Action

Squamish Nation October, 2018 Tyler Grey Review of preliminary draft


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3.0 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

Legislation that is anticipated to be applicable to marine transportation during the construction phase of

the Project is summarized in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1 Regulatory Framework for the Construction-phase Marine Transportation Plan

Name Jurisdiction Description

Navigation Protection Act, RSC 1985, c. N- 22

Federal Protects the right of any individual to navigate a floating vessel for the purpose of transportation, recreation, or commerce. Howe Sound (the Pacific Ocean) is listed as navigable

Canada Shipping Act, SC 2001, c. 26

Federal The principal statute governing safety in marine transportation and recreational boating; applies to all Canadian vessels operating in all Canadian waters. Project-related marine activities must be undertaken in accordance with all applicable parts of this act, which is the enabling legislation for the following regulations: ▫

· Anchorage Regulations (SOR/88-101) · Collision Regulations (CRC, c. 1416) · Charts and Nautical Publications Regulations, 1995 (SOR/95-149) · Navigation Safety Regulations (SOR/2005-134) · Steering Appliances and Equipment Regulations (SOR/83-810) · Vessel Traffic Services Zones Regulations (SOR/89-98) · Voyage Data Recorder Regulations (SOR/2011-203)

· Vessel Operation Restriction Regulations (SOR/2008-120). Marine Liability Act, SC 2001, c. 6

Federal Makes the owners or operators of vessels liable for that vessel and the specific consequences of its operation.

Marine Transportation Security Act, SC 1994, c. 40

Federal Applies to Canadian ships outside Canadian waters and to all ships and marine facilities within Canadian waters. Additionally, this act provides the framework for Canadian government participation in the following international conventions and standards:

· International Maritime Organization and Safety of Navigation ▫ (IMO 2019a)

· Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (IMO 2019b)

· Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (IMO 2019c)▫ · International Code of Safety for High-speed Craft (IMO 2019d) · International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea – Chapter IV

and V (as amended) (IMO 2019e)▫ · International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and

Watch keeping for Seafarers, as amended, including the 1995 and 2010 Manila Amendments (IMO 2019f)▫

· Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels (IMO 2019g)▫

· United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS 1982).

Coasting Trade Act, SC 1992, c. 31

Federal Determines the circumstances in which non-Canadian ships will be allowed to participate in the Canadian coasting trade.

Pilotage Act, RSC, 1985, c. P-14

Federal Provides for the establishment of four pilotage authorities in Canada. These Crown corporations have the responsibility of establishing, operating and administering efficient pilotage services in their respective regions in Canada. The Pilotage Act is the enabling legislation for the Pacific Pilotage Regulations (CRC, c. 1270).


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4.0 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

This section still under development (July 8, 2019)

This section outlines the roles and responsibilities of Woodfibre LNG, the contractor(s)1, and the

contractor(s)’s Environmental Monitor(s) when updating, implementing, inspecting, and reporting on the

effectiveness of environmental protection and mitigation measures (Table 4-1). This section focuses on

the roles and responsibilities associated with the MTPC. The Construction Environmental Management

Plan contains the details of roles and responsibilities for overall environmental management for the

Project and should be referenced in conjunction with the MTPC; Table 4-1 below provides a summary of

the roles and responsibilities for the MTPC.

Table 4-1 Summary of Roles and Responsibility for the Construction-phase Marine Transportation Plan

Entity Role and Responsibility

Woodfibre LNG Environmental Representative

· Review contractor Environmental Protection Plans (EPPs) for compliance with management plans.

· Review the contractor’s permit applications. · Review the contractor’s environmental reports (weekly, monthly). · Audit contractor(s)’ environmental compliance on a regular basis. · Communicate incidents, survey results, salvage results, and other wildlife- related

information in accordance with management plans.

Contractor · Undertake work in compliance with management plans, EPPs, environmental

approvals, permits, and authorizations. · Record and report any marine incidents to the Environmental Monitor.

Environmental Monitor

· Monitor and review compliance of construction activities with management plans, EPPs, permits, approvals, and other environmental requirements.

· Attend Project planning and tailgate meetings to communicate potential environmental concerns and requirements.

· Maintain monitoring records regarding implementation of management plans, EPPs, permits, and approvals. This will include any measurements taken (e.g., pH, turbidity), sampling conducted, field notes, photographs, and environmental incident reports.

· Prepare and submit a weekly report on environmental monitoring to Woodfibre LNG for all relevant management plans and EPPs.

· Stop or modify site activities if environmental mitigation measures are not considered to be effective, if there is an imminent risk to the environment, or if work does not comply with the terms and conditions of the EAC, FDS, or SNEAA.

Supporting Environmental Monitor(s)

· Support the Environmental Monitor in monitoring and reviewing compliance of construction activities with management plans, EPPs, permits, approvals, or other environmental regulations.

· Stop or modify site activities if environmental mitigation measures are not considered to be effective, if there is an imminent risk to the environment, or if work does not comply with the terms and conditions of the EAC, FDS, or SNEAA.

Marine Transportation Contact

· Receive inquiries from public; record in database; develop reports itemizing inquiries and concerns; coordinate with Woodfibre and public to resolve any issues or conflicts.

1 Contractors here refer to entity(ies) contracted by Woodfibre LNG to execute the construction of the Project.


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5.0 PROJECT-RELATED MARINE TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIES

The following Project activities may affect navigation in Howe Sound during the construction phase:

· Transport construction crews from designated vessel terminals to the Woodfibre site using a crew boat and/or passenger vessel service.

· Transport materials from the designated vessel terminals to the Woodfibre site, or to a laydown yard and from the laydown yard to the site using barges, tugs, and deep sea vessels.

· Construct the material offloading facility, LNG jetty, and small craft jetty at the Woodfibre site.

· Permanently moor the floating storage tanks.

· Restrict public access to the CPA.


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6.0 EXISTING MARINE ACTIVITIES WITHIN HOWE SOUND

The waterways in Howe Sound are currently shared by a wide range of commercial, government, and

recreational vessels. Commercial and government vessels identified in Howe Sound include passenger

ferries, tugs and barges, deep sea cargo ships, Canadian navy and other government ships, fishing

boats, and water taxis. Recreational vessels identified include yachts, pleasure boats, and self-propelled

craft. Associated marine recreational activities identified include fishing, diving, waterskiing and

wakeboarding, windsports (kiteboarding and windsurfing), kayaking, and paddle-boarding. This section

provides a description of existing marine use of Howe Sound based on desktop information collected and

interviews conducted in support of the Application for an EAC as well as input from marine users

collected in support of this plan.

See Figure 6-3 for recreational features.

6.1 ABORIGINAL GROUPS

6.1.1 Squamish Nation

In 2015, Squamish Nation completed an Occupation and Use Study (Traditions 2015) of the northern

Howe Sound region (generally north of Anvil Island), as part of the Nation’s independent evaluation of the

Project’s impacts on Squamish Nation interests. While excerpts and findings of that study were shared

with Woodfibre during the preparation of this MTPC, the following must be emphasized:

(a) The focus of this summary is on traditional individual, family, or community activities and will not adequately capture commercial or recreational activities that may engage Squamish Nation members or businesses. – Woodfibre intends to capture such activities during mitigation planning for those categories of marine activities identified elsewhere in this MTPC.

(b) The information compiled through the Occupation and Use Study reflects only what information was gleaned from written documentation available to the authors and information shared by interviewees in that study. Limitations noted in the 2015 study are compounded by the time that has since passed.

(c) Regardless of marine activities documented or planned as existing, Squamish Nation members retain unextinguished rights to pursue any traditional marine-based activity in northern Howe Sound. The Use and Occupancy Study results unequivocally acknowledge that Squamish Nation ancestors have used and relied upon the marine and upland sections of northern Howe Sound since time immemorial. The existing intensity of marine use for such activities as resource harvesting and canoeing is more difficult and hazardous with the increase in larger ships in Howe Sound, and does not reflect the desired intensity of future use.

(d) Squamish Nation use of northern Howe Sound is broader than simply physical occupation and navigation of marine areas. Use “may also refer to particular connections and uses of the lands and resources related to ceremonies, customs, cultural practices, traditional governance, trade or stories […] Intangible values are often linked with spiritual, artistic, aesthetic and educational elements that are often associated with the identity of Aboriginal groups”. (CEA Agency 2015).


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The main focus of this MPTC is to mitigate, where possible, day-to-day activities involving physical occupation. However, should ongoing monitoring and outreach activities reveal conflicts with non-occupational use that were not anticipated and accounted for in existing agreements between Squamish Nation and Woodfibre LNG, then Woodfibre LNG will seek to amicably resolve such conflicts with Squamish Nation.

Classes of marine activities documented in the Use and Occupancy Study are listed in Table 6-1.

Moreover, marine travel is an intermediate activity to support the classes of activity listed in Table 6-2,

highlighting the interconnectedness of northern Howe Sound with the broader terrestrial portions of

Squamish Nation territory. Included in both lists of activities are sites or features that are not themselves

“activities” but are necessary attributes to support activities.

The Use and Occupancy Study documents 87 distinct aquatic-themed sites of past and ongoing use by

Squamish Nation, although this represents a mixture of marine-based activities and freshwater activities.

Table 6-1 Marine-based Activities Pursued by Squamish Nation Members in Northern Howe Sound

Activity Definition

Archaeological Site Locations in Squamish Nation territory as formally recorded archaeological sites with the Archaeology Branch, Province of BC, or described in an interview as including physical remains of Aboriginal activities dating to 1846 or before

Ceremonial / sacred site

Locations described by Squamish people as having sacred qualities or used for traditional ceremonies or rites

Conflict Locations in Squamish Nation territory where battles or activities associated with conflict (e.g. display of slain enemies) occurred

Environmental Habitat Locations in Squamish Nation territory known to be important or preferred habitat for plant and animal species (aquatic) that are important traditionally to Squamish people

Fishing Locations used by Squamish people for harvesting fish

Legendary Being Locations described by Squamish people where supernatural or legendary creatures reside or frequent

Named Place Locations that have Squamish names, or have names associated with Squamish history

Seafood Gathering Locations used for harvesting seafood (e.g., crab, shrimp, herring, roe, shellfish)

Trails / travel Canoe or motorized watercraft routes used by Squamish people for transportation

Source: Adapted from Traditions 2015.

Table 6-2 Terrestrial-based Activities with Marine Travel as an Incidental Activity

Activity Definition

Berry / plant gathering Locations used by Squamish people for collecting plants and berries

Burial Locations where remains of Squamish people are buried

Dwelling Locations where Squamish people reside(d) on a permanent or temporary basis, including villages, houses, cabins, tents, lean-tos, and campsites


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Activity Definition

Environmental feature Locations of landforms or other geographical features (e.g., waterfall) in Squamish Nation territory that are important to traditional activities such as settlement, resources (land or aquatic), or travel

Environmental Habitat Locations in Squamish Nation territory known to be important or preferred habitat for plant and animal species (terrestrial) that are important traditionally to Squamish people

Forestry Locations used by Squamish people for harvesting wood or tree bark, culturally modified tree sites, and arborglyph sites

Hunting Locations used by Squamish people for hunting animals or birds

Indian Reserve Locations and/or extent of existing or former Indian Reserves

Lands Acquired Lands acquired by Squamish Nation (agreement or purchase)

Legendary Being Locations described by Squamish people where supernatural or legendary creatures reside or frequent

Lithics Locations in Squamish Nation territory where stone artifacts or evidence of lithic manufacture (e.g. quarry) have been located

Manufacture Locations used by Squamish people for the manufacture of traditional goods

Medicinal / Therapeutic Site

Locations Squamish people used for therapeutic purposes (e.g., hot springs, solitude) or where medicinal plants are collected

Named Place Locations that have Squamish names or have names associated with Squamish history

Pictograph / Rock Art Locations in Squamish Nation territory where rock art has been located

Preparation Site Locations where resources are customarily prepared by Squamish people

Resource Material Locations where rocks, earth, or minerals (e.g., ochre, obsidian) or other materials (e.g. mountain goat hair) are collected by Squamish people

Trading Locations used for trade by Squamish people

Trails / travel Access paths used by Squamish people for transportation

Trapping Locations used for trapping by Squamish people

Source: Adapted from Traditions 2015.

6.1.2 Tsleil-Waututh Nation

Historically, the Tsleil-Waututh Nation had a specific and complex cycle of harvesting resources and

engaging in spiritual and cultural activities. Tsleil-Waututh people were dependent on the foreshore and

marine waters of their traditional territory for subsistence (Ham 1982, Matson and Coupland 1995,

Donatuto et al. 2013). Salmon was a staple food for the Tsleil-Waututh people, as it was for other Coast

Salish peoples. The Tsleil-Waututh Nation also harvested halibut, cod, herring, sturgeon, and clams. Sea

mammals such as seals, porpoises, and sea lions were hunted because the flesh of these animals was

regarded as a delicacy, and their body oil was used for dipping dried roe, berries, and roots prior to

consumption (Barnett 1938, 1955, Suttles 1987, Fediuk and Thom 2003, Tsleil-Waututh Nation n.d.).

The Tsleil-Waututh Nation used protected harbours and inlets as favoured waterways for travel by canoe.

Habitation sites were located on the water’s edge, and Tsleil-Waututh people used canoes to transport

planks from their winter house for use in constructing their summer camp houses. It was from these

camps that the Tsleil-Waututh Nation traveled to their fishing, hunting, and gathering locations (Tsleil-


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Waututh Nation n.d.). Waterways still serve as important travel corridors, including for the harvest of

marine resources.

Current specific information on the Tsleil-Waututh Nation use and locations of marine waterways and

access to other heritage resources or use and locations of culturally significant sites within the Project

area has not been identified at this time.

6.2 SMALL VESSEL TRAFFIC

Small vessel traffic in the Local Assessment Area includes commercial fishing vessels, water taxis

providing passenger access to various destinations throughout Howe Sound, and recreational traffic.

6.2.1 Water Taxis

Private water taxi services are offered between Squamish, West Vancouver, the Sunshine Coast, and all

habited islands in Howe Sound. Water taxi providers in Howe Sound include Squamish Marine Services,

located in Squamish; Mercury Transport, located in Horseshoe Bay; Cormorant Water Taxi, located in

Snug Cove on Bowen Island; and Sunshine Coast Water Taxi and Gambier Water Taxi, located in

Gibsons (Figure 6-1).

6.2.2 Commercial Fisheries

Howe Sound lies within DFO commercial Fisheries Management Area 28, Pacific Region (Figure 6-2).

The shipping route crosses through the following DFO commercial fishing sub-areas:

· Sub-area 28-2 (from Queen Charlotte Channel to Irby Point on Anvil Island)

· Sub-area 28-4 (from Irby Point to the Furry Creek)

· Sub-area 28-5 (from the Furry Creek to Squamish).

Commercial shellfish fisheries include prawn, shrimp, and crab. Fishing for prawn, shrimp, and crab is

carried out by using traps that are set and later retrieved.

A limited commercial seine fishery took place in Howe Sound (PFMA 28) for pink salmon (Oncohrynchus

gorbuscha) in 2015; however, the fishery was shut down after three days, rather than for the planned

week due to lower than expected returns and potential for by-catch of chinook salmon (Barrett 2015). The

fishery, if it occurs again would take place in odd-numbered years to target pink salmon. The 2019/2020

Salmon Integrated Fisheries Management Plan (Southern BC) noted that Squamish pink salmon stocks

were in the process of rebuilding but that the stock status was not yet determined, and there have been

no openings since 2015 (Fisheries and Oceans Canada 2019). No other commercial fisheries for finfish

species currently occur in Howe Sound.

³

DESIGN

COMMERCIAL MARINE FEATURES

FIGURE 7.3-2PROJECT NO. 13-1422-0006

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kj NAVIGATIONAL AIDS WITH LIGHTS#* WATER TAXI BASE!( DEEP-SEA PORT / TERMINAL") BC FERRIES TERMINAL / DOCK

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Page 16

6.2.3 Recreational Boating

Recreational boating is reported to be busiest in July and August, but the main boating season runs from

May until September and can occur year-round. Recreational boating routes to destinations along the

construction materials shipping route are shown on Figure 6-3 to follow the established shipping route to

Squamish, and intersect it at the following locations:

· North and south of Anvil Island

· Lions Bay

· North and south of Bowyer Island

· North of Bowen Island

· Horseshoe Bay

· Snug Cove

· White Cliff Point

· Fisherman’s Cove.

Popular boating destinations with recreational routes intersecting the shipping route (depending on from

where vessels are departing) include the following:

· Porteau Cove

· Plumper Cove (Keats Island)

· Gambier Island Bays (West Bay, Centre Bay and Port Graves, Halkett Bay)

· East of Bowen Island (Point Cowan to Point Atkinson)

· Collingwood Channel and Barfleur Passage.

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1:165,000

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Page 18

6.2.4 Other Marine-based Recreation Activities

Other marine-based activities in Howe Sound include kiteboarding and windsurfing (windsports), sea

kayaking, stand-up paddle-boarding (paddle-boarding), and diving.

Key points where identified sea kayaks and paddle-boarders may cross the shipping route include the

waters between Porteau Cove and the Defence Islands, Anvil Island, and Bowen Island. Squamish

Harbour is also a popular area for sea kayaking and paddle-boarding as far south as the Woodfibre area.

Sea kayaking and paddle-boarding do not generally occur in the immediate Woodfibre area, however, as

these waters have been historically considered off limits and the shoreline is not conducive to coming

ashore. Kite boarders and windsurfers occasionally transit the shipping route when down-wind of

Britannia Beach or Porteau Cove, but the majority of windsport activity is concentrated in the waters

adjacent to Squamish Spit and Nexen Beach. Windsports do occur west of Darrell Bay, but to a lesser

extent. No windsport activities were reported to regularly occur in the immediate Project area.

Dive sites are concentrated around Britannia Beach, Pam Rocks, Bowyer Island, Lions Bay, Porteau

Cove Park, Anvil Island, and West Vancouver. No dive sites were identified within the immediate Project

area. Many of the dive sites are accessed by boat only, and dive boats likely use the same boating routes

as those used by other recreational craft.

6.3 LARGE VESSEL TRAFFIC

Large vessel traffic within Howe Sound primarily consists of BC Ferries movements along scheduled

routes, deep sea shipping traffic to Squamish Terminals and Port Mellon, and tug and barge traffic

primarily related to forestry operations.

6.3.1 Passenger Ferries

BC Ferries vessels account for the majority of vessel movements in Howe Sound. Horseshoe Bay is the

largest BC Ferries terminal in Howe Sound; the terminal provides passenger and vehicle ferry services

across the Strait of Georgia to Departure Bay in Nanaimo and across Howe Sound to Snug Cove (Bowen

Island) and Langdale (located on the Sunshine Coast). On average, during weekdays of the summer

months, there can be 77 ferry arrivals and departures calling at Horseshoe Bay daily. Typically, ferries

depart and arrive at Horseshoe Bay between 0540 hours and 2200 hours, seven days per week.

Elsewhere in Howe Sound, ferry docks are located on Keats Island and Gambier Island. Passenger ferry

movements are shown to be highest during the summer months of July and August, which corresponds

with the main vacation season. The lowest periods for ferry traffic are the months of January and

February. Ferry routes are shown on Figure 6-1.


Page 19

6.3.2 Tugs and Barges

The majority of the tug and barge vessel traffic is connected to forestry operations, such as the movement of logs to and from sorting booms and the movement of wood chips and pulp. Port Mellon, located in north Thornbrough Channel, is a major pulp port for Howe Sound Pulp and Paper. Wood chips are mainly shipped to Port Mellon in open, flat-decked barges that are towed by tugs. The majority of log dumps in Howe Sound are located in north Thornbrough Channel, and vessels related to the movement of log booms typically use Thornbrough and Collingwood Channels when towing booms to manufacturing facilities located in the Lower Mainland. Within the upper reaches of Howe Sound there are log-dumping grounds situated near Woodfibre, east of the Woodfibre site at Watts Point and east of Nexen Beach in Squamish Harbour.

Tugs typically transit up the Squamish River and along the eastern side of Squamish Harbour to access log storage areas; log booms are then towed to Gibsons or the Vancouver area for further processing. Tug and barge movements are shown to be fairly consistent throughout the year. Tugs and barges also provide cargo transportation (e.g., food, petroleum, construction products) to all of the islands in Howe Sound. The main barging activity is concentrated at docks located on Gambier Island and Bowen Island. Tug and barge operators located within Howe Sound include Squamish Marine Services in Squamish, Mercury Transport in Horseshoe Bay, and Crosby Marine Services in Gibsons. A large proportion of tugs and barges in Howe Sound are operated by Seaspan Marine, based in Vancouver. Tugs are also used when assisting vessels in berthing at Squamish Terminals and Port Mellon.

6.3.3 Deep Sea Bulk and Cargo Ships

The active deep sea port facilities within Howe Sound are located in Squamish and Port Mellon. In 2013, there were a total of 179 deep sea merchant bulk and general vessel movements in Howe Sound; 129 vessel movements passed Halkett Point, traveling through Montagu Channel to and from Squamish.

Squamish Terminals, located approximately 5.8 km east of the Woodfibre site within Squamish Harbour, was established in 1972 to provide marine transport services for pulp and paper mill operations. The terminal currently provides deep sea berthing, loading, and unloading facilities for pulp mills in the BC Interior, as well as for inbound steel, and other cargo products. This deep sea terminal handles approximately 100 vessels calls per year, but traffic fluctuates depending on vessel size to between 60 to 80 vessel calls, or four to five vessels per month. Forestry products make up the majority of cargo handled at the port.

Within Howe Sound, Port Mellon also has deep sea berthing facilities and handles an average of 50 vessel calls per year. Finished pulp and paper products are shipped form the terminal using specialized carrier vessels or Handymax-sized vessels. Ships calling at Port Mellon generally access Howe Sound through Collingwood Channel, situated west of the shipping route, as it is a more direct route to this facility.


Page 20

7.0 AREAS OF OVERLAPPING MARINE USE

Based on the information presented in Section 5.0 and Section 6.0 of this plan, Project-related vessels

are expected to occur in the same areas as existing marine activities. Construction activities are primarily

occurring within the CPA and do not impact other marine users. Overlapping marine use will occur during

vessel transportation of materials or crew mobilizing to and from the construction site.

The vessel(s) transporting construction crews between the designated terminal(s) and the Woodfibre site

will be located north of existing ferry routes and will therefore not interact with passenger ferry routes.

In terms of direct conflict between Project marine activities (construction period) and use by Squamish

Nation members, the most likely interactions will be with marine harvesting activities (typically but not

limited to salmon, roe, prawns, crabs), cultural / recreational canoeing, and marine transport across Howe

Sound or along its shoreline for accessing upland areas on the west side of Howe Sound. This

expectation is based on Woodfibre LNG’s understanding of the relative frequency of these activities

versus other forms of marine use and does not rule out the need for mitigation and follow-up on other

forms of use.

7.1 CONSTRUCTION CREW TRANSPORTATION

All construction personnel will access the Woodfibre site using marine transport. The following methods

are considered for crew transportation:

· For early works and site mobilization, the contractor(s) will use small passenger vessels from Squamish Harbour.

· For site preparation and civil works, the contractor(s) will use one passenger cargo vessel to transport all site personnel to and from site each day from Darrell Bay dock.

Woodfibre and the contractor(s) will coordinate the construction crew marine transportation with existing

marine activities in Howe Sound and keep an updated schedule to minimize conflicts. Further detail on

transportation of personnel scheduling can be found in the Traffic Control Management Plan.

7.2 MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTATION

This section addresses equipment mobilization and demobilization and transportation of material to site

and off site. All subcontractors must each barge their own material and equipment. The contractor(s) will

manage the coordination of marine for all subcontractors. Based on early planning and research, that the

following vessels and frequency are expected from November 2019 to May 2023:

· Approximately three cargo vessels per week from Vancouver sea ports.

· Of the three vessels per week, a minimum of one will be a small cargo vessel (approximately 137 feet (ft.) x 42 ft).


Page 21

· Of the three vessels per week, a minimum of one large cargo vessel is expected per month (approximately 240 ft. x 58 ft.).

· During civil works (December 2019 to November 2020), an 8,000-tonne barge will haul aggregate once per month.

The contractor(s) will coordinate the material and equipment marine transportation with existing marine

activities in Howe Sound and keep an updated schedule to minimize conflicts.


Page 22

8.0 MARINE TRANSPORTATION MITIGATION

Construction-phase mitigation measures from the Application for an EAC are presented Table 8-1 along with a cross-reference to the location of the mitigation.

Table 8-1 Construction-phase Mitigation Measures

Mitigation Number Mitigation Name Description MTPC

Reference

M7.3-1 Develop Marine Transport Management Plan

Woodfibre LNG will prepare and implement a marine transport management plan prior to construction activities or as outlined through the Technical Review Process of Marine Terminal Systems and Transhipment (TERMPOL). This plan will outline measures to ensure all vessel traffic is aware of Project activities. The plan will also provide details of the communication channels to be used and the Project-related safety procedures to be followed.

MTPC

M7.3-2 Use Navigational Aids and Lights

Woodfibre LNG will install aids and navigational lights based on recommendations following the Navigation Protection Act review process.

Section 8.5

M7.3-3 Prepare Notices to Mariners and Notices to Shipping

Woodfibre LNG will notify the relevant authorities, including the CCG, so that Notices to Mariners and Notices to Shipping can be issued.

Section 8.4

M7.3-4 Update navigational charts and nautical publications

Woodfibre LNG will ensure Canadian Hydrographic Service navigational charts and other appropriate nautical publications are updated to show the terminal and other marine features, where appropriate.

Section 8.4

M7.3-5 Compliance with maritime regulations and legislation

Woodfibre LNG will conduct all Project shipping and transportation of passengers in accordance with the requirements of the Canada Shipping Act, in compliance with the CCG and PPA. In addition, shipping activities will also comply with all other applicable national and international safety regulations that have not been listed, such as requirements established by the International Maritime Organization. Where applicable, consideration will also be given to best practice criteria for the safe operation of LNG vessels presented by the Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators, and the World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure.

Section 8.2

M7.3-6 Consult with BC Ferries and Squamish Terminals

Woodfibre LNG Limited commits to further consult with BC Ferries and Squamish Terminals regarding potential interference, vessel routes, and current operating practices.

Section 6.3 and 8.4

M7.3-14 Consultation with recreational stakeholder groups in Howe Sound

Woodfibre LNG Limited commits to further consultation with recreational stakeholder groups in Howe Sound to identify areas of concerns and where practicable, to identify additional mitigation that can be implemented to reduce effects.

Section 6.2.3 and 6.2.4

M7.3-15 Ship-handling safety features and emergency signaling

Woodfibre LNG Limited will ensure that Project LNG carriers will have safety equipment to facilitate ship-handling and LNG cargo system handling. The ship-handling safety features include, vessel radar and positioning systems that enabling the crew to monitor the ship’s position, traffic, and identified hazards around the ship. A global maritime distress system automatically transmits signals if there is an onboard emergency requiring external assistance.

Section 8.1


Page 23

8.1 TECHNICAL REVIEW PROCESS OF MARINE TERMINAL SYSTEMS AND TRANSHIPMENT

Woodfibre LNG is currently undergoing the Technical Review Process of Marine Terminal Systems and

Transhipment (TERMPOL) review process; when completed, the list of findings and recommendations will

be made public and included in the Operations Marine Transportation Plan.

8.2 VESSEL OPERATION

Project vessels will be operated in accordance with the Canada Shipping Act and associated regulations

and in compliance with the CCG and PPA. The following vessel operation procedures will be in place:

· Vessel operators will be licensed for the vessel that they are operating as with the operation of any equipment requiring a licence or certification. The contractor(s) will maintain records of the operator’s qualifications and will make this documentation available upon request. The contractor will also verify qualifications.

· Vessels will carry required safety equipment.

· LNG carriers and deep sea vessels in Howe Sound will not exceed 10 knots when operating in the Howe Sound marine corridor and 6 knots within the CPA.

· All Project vessels will follow established shipping lanes and navigational routes typically used in the area.

· All Project vessels will maintain a constant course and constant speed except for safety reasons.

8.3 RESTRICTED AREAS

The Woodfibre LNG Occupational Health and Safety program contains details on the security of the CPA

and associated locations (i.e., laydowns and vessel terminals). Site security will vary depending on the

activities occurring at each location.

8.4 NOTIFICATIONS

A minimum of five days prior to commencing construction of marine works, the contractor(s) will notify the

CCG of activities that may result in navigational obstructions. This information will allow the CCG to issue

Notices to Mariners and Notices to Shipping as they deem appropriate.

Within two weeks of completing marine works, the contractor(s) will notify the Canadian Hydrographic

Service. This information will allow the Canadian Hydrographic Service to update navigational charts and

other nautical publications as they deem appropriate.

Woodfibre will notify BC Ferries of the intended vessel routes and schedule for the Project prior to

commencing construction. Shipping schedules may be altered if potential interference is identified

between BC Ferries and the Project.


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8.5 NAVIGATION AIDS AND LIGHTS

Prior to commencing construction of marine works, Woodfibre LNG will submit a Notice to the Minister

pursuant to the Navigation Protection Act unless the work meets the criteria outlined in the Minor Works

Order.

Woodfibre LNG Limited will install aids and navigational lights based on recommendations following the

Navigation Protection Act review process.

8.6 MARINE-BASED RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

As discussed in section 6.2.3 and 6.2.4, it is expected that recreational users will have minimal to no

interaction with construction activities. All users are expected to adhere to transportation regulations and

guidelines pertaining to marine use. All vessel operators and personnel associated with the Project will be

respectful of marine users. Woodfibre will post all transportation schedules and reduce construction traffic

as much as possible by making the most efficient use of space when transporting crew and materials, as

well as scheduling routes to avoid high-traffic periods in Howe Sound.

8.7 COMMUNICATION

Woodfibre LNG will communicate key information regarding construction activities that may adversely

affect marine users on its website and through social media channels. Information that will be

communicated includes the following:

· The key Project contact for marine traffic-related information

· The anticipated worker crew boat / vessel schedule

· The construction schedule:

▫ Timing of shift changes (when crews change daily, weekly, or monthly)

▫ Regular schedule for crew vessel travel

▫ Material transportation schedule

· The location and timing of activities that will restrict public marine use

· Project-related safety information.

If there is any overlap between construction marine transportation activities and marine users, Woodfibre

will contact that party directly to resolve any issues that may arise (i.e., Windsport Society or commercial

operations). Schedule or transportation routes may be altered to avoid conflict.

Woodfibre will continually engage marine users to verify Project-related marine activities are minimally

impacting other marine users.


Page 25

8.8 INQUIRY PROCESS

The Woodfibre LNG website, woodfibrelng.ca, includes a contact email ([email protected]) and

phone number (1-888-801-7929) for members of the public to contact the company. The email and phone

number are monitored Monday to Friday, 0900 hours to 1700 hours, and comments and responses will

be kept in a database. The Woodfibre LNG team will review inquiries in a timely manner, and each inquiry

will receive priority designation to help promote efficient resolution of issues; although some inquiries may

require input from an executive level. Key themes will be shared with the company executives and

contractors to determine if further action is required.

Contact information, availability, and response times are provided in Table 8-2. Members of the public

with urgent safety concerns are encouraged to dial 9-1-1.

Table 8-2 Inquiry Response Times and Team Availability

Priority Entity Contact Timeline Availability

Inquiry Woodfibre LNG [email protected] 1-888-801-7929

3 – 5 business days

Monday to Friday, 0900 hours to 1700 hours

Observations Woodfibre LNG [email protected] 1-888-801-7929

24 – 48 hours Monday to Friday, 0900 hours to 1700 hours.

Incident Woodfibre LNG [email protected] 24 hours 24 hours/day

Emergency Authorities 9-1-1 Immediate 24 hours/day

mailto:[email protected]





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9.0 MONITORING

The marine transportation activities will be primarily monitored by Woodfibre and the contractor(s).

Any monitoring required by an Environmental Monitor will include activities such as Marine Mammal

Observations, which are described in the Marine Mammal Management Plan.

Regarding monitoring marine transportation activities, the vessel operators will be appointed to observe

and record any incidents or near misses that occur. Operators will also record observations that may help

avoid potential risks or reduce high marine traffic volumes within Howe Sound.

Members of the general public are also encouraged to submit observations or questions to Woodfibre

LNG. All information reported will be added a database and reviewed quarterly to identify any trends.

Information will be used to inform any corrections that may be required to alter marine transportation

related to Project construction. See Table 9-1 for examples of adaptive management strategies.

9.1 ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

Woodfibre LNG will compile the monthly monitoring information provided by the Project team and external

resources and evaluate the effectiveness of the mitigation measures. As a component of the monitoring

program, Woodfibre LNG will determine reasonable thresholds for the reporting metrics beyond which

adaptive management will be initiated. Based on this review, the Woodfibre LNG team will determine if

the Project has contributed to adverse marine transportation effects that would require an adaptive

approach to be initiated either immediately, or as a component of the annual review. If so, the Project

team will propose a course of action in a timely manner for review by interested parties and First Nations

and advise the EAO and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency of proposed amendments to

the mitigation measures or new measures.

Woodfibre LNG will update this Marine Transportation Plan annually or as required, as requested by

personnel and as Project stages advance.

Table 9-1 Examples of Adaptive Management Strategies

Trend Solution Timeline

High-traffic volume Develop more efficient method to transport materials to site to reduce marine traffic 3 – 5 business days

Incident Additional operator training 24 hours

Conflicts with recreation users

Develop a schedule that reduces marine transportation use during high recreation use Immediate


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10.0 REPORTING

Woodfibre LNG will prepare compliance and monitoring reports that will provide updates on construction

progress and any associated issues specific to marine transportation management and mitigations

identified. Reporting will include a summary of comments provided to the Woodfibre LNG webpage.

Woodfibre LNG will regularly monitor and prepare internal reports and will provide annual reports to the

EAO. Compliance with the mitigation measures presented in Section 8.0 will be tracked and presented to

the EAO and Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency as part of regular compliance reporting.

All comments, questions, and responses will be recorded and kept in a database. Woodfibre LNG will

review this information on a quarterly basis to ensure all inquiries have been attended to.

In accordance with the Transportation Safety Board, reportable accidents or incidents must be reported to

the Board as soon as possible. Reportable marine occurrences can be submitted directly via the

Transportation Safety Board website (http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/incidents-occurrence/index.html).

http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/incidents-occurrence/index.html


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11.0 PLAN PREPARATION

Table 11-1 lists the qualified professionals and their designations who prepared the MTPC.

Table 11-1 Qualified Professionals

Name Qualifications

Simon Phillips R.P.Bio.

Lara Taylor P.Eng.


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12.0 REFERENCES

Barnett, H. 1938. The Coast Salish of Canada. American Anthropologist 40:118–141.

Barnett, H. G. 1955. The Coast Salish of British Columbia. Volume no. 4. University of Oregon monographs. Studies in Anthropology, University of Oregon. ISBN-10: 0871140705.

Barrett B. 2015. Controversial commercial fishery in Howe Sound shut down. Pique (Pique Publishing) August 22, 2015. Available at: https://www.piquenewsmagazine.com/whistler/controversial-commercial-fishery-on-howe-sound-shut-down/Content?oid=2669515. Accessed: August 6, 2019.

Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (CEA Agency). 2015. Technical Guidance for Assessing the Current Use of Lands and Resources for Traditional Purposes under the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012. December 2015. Available at https://www.canada.ca/en/environmental-assessment-agency/services/policy-guidance/technical-guidance-assessing-current-use-lands-resources-traditional-purposes-under-ceaa-2012.html. Accessed July 2019.

Donatuto, J., J. Konovsky, and E. Grossman. 2013. The Swinomish Tribe and Tsleil Waututh First Nation: Correlation and Climate Sensitivity of Human Health and Environmental Indicators in the Salish Sea. Available at https://www7.nau.edu/itep/main/tcc/Tribes/pn_tsleil. Accessed July 2019.

Fediuk, K., and B. Thom. 2003. Contemporary and Desired Use of Traditional Resources in a Coast Salish Community: Implications for Food Security and Aboriginal Rights in British Columbia. Paper Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Society for Ethnobotany, Seattle Washington. Available at http://www.hulquminum.bc.ca/pubs/Barriers_to_Harvesting_final.pdf. Accessed July 2019.

Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Integrated Fisheries Management Plan: June 1, 2019 - May 31, 2020 – Salmon Southern BC. Available at: https://pacificwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/DRAFT-Southern-Salmon-IFMP-19-20-February-2019.pdf. Accessed: August 6, 2019.

Ham, L. 1982. Seasonality, Shell Midden Layers, and Coast Salish Subsistence Activities at the Crescent Beach Site, DgRr 1. Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. of Anthropology and Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2019a. IMO and the safety of navigation. Available at http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Navigation/Pages/Default.aspx. Accessed July 2019.

International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2019b. Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea. Available at http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/COLREG.aspx. Accessed July 2019.

https://www.piquenewsmagazine.com/whistler/controversial-commercial-fishery-on-howe-sound-shut-down/Content?oid=2669515

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https://www.canada.ca/en/environmental-assessment-agency/services/policy-guidance/technical-guidance-assessing-current-use-lands-resources-traditional-purposes-under-ceaa-2012.html

https://www.canada.ca/en/environmental-assessment-agency/services/policy-guidance/technical-guidance-assessing-current-use-lands-resources-traditional-purposes-under-ceaa-2012.html

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International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2019c. Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). Available at http://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/safety/radiocommunicationsandsearchandrescue/radiocommunications/pages/introduction-history.aspx. Accessed July 2019.

International Martimne Organization (IMO). 2019d. International Code of Safety for High-speed Craft. Available at http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Regulations/Pages/HSC.aspx. Accessed July 2019.

International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2019e. International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974. Available at http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Life-at-Sea-(SOLAS),-1974.aspx. Accessed July 2019.

International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2019f. International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW). Available at http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-on-Standards-of-Training,-Certification-and-Watchkeeping-for-Seafarers-(STCW).aspx. Accessed. July 2019.

International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2019g. The Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels. Available at http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/The-Torremolinos-International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Fishing-Vessels.aspx. Accessed July 2019.

Matson, R. G. and G. Coupland. 1994. The Prehistory of the Northwest Coast. ISBN-10: 012480260. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.

Suttles, W. 1987. Notes on Coast Salish Sea-Mammal Hunting. Anthropology in British Columbia, 3:10-1952). pp 233–247 Coast Salish Essays. Talonbooks, Vancouver, BC.

Traditions Consulting Services Inc. (Traditions). 2015. Squamish Occupation and Use of Swiyat (Woodfibre/Mill Creeks) and Northern Howe Sound and Indian River Regions. Draft Final Report. Prepared for Squamish Nation Chiefs and Council, March 2015.

Tsleil-Waututh Nation. n.d. Our Territory. Available at https://twnation.ca/about/. Accessed July 2019.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). 1982. Available at https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf. Accessed July 2019.

http://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/safety/radiocommunicationsandsearchandrescue/radiocommunications/pages/introduction-history.aspx

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http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/Regulations/Pages/HSC.aspx

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