PREDICTION OF HANDBALL PLAYING ABILITY FROM SELECTED ...
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PREDICTION OF HANDBALL PLAYING ABILITY FROM SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL,
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG COLLEGE
LEVEL PLAYERS
A thesis submitted to Bharathidasan University for the award of the Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION
By A. NEEDHIRAJA (Reg.No.PHFT4)
Under the Guidance of Dr. R. KALIDASAN
Assistant Professor & Head i/c
Department of Physical Education BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY
Tiruchirappalli – 620 024 Tamilnadu, INDIA
NOVEMBER 2011
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BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY Department of Physical Education
Tiruchirappalli - 620 024
Dr. R. KALIDASAN B.Sc., M.P.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D., PGDFM., PGDYE., PGDSM., NIS Dip. in Sports Coaching (Cricket)
Assistant Professor and Head i/c
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “PREDICTION OF
HANDBALL PLAYING ABILITY FROM SELECTED
ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG COLLEGE LEVEL
PLAYERS” submitted by A. NEEDHIRAJA for the award of the
degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physical Education, through the
Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli, is a bonafide record of research work carried out
under my guidance and supervision. It is further certified that to
the best of my knowledge this thesis does not form part of any other
thesis or dissertation or for the award of any other degree or
diploma.
Place: Tiruchirappalli Research guide Date:
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BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY Department of Physical Education
Tiruchirappalli - 620 024 A. Needhiraja Research Scholar – Full Time
DECLARATION
I do here by declare that the thesis entitled “PREDICTION OF
HANDBALL PLAYING ABILITY FROM SELECTED
ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AMONG COLLEGE LEVEL
PLAYERS” submitted for the award of the degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in Physical Education, through the Department of
Physical Education, Bharathidasan University, is the original work
carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of
Dr. R. KALIDASAN, Assistant Professor and Head i/c, Department
of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli.
I further declare that this work has not been submitted earlier in
full or in parts of any other thesis or dissertation of any university
for the award of any other degree or diploma.
Place: Tiruchirappalli (A. NEEDHIRAJA)
Date:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I gratefully acknowledge and sincerely appreciate my guide
Dr. R. Kalidasan, Assistant Professor and Head i/c, Department of
Physical Education Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli for
his generous guidance, constant encouragement, continuous
support and patience throughout the completion of this work.
Without his valuable guidance this work would not be a successful
one.
I sincerely thank Bharathidasan University Administration
for having given University Research Fellowship for my studies.
I am eternally grateful to Dr. K. Chandrasekaran, Former
Head, Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirappalli for his help rendered in the completion
of this study.
I extend my feelings of gratitude to my fellow scholars
Mr. J. Viswanathan, Mr. M. Suresh Kumar, Mr. K. Ivin
Jabakumar, Mr. P. Raj Kumar, Mr. K. Mohan and
Mr. S. Viswanath for their kind help at various stages of this
study and special appreciation to Mr. P. Jothimurugan and
Mr. P. Kamaraj for their support throughout my data collection.
I am deeply indebted to Dr. A. S. Nageswaran,
Dr. L. C. John, Dr. S. Chidambararaja, C. Kumaradas and
Dr. B. Chittibabu for their constructive suggestions and timely
help.
I extend my gratitude and sincere thanks to scholars from
other Departments of Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli
especially Dr. S. Ramakrishnan, Dr. K. Sundaravel, Mr. M. Arun,
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Mr. K. Rutharvel Murthy, Mr. Ebinesar Samual,
Mr. K. Karthickeyan, Mr. M. Chandrasekaran, Mr. D. Avinash
Gandi, Mr. R. Ramkumar, Dr. R. Prabhu, Mr. S. Arulganesh,
Mr. C. Sathisclaimer, Mr. N. Jeyaraj, Mr. M. Muthukumar,
Mr. S. Muthukrishnan, Mr. A. Pugazhendhi and Mr. S. Srimurali
for their constant encouragement throughout my doctoral
programme.
I extend my feelings of gratitude to Mr. T. K. Rajasekaran,
Mr. P. Prabakaran, Mr. M. Arumugam, Mr. K. Soundarrajan and
Mr. S. Rengasamy staff members, Department of Physical
Education, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli.
I express my sincere thanks to who actively involved as the
subjects for this study. Finally, I wish to thank to everybody who
participated directly or indirectly in the process of the completion of
this work.
A. Needhiraja
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Personal Details
Name : A. Needhiraja
Father’s Name : S. Annadurai
Mother’s Name : A. Valarmathi
Age and Date of Birth : 29 Years, 14-09-1982
Address:
For Communication Permanent Research Scholar Department of Physical Education Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli-620 024 Tamilnadu
5/14, Rose Nagar Appana nallur - (Post) Thottiyam - (T.K) Tiruchirappalli - (D.t) Pin code: 621 208
e-mail: [email protected] Mobile: (0) 99940 62340
Educational Qualifications: (Starting from the most recent degree)
Degree Subject Institution where studied
University / Board
Year of Passing
Percentage
M.Phil Physical
Education Bharathiar University
Bharathiar University
2007 69 %
M.P.Ed Physical
Education
Maruthi College of Physical Education
Bharathiar University
2006 71 %
B.P.Ed Physical
Education
Y.M.C.A College of Physical Education
University of Madras
2004 62 %
B.Sc Zoology P.S.G College of Arts and Science
Bharathiar University
2003 58 %
PGDY Yoga Annamalai University
Annamalai University
2008 65 %
VITA
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Teaching Experience:
Period of service Name & Address of Employer Designation
From To Length of Service
Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Maruthi College of Physical Education SRKV Post Periyanaicken Palayam Coimbatore-641 020.
Lecturer 24-04-2006 30-04-2008 Two Years
Academic Distinction: Cleared University Grants Commission National Eligibility
Test for Lectureship in Physical Education (UGC-NET) during December 2007.
Sports Achievements: 1. Member of the P.S.G College of Arts and Science Basketball
team which bagged the Runners-up in the All India Inter Collegiate Basketball Tournament held at IIT, Chennai during the year 2003-2004.
2. Member of the P.S.G College of Arts and Science Basketball
team which bagged the Runners-up in the State Level Inter Collegiate Basketball Tournament held at Sri Bhagavan Mahaveer Jain College, Bangalore during the year 2002-2003.
3. Represented P.S.G College of Arts and Science Basketball
team which bagged the 3rd place in State level Inter Collegiate Betram Basketball tournament held at Loyola College, Chennai during the year 2002-2003.
4. Member of the M.C.P.E Basketball team which won the
Bishop Ambrose Inter Collegiate Basketball Tournament, Coimbatore during the year 2004 – 2005.
5. Represented Y.M.C.A. College of Physical Education
Basketball team which got Runner – up place in Tamilnadu & Pondicherry State level Inter-Collegiate Physical Education Tournament held at Chidambaram, during the year 2003 – 2004.
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6. Member of the M.C.P.E Handball team which participated in Bharathiar University Inter Collegiate Handball Tournament and bagged Runners - up position during the year 2005 – 2006.
7. Represented Y.M.C.A. College of Physical Education
Basketball team which got Runner – up place in University of Madras Inter Collegiate Basketball Tournament during the year 2003 – 2004.
Other Qualifications: Participated in UGC Sponsored Interaction Programme for
Ph.D. Scholars conducted by Academic Staff College, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry during 17 & 18 September 2009.
Technical Qualification: Qualified level one Anthropometrist technician of
International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry.
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Technical Qualification in Sports & Games officiating
S.No Game Organised by Venue Date & year of Passing
1 Basketball Tamil Nadu Basketball Association
Sri Kamala Subramanian
Matriculation Higher Secondary School
Thanjavur
15-10-2005
2 Handball
Tamil Nadu Handball Association &
Thiruvannamalai Handball Association
Government Higher Secondary School Thiruvannamalai
July 2005
3 Kho-Kho Tamil Nadu State
Kho-Kho Association
Maruthi College of Physical Education
Coimbatore 28-12-2007
4 Athletics Tamil Nadu Athletics
Association
Maruthi College of Physical Education
Coimbatore 5-8-2006
Research Publications:
Research articles published in Journals:
S.No Authors Title Name of the
Journal Year, Vol. &
Page No
1 A. Needhiraja
& Dr. R. Kalidasan
Position – wise Anthropometrical profile of Handball
Players
Journal of Teacher Education and
Research (ISSN: 0976 - 3678)
2010 Volume. 5
No.1 PP: 66 to 74
2 A. Needhiraja
& Dr. R. Kalidasan
Playing Position – wise analysis of
Selected Anthropometrical
Physical and Performance
variables among Handball Players
Bharathiar National Journal of Physical
Education And Exercise Sciences
(BNJPEES) (ISSN: 0974 – 8210)
2010 Volume. 1
No.1 PP: 73 to 80
3 A. Needhiraja
& Dr. R. Kalidasan
Regional – wise analysis of
Anthropometrical and Performance Factors among Sub – Junior
Handball Players
Journal of Sports and Sports Science
(SAI)
2011 Volume. 34
No. 1 PP: 12 to 19
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Research articles published in conference proceedings
S.No Title of the Article Name of the Programme
Organiser & Date
Year
1
Various position – wise analysis of
selected psychological
variables among Handball Players
India International
congress in sport psychology
Department of Teacher
Education, Lakshmibai
National University of
Physical Education,
Gwalior
21 - 24 Dec
2009
2
e – Content based learning in physical
education – with special reference to
Hockey
International Conference
e – resources in Higher Education
ISBN : 978-81-908078-9-0
Department of Education
Technology & Library
information science,
Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli
19, 20 Feb
2010
3
Topographical analysis of
Anthropometric and performance factors among sub-junior Handball players
International Conference on Modern
trends in sports technology,
management & Allied science
ISBN : 978-93-80400-11-2
Association of sports
technology management & allied sciences
& School of Physical
Education, Alagappa University
8, 9 Mar 2010
4
Prediction of Playing Ability From Selected
Anthropometric Characteristics of
Elite Indian Handball Players
Emerging trends in Physical
Education and sports sciences
ISBN: 978-81-908078-6-9
Department of Physical
Education, Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirappalli
12 Mar 2011
5
Prediction of Playing Ability from Selected Anthropometrical,
Physical and Physiological
Characteristics of Inter Collegiate
Handball Players
Recent trends in yoga and physical
education ISBN:
97881-910426-8-9
Department of Physical
Education, V.H.N.S College Virudhunagar
11,12 Aug 2011
xii
Details of Paper Presented in International / National level Conferences / Seminar:
1. Research articles/Papers Presented in International Level
Conferences / Seminars:
S.No Title of the paper Organized by Theme & Date
1
Position - wise Anthropometric
profile of Handball Players
M.A.M College of Engineering
Tiruchirappalli
International conference on Application of science,
Engineering & Technology in sports
& 7 & 8 Dec - 2009
2
Various position – wise analysis of
selected psychological
variables among Handball Players
Department of Teacher Education
Lakshmibai National University
of Physical Education Gwalior
India international congress in sport
psychology &
21 to 24 Dec - 2009
3
Various position-wise analysis of
selected Anthropometrical and performance variables Among Handball players
Department of Physical Education
Banaras Hindu University Varanasi
International Conference On Recent Technological
Advancement & Entrepreneurship
in Sports &
16, 17 Jan – 2010
4
e – Content based learning in
physical education – with special reference to
Hockey
Department of Education
Technology & Library information
science Bharathidasan
University Tiruchirappalli
International Conference e – resources in Higher
Education ISBN : 978-81-908078-9-0
& 19, 20
Feb – 2010
5
Topographical analysis of
Anthropometric and performance
factors among sub-junior Handball
players
Association of sports technology management &
allied sciences & School of Physical
Education Alagappa University
International Conference On Modern trends in
sports technology, management & Allied
science ISBN : 978-93-80400-11-2
& 8, 9
Mar - 2010
xiii
2. Research articles/Papers Presented in National Level Conferences / Seminars:
S.No Title of the Paper Organised by Theme & Date
1 An Overview of Yoga and its Outcome on
Health
Alagappa University Karaikudi
Healthy Ageing Through Yoga
Therapeutic Means and Sports
& 18-09-08
2 Therapy for Respiratory Allergies through Yoga
Koviloor Andavar Yoga Research
Centre
Yoga Therapy &
15-11-08
3 Biomechanical Analysis of Penalty Shooting on
Handball TNPE & SU Chennai
Impact of Biomechanics on
Excellence in Sports &
30-10-08
4
Position – wise analysis of Anthropometrical
Physical and Performance Variables
among Handball Players
Department of Physical Education,
Bishop College Tiruchirappalli
Physical Education, Sports and Art of
Well Being &
20-03-09
5 Anthropometric Evaluation and Building Blocks
Department of Physical Education,
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirappalli
Role of Sports Sciences and Technology in
Enhancing Sports Performance
& 21-03-09
6
Effect of Specific Drills on Selected Skills
Variables of Junior level Basketball Players
Bangalore University Bangalore
Physical Education and Sports
& 4,6-04-09
7 Power Yoga and its outcome on Health
Alagappa University Karaikudi
Modern Multidimensional Approaches for
Excellence in Sports &
25-09-09
8 Modern perspectives of
obese women
Indian Institute of Yoga and
Naturopathy
Modern Trends in Yoga and
Naturopathy &
11-10-09
xiv
9
Comparative Analysis of Selected Physical fitness
components among Rural and Urban Handball
Players
Annamalai University
Fitness for Urban and Rural Youth and
for Special Population
& 16,17-12-2009
10 Psychological differential among male and female
volleyball players
Department of Physical Education
Meenaakshi Ramasamy arts &
science college &
Meenaakshi Physical Education college
Thathanur
First National Conference on Role
of Science Technology and Yoga in Enhancing Sports
Performance and Health
& 6- 02 – 2010
11 Team cohesion in sport
Dept.of.sports Psychology &
Sociology Tamilnadu Physical Education & sports
University Chennai
Social Aspects of Sports in Indian
Context &
12-03-2010
12
Comparison of selected anthropometric
characteristics among India, Kazakhastan,
Pakistan and Uzbekistan Handball players
Department of Physical Education,
Bishop College Tiruchirappalli
The Felicitous Intertwined Trio of Physical Activities,
Wellness and Sports &
5-02-2011
13
Comparative Analysis of Body Fat Among Handball
Players In Reference To The Playing Positions
Selvam College of Physical Education,
Namakkal
Scientific Innovation in Sports Sciences
and Technology &
05-03-11
14
Prediction of Playing Ability From Selected
Anthropometric Characteristics of Elite
Indian Handball Players
Department of Physical Education,
Bharathidasan University
Tiruchirappalli
Emerging trends in Physical Education and Sports Sciences
& 12-03-2011
15
Prediction of Playing Ability from Selected Anthropometrical,
Physical and Physiological Characteristics of Inter
Collegiate Handball Players
Department of Physical Education,
V.H.N.S College Virudhunagar
Recent trends in Yoga and Physical
Education &
11,12-08-2011
xv
3. Participated in National Level Conferences / Seminars:
S.No Organised by Theme Date
1
Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya
Maruthi College of Physical Education
Preservation and Propagation of Indigenous Sports and games of India
28, 29-Feb-08
2
Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya
Maruthi College of Physical Education
To Evolve a standardised age test and age related
changes in factors affecting sports performance
12, 14-Mar-07
3
Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya
Maruthi College of Physical Education
Multi - dimensional approach for excellence on sport: Talent identification
28 to 30-Mar-06
4. Details of Workshops attended at National Level:
S.No Organised by Topic Date
1 YMCA College of Physical
Education, Chennai Physical Education for
Primary School 5, 6-
Nov-03
2 Bharathiar University
Coimbatore
Research Methodology and Statistics in Physical
Education
16,17-Feb-09
3 Bharathidasan
University Tiruchirappalli
Scholarly Information Access
23, 24-Oct-09
4 Bharathidasan
University Tiruchirappalli
Strategies for Empowerment of Women
for Social Inclusion 27-Jan-11
5 Koviloor Andavar Yoga
Research Centre
National Workshop on Yoga Therapy, Exercises Therapy & Allied Therapy
29-Jan-11
6 Thiru. Vi. Ka. Govt. Arts
College Thiruvarur
Yoga for health and social transformation
14-Mar-11
xvi
LIST OF CONTENTS
Certificate by the supervisor ii
Declaration by the scholar iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Vita vii
List of contents xvi
List of chart xix
List of tables xx
Abstract xxi
Chapter I
Introduction 1 - 20
Prediction
Sports science and Handball
Anthropometric characteristics and Handball
Physical characteristics and Handball
Physiological characteristics and Handball
Psychological characteristics and Handball
Justification for taking-up this study
Statement of the problem
Hypothesis
Significance of the study
Delimitations
Limitations
Operational definition of the terms
Chapter II
Review of Related Literature 21 - 51
xvii
Chapter III
Methodology 52 - 86
Selection of subjects
Selection of variables
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Justification for taking up the variables
Research design
Selection of test
Pilot study
Reliability of data
Instrumental reliability
Tester’s reliability
Reliability of the subjects
Orientation of the subjects
Collection of data
Administration of the Test
Anthropometrical variables
Physical variables
Physiological variables
Psychological variables
Overall playing ability
Statistical analysis
Chapter IV
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 87 - 112
Over view
Test of significance
Level of significance
Analysis of data
Discussion on findings
Discussion on hypothesis
xviii
Chapter V
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 113 - 117
Summary
Conclusions
Recommendations
Bibliography 118 - 127
Appendices 128 - 133
xix
LIST OF CHART
Chart Title of the Chart Page
I Research Flow Chart 56
xx
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page No
I Selection of tests 57
II
Reliability coefficient of the subjects in anthropometrical, physical, physiological and psychological variables by test and re-test methods
61
III
Descriptive statistics of selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables and playing ability among Handball players
90
IV
Inter-correlation of selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological and playing ability of inter-collegiate Handball players
92
V Analysis of variance for the influence of independent variables on playing ability of Handball players
95
VI Step-wise multiple regression between playing ability and independent variables of Handball players
97
VII Regression analysis of prediction equation of Handball players
102
xxi
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to predict the Handball playing
ability from selected Anthropometrical, Physical, Physiological, and
Psychological variables among College level Players. Three hundred
and four male inter - collegiate Handball players were randomly
selected from various colleges in Tamilnadu state, India and their
age ranged between 17 and 25 years. The subjects had past playing
experience of at least three years in Handball and only those who
represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects. A
series of anthropometrical measurements was carried out on each
participant. These included Body weight measured by weighing
machine, Standing height measured by Stadiometer; seven
Length measurements (cm) - Arm length, Arm span, Leg length,
Hand length, Hand breadth, Palm length and Palm breadth; eight
Girth measurements (cm) - Arm girth relaxed, Arm girth flexed,
Forearm, Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh girth and Calf girth
measured by Lufkin Anthropometric Tape; two Breadth
measurements (cm) - Humerus breadth and Femur breadth by
small bone caliper. The data were collected by following standard
testing protocol of International Society for the Advancement of
Kinanthropometry. Physical fitness components were measured by
the following tests. Speed were assessed by 50 meter dash, Agility
assessed by Shuttle run, Flexibility assessed by Sit and reach test,
Leg explosive power by Sargent vertical jump, Leg explosive strength
assessed by Standing broad jump and Muscular endurance by
Modified sit ups. The Physiological parameters namely
Cardiovascular endurance were assessed by 20 meter multistage
beep test, Resting heart rate by Digitalized Heart Rate Monitor, Peak
expiratory flow rate was assessed by Peak flow meter and Breath
holding time was assessed by Manual Nose Clip method.
xxii
Psychological factors namely Somatic anxiety, Cognitive anxiety and
Self confidence were assessed by Competitive Sports Anxiety
Inventory – II (CSAI - 2) questionnaire developed by Martens, Burton,
Vealey, Bump and Smith (1990) and Sports Achievement Motivation
level was assessed by Kamlesh (1983) SAMT questionnaire. The
playing ability which was taken as the performance factor was
subjectively assessed by three qualified Handball coaches. All
testing was done two day before inter - collegiate competition by
using scientifically approved equipments. Mean and Standard
deviations were calculated for each of the selected variables. The
inter-relationship among the selected anthropometrical, physical,
physiological, psychological variables and Handball playing ability,
were computed by using Pearson’ product-moment correlation
coefficients. All selected anthropometrical, physical, physiological
and psychological variables that statistically correlated with
performance were used to form respective linear predictive models
(step-wise argument selection). The results revealed that an Inter–
relationship exists significantly between the anthropometrical,
physical, physiological, psychological and performance variables
among male inter-collegiate Handball players. The results also
revealed that arm span, speed, palm span, Cardiovascular
endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory flow rate,
humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm length, waist girth, leg
explosive power, standing height, sports achievement motivation
and hand breadth become the common characteristics which can
predict the playing ability in Handball players.
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
Handball is an ideal synthesis of the three fundamental
athletic disciplines of running, jumping and throwing. Therefore it
is not only a purely competitive sport but also a fine sport to be
taken up with advantage by many for purposes of training and
health. The player must be able to start quickly, he must be a
persevering runner, he must be able to skillfully deceive his
opponent, he must be able to swiftly pick up the ball or catch it in
the air, he must pass the ball with precision to his team-mates
and he must be able to execute all sorts of throws; in short, his
body, his arms and his legs will have to be harmoniously trained.
As the name of the game suggests, hands play the most important
role; hands being naturally the deftest members of the body, the
growing popularity of Handball is easily explained. Many kinds of
throws to score a goal are possible. The Handball player is
inspired to use his hands as a means of carrying out his ideas.
The game is, of course, also faster than other ball-games.
Technique and elegance combine with courage and physical
strength, anthropometric characteristics, physiological
parameters and psychological status, the dynamic nature of this
manly sport makes it exciting to watch. Handball can be played
by everybody and everywhere, nothing more being needed than a
ball, a playing-field and two goal posts. Handball is not an
expensive sport. They need small playing fields or gymnasiums
may be used, there is a comparatively smaller number of players
and a simple outfit will do. Basically it is a game played by two
Introduction 2
teams of seven (six ground player and one goal keeper) whose
object is to score goals by throwing a small ball towards a
goalkeeper into the goal. The ball is passed around by players
using their upper body only - any contact with the ball below the
knee is a foul.
A player can run with the ball, as long as they bounce it, -
as in Basketball. However, they can take three steps without
bouncing the ball. Players can not cross the D shaped goal area,
and generally the goalkeeper stays within this D circle. This often
results in players attempting to take their three steps and
jumping into this area to shoot, which is allowed as long as they
are off the ground when the shot is taken. Handball is mainly a
contact sport, where defenders can block an opposing attacker to
prevent them shooting. This tactic means that the defending team
tends to guard their own D circle, whilst the attacking team
passes the ball around to try to find a way to attack and run in to
get a clear shot on goal. Once an attack breaks down, due
perhaps to the defense intercepting a pass or the goalkeeper
saving a shot, then the situation is reversed and players quickly
counter attack to try to score a goal before the opposing team has
had sufficient time to organise their defense.
Handball is one of the fastest indoor sports. It has developed
from a number of similar games, which were in existence at the
start of the 20th century. Handball is a popular team sport played
at International level and has been played by both men and
women throughout the world. In year of 1898 the Dane Holger
Nielson drew up the rules and regulation for modern Handball
Introduction 3
and published them in 1906, who is known as the “Father of
Handball” and he invented the game. These games were played in
Central and Northern Europe and in 1926 Standard International
Rules were established. In 1928 the International Amateur
Handball Federation was established by 11 countries during the
Summer Olympic Games. This body later became the present
International Handball Federation.
The fact that the human being also differs from the animals
in its ability to use its hands in an extremely skilled way leads to
amazing phenomena. Probably the most beautiful one when it
comes to sports is Handball. In year of 1928, the International
Amateur Handball Federation (IAHF) was founded in Amsterdam
on the occasion of the IX Olympic Games. One of the member of
the foundation was Avery. Brundage (USA) who later became IOC
President in 1933, Handball was included in the Olympic
Programme. At the XI Olympic Games in Berlin, host Germany
won the final – and therefore the gold medal was received by them
– in the pouring rain in front of an audience of 100.000 people,
beating Austria 10:6. During the Olympic Games, the
International Amateur Handball Federation held at a congress in
which delegates of the 40 nations represented in the federation.
Two years later at the first Field Handball World Championship,
the German team – benefiting again from home advantage, also
won this title. Once again, Austria came in second best. Then
Germany started to impose a disastrous war on the nations of the
world – resulting in immeasurable consequences also for
Handball.
Introduction 4
One year after the end of World War II, representatives of
eight nations met in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, and
launched the International Handball Federation (IHF). The
International Handball Federation (IHF) came into existence in
July 11, 1946. Denmark and Sweden were the initiators of this
association. The International amateur Handball federation,
which came about in 1928, was the precursor of the International
Handball Federation. This federation gained its popularity in the
Berlin Olympic Games. The sport’s International governing body
was first formed in 1928 as the Federation International Handball
Amateur, and took its current name in Copenhagen, Denmark in
1946 as the International Handball Federation (IHF).
The International Handball Federation has also planned to
allocate more funds to the developing and under-developed
countries as they do not have the facilities to develop Handball.
Records show that many members have profited from the
development aid given to them by the federation. The
International Handball Federation announces the financial
conditions before organising a competition. The dates and the
location shall be left for a public draw which shall be supervised
by an International Handball Federation representative. It is also
necessary to display the flags of the International Handball
Federation, the member federation and the participants in the
world championships. Today 183 national countries are member
of the sport in International Handball federations representing
approximately 800,000 teams and more than nearly 19 million
sportsmen and women.
Introduction 5
Prediction
One of the goals of scientific research is to predict future
events or results from present or past data. There are different
types of prediction that we come across in our daily life, such as
wealth-forecast, market-forecast, share market-forecast, election
trends etcetera. These are based upon some known facts and so
they are reliable prediction.
Research in the field of sports and games had proved that
the future performance of an individual or team could be
predicted through the analysis of certain variables, which are
found to be the basis for total performance. Among many factors
the following variables such as anthropometrical, physical,
physiological, psychological and skill performance that decide the
playing ability of an individual are more important.
Team Handball is one of the team based sports and it is
played both men and women throughout the world. Handball is
growing game in India especially in north and south India. In
India every year All India Inter-University Handball tournament
for both men and women were organised by Association of Indian
Universities.
In Tamilnadu state, Handball is one of the developing games
at gross root level (rural to state level). The State Government of
Tamilnadu organised State Level tournament namely Republic
Day Sports (RDS) and Bharathiyar Day Sports (BDS) for school
level through the School Education Department every year. It
indicates that Handball is one of the new games recently getting
Introduction 6
popularity in India. Only few studies are available in prediction on
Handball players.
Sports Science and Handball
Sports science plays a critical role in Handball performance.
The game Handball is a team based sport and it demands number
of external and internal factors like anthropometrical, physical,
physiological and psychological characteristics to play the game at
elite level. The role of sports science in Handball is elaborated
hereunder.
Anthropometric characteristics and Handball
Anthropometric measurements relevant to human
movement gained formal recognition as a discipline with the
inauguration of the International Society for Advancement of
Kinanthropometry in 1986. Anthropometrists of all continents
have participated in several major multidisciplinary studies that
are being or have been conducted to assess the physical
characteristics of people. Kinanthropometry has been defined as
the quantitative interface between human structure and function.
(Ross, Drinkwater, Bailey, Marshall, Leahy, 1980). This interface
is examined through the measurement and analysis of age, body
size, shape, proportion, composition and maturation as they
relate to gross body function. Previous reports have shown that
body structure and morphological characteristics are important
determinants of performance in many sports and certain physical
impressions such as body composition (body fat, body mass,
muscle mass) and physique (somatotype) can significantly
Introduction 7
influence athletic performance (Carter, 1970 and Duquet &
Carter, 2001).
Handball is one of the Olympic Games team sports which
requires a high standard of preparation in order to complete 60
minutes of competitive play and to achieve success. In this game
movement patterns are characterised as intermittent and change
continuously in response to different offensive and defensive
situations. Anthropometric factors and morphological
characteristics can influence the effectiveness of such responses,
as has been observed in other sports (Deng, Lin, Xia, Cheng,
1990). Therefore, anthropometric profiles may contribute to
understanding the suitability of players for the sport of Handball,
particularly elite level.
Previous bunch of anthropometrical studies reports have
shown that body structure and morphological characteristics can
determine the selection of participants in many sports. Results of
cross-sectional anthropometric studies have tended to suggest
that certain physical factors including body composition (body fat,
body mass, muscle mass) and physique (somatotype) significantly
influence athletic performance (Carter, 1984). The knowledge of
the physical characteristics of Handball players could provide
insight into those individual factors which influence the players
performance in the game. Anthropometric characteristics are very
relevant for Handball players because the game of Handball
entails physical contact in which specific physiques with a high
level of strength and power may provide an advantage. The
Introduction 8
Anthropometric characteristics of Handballers are considered in
the choice of players to implement the game plan.
In modern sports, successful performance is determined by
number of factors. For optimum performance at elite level, variety
of areas must be addressed. Further, Handball is the game where
size, shape and body composition play an important part in
providing distinct advantage for specific playing positions. These
include the skill level, flexibility, endurance and most importantly
the specific use of anthropometric measurements which plays a
vital role in complex team based games. Since success in the
game depends among other things, on how the individual
characteristics of some players fit in to the whole, thus creating a
coherent team. Handball is one of the complex technical team
based game and performance differences between players of
varying ability levels are different.
Physical characteristics and Handball
In performance and high performance sport, a great
importance is given to the physical condition. It is in fact the
preoccupation for the adaptation of the sportsman’s body to
growing physical and mental efforts, to which all the parts of the
human body participate. The contemporary Handball game,
characterised by high intensity motor activities, places upon
players a wide spectrum of requirements on all their capabilities.
One can hardly single out any ability or a characteristic which is
not engaged in the performance of Handball players. Basic and
specific motor abilities and cardio-respiratory capacities, such as
explosive strength, required at the start line, a paramount
Introduction 9
amount of sprinting and maximum jumping in defense and
attack, are specifically significant, or coordination, necessary for
the performance of specific motor assignments and space
orientation, as well as agility and speed which are indispensable
for the efficient solving of game situations. A high level of aerobic
capacity ensures the slower onset of fatigue and a fast recovery,
whereas anaerobic capacity is responsible for endurance in high
intensity repetitive activities.
Team Handball is a complex intermittent game, which
requires players to have well developed aerobic and anaerobic
capacities. Motor ability, sprinting, jumping, flexibility and
throwing velocity represent physical activities that are considered
as important aspects of the game and contribute to the high
performance of the team. Successful performance requires
explosive power of the legs and arms, sprint velocity and
kinesthetic feeling in ball control (Sibila, 1997).
The specific characteristic of Handball demands from
players an effective participation in activities that need a good
aerobic and anaerobic response. However, some authors report
that Handball is a sport that demands predominantly the motor
capacities that depend on the anaerobic metabolism. Thus, it
seems reasonable to affirm that the motor capacities strength &
velocity and their ways of manifestation are crucial, since the
technical and tactical capacities can be consistently superior
when the Handball players present high levels of adaptation of the
anaerobic metabolism (Rannou, et. al 2001).
Introduction 10
Handball is an endurance game. Without endurance the
player cannot perform well, in the same time the player’s need all
the characteristics i.e. speed, agility, flexibility etcetera. Nowadays
most of the players having good height can perform well in the
game situation. Without physical characteristics players cannot
achieve the aim of the game, so physical characteristics is very
essential for the better performance of Handball.
Physiological characteristics and Handball
Handball is a complete collective sporting modality,
characterized by the great amount and variety in its movements,
ball manipulations and interaction with other athletes. Looking
for a better dynamic and objectivity, Handball passed through
several evolutionary processes that, consequently, started to
demand from the athlete’s larger physiological adaptations and
other characteristics. The athlete’s income in the Handball of high
level depends directly on several variables. There are not
differentiated levels as to the importance of those variables linked
directly to the high level Handball (Glaner, 1997). The evaluation
of the performance implicates the recognition and denomination
of the individual level of the components of the sporting
performance or of a conditioning situation. (Weineck, 1999). It is
essential that all the variables related to the athlete’s performance
be evaluated. Even with that importance, it is still noticed a lack
of studies that use evaluations and analysis with direct measures,
seeking to determine the maximum aerobic potency the maximum
anaerobic potency, the anaerobic threshold and the lactate
threshold, in athletes of the feminine Handball.
Introduction 11
For our country to be successful in sports, to distinguish
the representing sportsman much earlier is indisputably required.
As in all sports, technical, tactics, capacity as well as condition of
a team are the basic elements to be successful in Handball. Main
discussion in this manner seems to continue in terminological
concepts. If it is so, the basic terminological concept is to point
out the vertical jump and 30 mt sprint as dependant variable.
Physical variables as age, height, weight, taking role in Handball
sport branch were taken into consideration. As selection of a
proper person for Handball is performed in early ages,
physiological properties with physical profile should be learned.
Variables to determine physical profile were observed. The
observed variables comprise of respiration parameters, blood
pressures, aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Aerobic exercise
shortly means a work with oxygen. It is realized with working of
large muscle groups in the presence of abundant oxygen, at 60% -
80% level of maximum pulse for at least 12 minutes or long
period. The indicated period, 12 minutes, is very essential, here.
Because, at the end of this period, the enzymes to burn the fat of
body are produced then. In addition, aerobic exercise causes to
increase the intake amount of oxygen into body, to provide heart
to consume much oxygen and increase condition level of heart as
well as lungs. Anaerobic means lack of oxygen muscles work with
needed to oxygen. This case also activates the sugar consuming
enzymes. In this activation, more energy is consumed than the
body may produce with metabolizing oxygen.
Introduction 12
Psychological characteristics and Handball
The ability to cope with pressure and anxiety is an integral
part of sports, particularly among elite athletes (Hardy, Jones &
Gould, 1996; Orlick & Partington, 1988). Researchers have
reported that consultations among 50 athletes at an Olympic
festival were related to stress or anxiety related problems
(Murphy, 1988). A great deal of research has been conducted
examining the relationship between anxiety and performance
among the players.
It is generally recognized that psychological factors are of
crucial importance in high-level competitive sports. The relation
between anxiety and performance has been the subject of many
thorough researches (Craft, Magyar, Becker & Feltz, 2003; Parfitt
& Pates, 1999; Martens, Vealey & Burton, 1990). Cognitive
anxiety is characterised by negative concerns and worries about
performance, inability to concentrate, and disrupted attention
(Krane & Williams, 1994). Somatic anxiety consists of an
individual’s perceptions, which are characterised by indications
such as sweaty palms, butterflies, and shakiness (Martens,
Burton, Vealey, Bump & Smith, 1990). Research has also been
done on the gender differences concerning state anxiety levels.
Self-confidence tends to decrease in females on the day a
competitive event is to occur. Male young athletes typically
display lower levels of anxiety and higher self-confidence than
female athletes (Scanlan & Passer, 1979); Wark &Witting, (1979).
Krane and Williams (1994) found no gender differences for
cognitive anxiety. They also demonstrated that the more
experienced college player would show lower levels of cognitive
Introduction 13
and somatic anxiety than the less experienced player. As far as
Handball is concerned, Roguli, Nazor, Srhoj and Bozin (2006)
supported that it is a sport, which includes complex and accurate
motor skills, and they suggested that psychological factors play
an even more decisive role in a competition, differentiating
between successful and less successful teams.
In recent years, there has been growing concern that
competitive sport has become more violent and aggressive.
Aggressive behaviour and acts of cheating occur regularly at all
levels of sports participation, and there is evidence that a great
deal of such illegal aggressive behaviour in sport goes completely
unpenalised (Sheldon & Aimer, 2001).
Justification for taking-up this study
In India, Handball is an upcoming sport, played by men and
women almost in all states and union territories. Since, the
researcher is a player, official and coach in Handball game; he felt
that there is a need for an analytical study in order to
discriminate the factors associated in predicting the success in
Handball at inter-collegiate level. Moreover, very little research
had been done on Handball players, which motivated the
investigator to take up the study.
Statement of the problem
The purpose of the study was to predict the Handball
playing ability from selected anthropometrical, physical,
physiological, and psychological variables among college level
players.
Introduction 14
Hypothesis
It was hypothesised that Handball playing ability might be
predicted from selected anthropometrical characteristics, physical
fitness components, physiological parameters and psychological
factors among college level players.
Significance of the study
1. This study will help the physical education teachers and
coaches to design a specific programme to identify the
talents, which are closely associated with the better
Handball performance.
2. Study will reveal the influence of anthropometrical, physical,
physiological and psychological characteristics on the
overall playing ability of Handball players.
3. This result might be utilized as a screening instruments in
analyzing and classification the Handball players.
4. The result of this study will help the young budding
researchers to take up similar studies in other areas and
disciplines.
Delimitations
The study was confined to the following aspects,
1. This study was confined to only male intercollegiate
Handball players from various colleges within the Tamil
Nadu state, India.
Introduction 15
2. The subjects for the present study have been delimited to
the 304 inter-collegiate Handball players only.
3. The age of the subjects ranged from 17 to 25 years.
4. The study was delimited to the following independent
variables.
Anthropometrical – Body weight; Length measurements –
Height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg length, Hand length,
Hand breadth, Palm length, Palm span; Breadth
measurements – Humerus breadth and Femur breadth;
Girth measurements – Arm girth relaxed, Arm girth flexed,
Forearm girth, Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh
girth, and Calf girth.
Physical – Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Leg explosive power,
Leg explosive strength and Muscular endurance.
Physiological – Cardiovascular endurance, Resting heart
rate, Peak expiratory flow rate and Breath holding time.
Psychological – Somatic anxiety, Cognitive anxiety, Self
confidence and Sports achievement motivation.
Limitations
1. The variance in playing experience among players due to the
participation in tournaments will be considered as a
limitation of the study.
Introduction 16
2. Similarly the playing ability difference due to their
participation in the coaching programme, if any, will also be
added to the limitations.
3. Certain factors like food habits, life style, climatic condition,
and other environmental factors could not be controlled
which may influence the results and hence they may be
considered as one of the limitations of the study.
4. The students were from different social cultural and
economical status which was considered as a limitation for
this study.
5. The response of the subjects to the statements in the
questionnaires would depend upon various factors such as
understanding of the statements, seriousness and sincerity
of the subjects.
6. No specific motivational techniques were used to encourage
the subjects to attain their maximum performance during
testing.
Operational definition of the terms
Handball
According to Wikipedia, (2011) Handball is a team sport in
which two teams of seven players each. The purpose of the two
teams is to pass and bounce a ball, to throw it into the goal of the
opposing team. The team with the most goals after two periods of
30 minute wins.
Introduction 17
Anthropometry
Anthropometry is the study of the human body in the terms
of the dimensions of bone, muscle, and adipose tissue. It is the
measurements of the human body to discover its exact
dimensions and the proportion of its parts. (Surinder, 1993).
Body weight
Mass is the quantity of matter in the body. Mass is
calculated through the measurement of weight, i.e. the force the
matter exerts in a standard gravitational field. (Michael, 2006).
Standing height
The perpendicular distance between the transverse planes of
the planes of the vertex and the inferior aspects of the feet.
(Michael, 2006).
Arm length
The linear distance between the Acromial and Dactylion
sites of the lateral view. (Michael, 2006).
Arm span
The linear horizontal distance between the dactylion sites
(tip of the middle fingers) with the arms extended laterally and at
shoulder level. It includes the width of the shoulders and length of
both the upper limps. (Michael, 2006).
Introduction 18
Leg length
The vertical distance between the Trochanterion lateral site
to the standing surface. (Michael, 2006).
Hand length
The linear distance between the Mid - stylion and Dactylion
sites. (Michael, 2006).
Speed
According to Corbin, (2007), speed is an ability to perform a
movement or cover a distance in a short time.
Agility
According to Elizabeth, (2007) agility is the ability to move
and change direction and position of the body quickly and
effectively while under control.
Flexibility
A person's flexibility refers to the ability of his joints to move
through a full range of motion. (Paige, 2008).
Strength
Strength is the ability to overcome resistance or to act
against resistance. (Singh, 1991).
Introduction 19
Cardiovascular endurance
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart to
provide oxygen to muscles during physical activity for a prolonged
period of time. (Jonson, 2010).
Resting heart rate
This is a person's heart rate at rest. The best time to find
out your resting heart rate is in the morning, after a good night's
sleep, and before you get out of bed in the morning. (Jonson,
2010).
Peak expiratory flow rate
Peak Expiratory flow is the maximal flow achieved during
the maximally forced expiration initiated at full inspiration,
measured in liters per minute. (William, 2003).
Breath holding time
It is defined as the duration of time through which one can
hold his breath without inhaling or exhaling after a deep
inhalation. (Strukic, 1981).
Somatic anxiety
Somatic anxiety refers to the physiological and affective
elements of the anxiety experience that develop directly from
autonomic arousal. (Martens, et. al 1990).
Introduction 20
Cognitive anxiety
Cognitive anxiety is the mental component of anxiety caused
by negative expectations about success or by negative self
evaluation. (Martens, et. al 1990).
Self confidence
Self confidence is the belief that you can successfully
perform a desired behaviour. (Weinberg & Gould, 2003).
Achievement motivation
Motivation is based on your emotions and achievement-
related goals. Achievement motivation is based on reaching
success and achieving all of our aspirations in life. (Griffin, 1999).
CHAPTER – II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CHAPTER – II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the
critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings
as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a
particular topic. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date
with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another
goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area. It
gives an overview of what has been said, who the key writers are,
what the prevailing theories are and hypotheses, what questions
are being asked, what methods and methodologies are
appropriate and useful. As such, it is not in itself primary
research, but rather it reports on other findings.
The present reviews are based upon the available literature
in respect to the study under investigation and therefore confined
to the studies to which the investigator has accessed. All the
relevant literature thus obtained by the researcher has been
presented in this chapter to furnish necessary background
material to evaluate the significance of the study. The research
scholar visited Lakshmibai National University of Physical
Education, Gwalior, Y.M.C.A College of Physical Education,
Chennai, Department of Physical Educations, Annamalai
University, Annamalai Nagar and Department of Physical
Educations, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli for
collecting the reviews related to this study. The scholar has
gleaned through almost every source like research quarterly,
journals of various kinds, periodicals, encyclopedias, relevant
Review of Related Literature 22
books and e-resources on prediction of Handball and other games
to pick up related material.
The purpose of this section was to relate the studies
pertaining to the under study and to organise the collected review
into meaningful sub sections as listed below:
a) Prediction and other related Studies in Handball.
b) Prediction Studies in Other Sports Disciplines.
Prediction and other related Studies in Handball
Debanne and Laffaye (2011) conducted a study to predict
the throwing velocity of the ball in Handball with anthropometric
variables and isotonic tests. The aims of this study were to (1)
investigate the influence of general anthropometric variables,
Handball specific anthropometric variables, and upper-limb power
and strength on ball-throwing velocity in a standing position and
(2) predict this velocity using multiple regression methods. Forty-
two skilled male Handball players (age 21.0 ± 3.0 years; height =
1.81 ± 0.07 m; body mass = 78.3+11.3 kg) participated in the
study. We measured general anthropometric variables (height,
body mass, lean mass, body mass index) and Handball specific
anthropometric parameters (hand size, arm span). Upper-limb
dynamic strength was assessed using a medicine ball (2 kg)
throwing test, and power using a one repetition maximum bench
press test. All the variables studied were correlated with ball
velocity. Medicine ball throwing performance was the best
predictor (r = 0.80). General anthropometric variables were better
predictors (r = 0.55–0.70) than Handball specific anthropometric
variables (r = 0.35–0.51). The best multiple regression model
accounted for 74% of the total variance and included body mass,
Review of Related Literature 23
medicine ball throwing performance, and power output in the
20kg bench press. The equation formulated could help trainers,
athletes, and professionals detect future talent and test athletes’
current fitness.
Needhiraja and Kalidasan (2011) predicted the playing
ability from selected anthropometrical, physical and physiological
characteristics of Inter collegiate Handball Players. For this
purpose one hundred and fifty eight male inter collegiate
Handball players from various colleges in Tamilnadu in the year
2009 to 2011 selected as a subjects for this study and their age
ranged between 17 and 25 years. The anthropometrical variables
namely Body weight, Length measurements (cm) - Standing
height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg length, Hand length, Hand
breadth, Palm length and Palm breadth; Breadth measurements
(cm) - Humerus breadth and Femur breadth; Girth measurements
(cm) - Arm girth relaxed, Arm girth flexed, Fore arm, Chest, Waist,
Hip, Thigh and Calf were selected. Physical variables namely
Speed, Agility, Flexibility, Leg explosive power and Muscular
strength were selected and Physiological variables namely Vital
Capacity, Resting heart rate, Diastolic blood pressure, Systolic
blood pressure, Peak expiratory flow rate and Breath holding time
were chosen as variables taken for this study. The playing ability
was assessed by three qualified Handball coaches as taken as the
performance factor. The data were collected by following standard
techniques of International Society for the Advancement of
Kinanthropometry (ISAK) during the competition using
scientifically approved equipments. To determine the relationship
between the selected anthropometrical, physical and physiological
Review of Related Literature 24
variables and the coaches rating on playing ability, the coefficient
of correlation was used. Anthropometrical, physical and
physiological variables that statistically correlated with
performance were used to form respective linear predictive models
(stepwise argument selection). The results revealed that there
exits relationship among selected anthropometrical, physical and
physiological characteristics and playing ability among inter
collegiate Handball players. The results also revealed that arm
span, diastolic blood pressure, palm span, Peak expiratory flow
rate, resting heart rate, palm length, flexibility, systolic blood
pressure, agility, leg explosive power and breadth holding time
were common anthropometrical, physical and physiological
characteristics which can predict the playing ability in Handball
players.
Natarajan and Vijayaragavan (2011) predicted the Handball
playing ability from selected psychological variables among college
level Handball players. To achieve the purpose of the study, the
investigator selected 100 College Handball Players from different
colleges. In this study the Handball playing ability was predicted
from 100 College Handball Players with the help of selected
Predictor variables namely Psychological Variables such as
Anxiety, Aggression, Achievement Motivation and Self Confidence.
The Handball playing ability was determined by subjective rating
by 3 experts and was use as the Criterion variables. The
Backward multiple regression method was used to determine the
prediction equation (Thomas and Nelson, 1990). Based on the
limitation and delimitation of the present Research study, it was
concluded that 1. The Handball playing ability could be best
Review of Related Literature 25
predicted from psychological variables namely Anxiety,
Aggression, Achievement Motivation and Self Confidence.
Needhiraja (2011) predicted the Playing ability from selected
anthropometric characteristics of elite Indian Handball players.
Eighty two male Junior Handball players from 13 states of India
participated in the 33rd Junior National Handball Boys
Championship held at Chennai during 22nd to 27th June 2010,
were randomly selected as the subjects. The mean age of the
subject was 18.1 (±0.83) years, and 3.41(±1.67) years of playing
experience. Body mass, Length measurements namely Body
height, arm span, arm length & hand span and Girth
measurements upper arm, fore arm, chest, waist, hip and thigh
were selected as anthropometrical variables for this study. The
playing ability was assessed by three qualified Handball coaches
as taken as the performance factor. The data were collected by
following standard techniques of International Society for the
Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) during the competition
using scientifically approved equipments. To determine the
relationship between the selected anthropometric variables and
the coaches rating on playing ability, the coefficient of correlation
was used. Anthropometric variables that statistically correlated
with performance were used to form respective linear predictive
models (stepwise argument selection). The results revealed that
there exits relationship among selected anthropometric
characteristics and playing ability among elite Indian Handball
players. The results also revealed that height, arm span, arm
length and hand span becomes the common anthropometrical
Review of Related Literature 26
characteristics which can predict the playing ability in Handball
players.
Needhiraja and Kalidasan (2010) analysed the
anthropometric profile of Handball players on different playing
position. The Handball players were classified according to their
playing position. Those playing positions were Back court, Wing
and Pivot positions. Thirty players each from back court (BC),
wing (W) and pivot (PP) were chosen as subject for this study. The
data were collected during 26th National Sub – Junior Handball
Championship held at Chennai from 25 to 31 October 2009. The
subjects were randomly selected from various states and mean
age of subject was 14.12 (±1.09) years, and had playing
experience 3.41(±1.67) years. Body height, body mass, arm span,
arm length, palm length and palm span were selected as a
anthropometrical variables for this study. The collected data was
statistically analysed by using analysis of variance. The scheffe’s
test was used as a post hoc test to determine which of the paired
mean differ significantly. The result reveals that there was
significant differences between the playing position on the
following variables namely Body height, body mass, arm span,
arm length, palm length and palm span was observed among the
Handball players and Backcourt players were taller, with the
bigger arm span & palm span and palm length among the playing
positions.
Jaber (2010) examined the psychological atmosphere
phenomenon of Handball Teams and its relation with their
achievement in top tournament in Palestine. This study aims at
Review of Related Literature 27
identifying the psychological atmosphere of Handball teams and
its relation. With their achievement in top tournament in
Palestine according to the following variables: The playing centre
and the hand used. The study has been applied to a sample of
(60) Top Handball players, namely (40%) of the Target population
estimated to (150) players. The researcher has employed a
descriptive approach and the standard of psychological
atmosphere required for sporting teams designed in (1998) to
gather data and achieve the objectives of the study. The findings
of the study have showed that the psychological atmosphere of
Handball teams is highly positive. Their response has reached
(77.5%). The findings of the study have also indicated that there
are no statistically significant differences in the psychological
atmosphere of Handball players and relation with their
achievement in Top tournament in Palestine. This is due to the
variables of the playing centre and the hand used.
Chaouachi, et al. (2009) studied anthropometric,
physiological and performance characteristics of an elite
international Handball team. Twenty one elite Handball players
were tested and categorized according to their playing positions
(goalkeepers, backs, pivots, and wings). Testing consisted of
anthropometric and physiological measures of height, body mass,
percentage body fat and endurance (VO2 max), performance
measures of speed (5, 10, and 30 m), strength (bench press and
squat), unilateral and bilateral horizontal jumping ability, and a
5-jump horizontal test. Significant differences were found between
player positions for some anthropometric characteristics (height
and percentage body fat) but not for the physiological or
Review of Related Literature 28
performance characteristics. Strong correlations were noted
between single leg horizontal jumping distances with 5, 1, and 30-
m sprint times (r = 0.51-0.80; P < 0.01). The best predictors of
sprint times were single leg horizontal jumping with the dominant
leg and the distance measured for the 5-jump test, which when
combined accounted for 72% of the common variance associated
with sprint ability. In conclusion, performance abilities between
positions in elite team-Handball players appear to be very similar.
Single leg horizontal jumping distance could be a specific
standardized test for predicting sprinting ability in elite Handball
players.
Mohamed, et al. (2009) examined in which basic
morphological and fitness measures Under-14 (n = 34) and
Under-16 (n = 47) male youth Handball players differ from
reference samples of the same age (n = 430 and n = 570,
respectively). To help develop a talent identification model, the
second part of the study investigated which specific morphological
and performance measures describe differences between elite (n =
18) and non-elite (n = 29) Under-16 youth Handball players. The
results showed that Under-16 Handball players were significantly
taller than the reference group; this was not the case in the
Under-14 age group. Physical fitness in Handball players was
significantly better than in the reference groups. Multivariate
analysis of covariance (maturation and chronological age as
covariates) showed that the Under-16 elite players were heavier
and had greater muscle circumferences than their non-elite peers.
Elite players scored significantly better on strength, speed and
agility, and cardio respiratory endurance but not on balance,
Review of Related Literature 29
upper limb speed, flexibility or upper body muscular endurance.
Maturation was a significant covariate in anthropometric
measures but not in physical performance. Discriminant analysis
between elite and non-elite players revealed that height, running
speed, and agility are important parameters for talent
identification. Specific anthropometric measures, in addition to
some performance measures, are useful for talent identification in
youth Handball.
Rokka, et al. (2009) evaluated the levels of intensity and
direction of the competitive state anxiety in junior Handball
players prior to a competition and to investigate any possible
differences between male and female players, as well as in relation
to their athletic experience. The sample of the study consisted of
115 Handball players, members of eight Handball teams (four
male and four female), which participated in the Greek Junior
Handball Championships finals held in Athens in 2008. For the
data collection, the model used was the Competitive State Anxiety
Inventory-II (CSAI-II, Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump & Smith,
1983; Martens et al., 1990; Jones & Swain, 1992), which was
modified for the Greek population by Stavrou, Zervas, Kakkos &
Phychoudaki (1998). All players filled in the questionnaire 30
minutes before the competition. The results showed that male
junior Handball players reported lower scores of cognitive anxiety,
which was facilitative to performance. On the other hand, females
displayed a higher score in cognitive anxiety, which was rather
debilitative to performance. Furthermore, junior male Handball
players displayed higher self-confidence, with positive effects on
their performance, while female Handball players stated lower self
Review of Related Literature 30
confidence, which was neither facilitative nor debilitative to
performance. In relation to years of experience, the results
revealed that players with four to six years of experience showed
higher self-confidence with facilitating direction, while players
with less years of experience displayed lower self-confidence, with
neither facilitative nor debilitative effects on their performance. In
conclusion, the psychological preparation of junior Handball
players must be taken into serious consideration, during the
coaching procedure. Nonetheless, further investigation is needed
for the generalisation of the results in Greek Handball.
Sibila and Pori (2009) established the main morphological
characteristics of slovenian junior and senior national Handball
team players. Morphological characteristics for various player
subgroups (goalkeepers, wings, back players and pivots) were also
determined so as to establish whether they had distinct profiles.
The subjects were 78 Handball players who were members of the
Slovenian junior and senior national team in the period from
2000 to 2007. A standardised anthropometric protocol was used
to assess the subjects' morphological characteristics. The
measurements included 23 different anthropometric measures.
Data were processed with the SPSS computer programme. First,
basic statistical characteristics of anthropometric measures were
obtained for all subjects together and then for each group
separately. Somatotypes were determined using Heath-Carter's
method. Endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic
components were calculated by computer on the basis of
formulas. In order to determine differences in the body
composition and anthropometric data of the subjects playing in
Review of Related Literature 31
different positions, a one-way analysis of variance was employed.
The results show that on average the wings differ the most from
the other player groups in terms of their morphological body
characteristics. The values of their body height, body mass and
the quantity of subcutaneous fat are statistically significantly
lower than those of players in the other groups. Goalkeepers are
relatively tall, with high values of body mass and low values of
transuersal measures. Their skin folds are the most pronounced
among all groups on average and their share of subcutaneous fat
in total body mass is the highest. Consequently, their
endomorphic component of the somatotype is pronounced. Pivots
and back players are becoming increasingly similar in terms of
their morphological body characteristics. Pivots maintain greater
robustness, have a higher quantity of muscle mass as well as
more pronounced transversal measures and a mesomorphic
component of the somatotype. The results of our study confirm
that groups of Handball players occupying different positions
differ amongst themselves in terms of many measurements. This
is a result of specific requirements of Handball play which are to
be fulfilled by players.
Zapartidis, et al. (2009) Identified differences in physical
fitness and anthropometric characteristics between the playing
positions in young female team Handball players. The sample
consisted of 181 female young Handball players with the mean
age of 14.12, ±1.09 yrs, and 3.41, ±1.67 yrs of playing experience.
Body height, body mass, body mass Index, arm span, palm
length and opening, standing long jump, 30m sprint, sit and
reach flexibility and estimated VO2max were measured and
Review of Related Literature 32
throwing speed was assessed with a radar gun. Significant
differences were detected among individual positions for height
(p<0.001), body mass (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), arm span
(p<0.001), palm opening (p<0.001), palm length (p<0.001), broad
jump (p<0.001), ball throwing velocity (p<0.001), 30-m sprint
(p<0.001) and estimated VO2max (p<0.001). Back players were the
tallest, with the largest arm span, palm opening and palm length.
Wing players were the shortest, with the least weight, the lowest
BMI and the smallest palm opening and palm length among all
players. Wings showed better performance than all other players
in broad jump, 30-m sprint and VO2max. Back players achieved
the highest values among all players in ball throwing speed, while
goalkeepers' were the lowest. Goalkeepers underperformed in
relation to all motor abilities compared to all other playing
positions.
Zapartidis, et al. (2009) compared physical fitness and
selected anthropometric characteristics between selected (SP) and
non-selected (NSP) for the Greek preliminary national team male
(n=88) and female (n=73) young Handball players. Results
revealed that compared to SP players, male SP players presented
higher values in ball velocity (p=.001) standing long jump
(p=.016), 30-mt sprint (p=.034) and estimated VO2 max (p=.018),
while female SP players presented higher values only in ball
velocity (p=.009) and standing long jump (p=.045). Male SP
players were taller (p=.042) and had larger arm span (p=.031).
Taking into account the different playing positions, significant
differences (in favour of SP) were found between SP and NSP male
backs in stature (p=.008), hand spread (p=.042), arm span
Review of Related Literature 33
(p=.019) and ball velocity (p=.005). Female SP revealed higher
values in stature (p=.041) and arm span (p=.046). For wings,
significant differences were found in ball velocity (p=.007), 30-m
sprint (p=.039) and estimated VO2max (p=.002) between SP and
NSP male players (in favour of SP) and in estimated VO2max
(p=.019) between SP and NSP female players. For pivots,
significant differences were found only in ball velocity (p=.001)
between SP and NSP females (in favour of SP). Finally, no
statistically significant differences were found between SP and
NSP male and female goalkeepers. Current results suggest that
physical and anthropometric characteristics should be included
in any testing procedure of junior Handball players.
Zapartidis, et al. (2009) examined the relationship between
throwing ball velocity and specific anthropometric and physical
fitness characteristics of young female team Handball players (n =
220, mean ± SD age 13.99 ± 1.06 yrs and playing experience 3.66
± 1.66 yrs). Throwing velocity was assessed with a radar gun
while body height, body mass, body mass index, arm span, hand
length and spread, standing long jump, 30m sprint, sit and reach
flexibility and estimated maximal oxygen uptake were also
measured. The results showed that throwing performance is
significantly (p<0.05) correlated with all variables calculated in
this study except of the body mass index. This suggests that high
performance requires advanced motor abilities and
anthropometric features for these ages.
Ziv and Lidor (2009) studied physical characteristics,
physiological attributes, throwing velocity, accuracy and on court
Review of Related Literature 34
performances of male Handball players. For this purpose amateur
player, experienced players, professional and national team
players were selected. Five main findings emerged from our
review: (1) Elite players are heavier and have higher fat-free mass
than amateur players. (2) The maximal oxygen uptake of male
players is between 50 and 60 ml kg -1 min -1. (3) Throwing
velocity is higher by as much as 9% in elite male players
compared with amateur male players. (4) Heart rates can rise
above 160 beats min - 1 in male players during a game. (5) On-
court distance covered in a game averaged approximately 4 km
and ranged between 2 and 5 km, depending on playing position.
Our methodological concerns based on the reviewed studies are:
(a) a lack of on-court physiological data; (b) a lack of
experimental/manipulative studies; (c) limited data on throwing
accuracy; and (d) a lack of longitudinal studies. The practical
implications include: (a) strength and power exercises should be
emphasized in conditioning programmes, as they are associated
with both sprint performance and throwing velocity; (b) speed and
agility drills should also be implemented in conditioning
programmes; and (c) specificity of training based upon the
position of the player is of great importance when planning
strength and conditioning programmes.
Cavala, et al. (2008) identified the structures of
morphological characteristics and basic motor abilities, and of
variables evaluating situation motor abilities of elite female
Handball players (n = 53) were determined first, followed by
determination of differences and relations of the morphological,
motor and specific motor space according to Handball
Review of Related Literature 35
performance. Factor analysis of 16 morphological measures
produced three morphological factors, i.e. factor of absolute
voluminosity, i.e. mesoendomorphy, factor of longitudinal
skeleton dimensionality, and factor of transverse hand
dimensionality. Factor analysis of 15 motor variables yielded five
basic motor dimensions, i.e. factor of agility, factor of throwing
explosive strength, factor of running explosive strength (sprint),
factor of jumping explosive strength and factor of movement
frequency rate. Factor analysis of 5 situation motor variables
produced two dimensions: factor of specific agility with
explosiveness and factor of specific precision with ball
manipulation. Analysis of variance yielded greatest differences
relative to Handball performance in the factor of specific agility
and throwing strength, and the factor of basic motoricity that
integrates the ability of coordination (agility) with upper extremity
throwing explosiveness and lower extremity sprint (30-m sprint)
and jumping (standing triple jump). Considering morphological
factors, the factor of voluminosity, i.e. meso-endomorphy, which
is defined by muscle mass rather than adipose tissue, was found
to contribute significantly to the players' performance. Results of
regression analysis indicated the Handball performance to be
predominantly determined by the general specific motor factor
based on specific agility and explosiveness, and by the
morphological factor based on body mass and volume, i.e. muscle
mass. Concerning basic motor abilities, the factor of movement
frequency rate, which is associated with the ability of ball
manipulation, was observed to predict significantly the Handball
players' performance.
Review of Related Literature 36
Oxyzoglou, et al. (2008) assessed the motor abilities of elite
athletes according to their playing position in the team. The
sample consisted of 46 Handballers aged 18-21 years (M=19.5,
SD ± .4.5), belonging to national teams from Greece and Serbia.
Afterward, the sample was divided into subgroups, representing
their unique position in the team. More specifically the subgroups
consisted of eight goalkeepers, fourteen extreme players, sixteen
peripheral players and eight pivotal players. The motor abilities of
power, agility and flexibility were assessed. The Kruskal-Wallis
and Mann-Whitney U analysis were used for the comparison
among groups. The results revealed that the goalkeepers have a
highly developed level of pelvis flexibility and a well developed
level of explosive force. The peripheral players have high vertical
jump and a high degree of wrist flexibility. Extreme players have a
developed level of explosive force and big width of wrist
movement. Finally, pivotal players are less flexible but very agile.
Every playing position developed specific motor abilities which
contribute to team performance.
Granados, et al. (2007) compared physical characteristics
(body height [BH], body mass [BM], body fat [BF], and fat free
mass [FFM]), one repetition maximum bench press (1RMBP),
jumping explosive power (VJ), Handball throwing velocity, power-
load relationship of the leg and arm extensor muscles, 5- and 15-
m sprint running time, and running endurance in elite (n = 16;
EF) and amateur (n = 15; AF) female Handball players aged 17–
38. Results revealed that, compared to AF, EF players presented
similar values in body mass and percent body fat, but higher
values (p < 0.001–0.05) in BH (6%), FFM (10%), 1RMBP (23%), VJ
Review of Related Literature 37
(10%), Handball throwing velocity (11%), power-load relationship
of the arm (25%) and leg (12%) extensors, as well as 5- and 15-m
sprint (3–4%) and endurance running velocities (13%). Univariate
regression analyses showed that 1RMBP was associated with
throwing velocity (R2 = 0.64). The higher absolute values of
maximal strength and muscle power, although explained by the
differences in fat free mass, will give EF an advantage to sustain
certain Handball game actions. The association between 1RMBP
and throwing velocity suggests that throwing velocity values in
female Handball players depend more on maximal strength than
on the capacity to move low loads at high velocities, during elbow
extension actions.
Hasan, et al. (2007) conducted a study to identify the
Anthropometric profiles of elite athletes provide insights into the
requirements for competing at top level in particular sports. Due
to the comparative lack of data for contemporary Handball
players, the present study was conducted to describe the
anthropometric characteristics of international male Asian
Handball players and identify any positional differences existing.
Sixty three players from five different countries were measured in
the 12th Asian Games in Hiroshima for height, mass, skinfold
thicknesses and estimates of body fat and muscle mass. Results
were compared with data for the English Handball squad for
reference purposes. Significant differences were evident among
the Asian teams, the group from East Asia being taller and lower
in adiposity than the teams from West Asia. A relative
homogeneity was observed among positional roles. The more
successful teams were taller and had lower body fat than the less
Review of Related Literature 38
successful teams. It is concluded that Asian Handball players
differ in anthropometric characteristics from European players
previously studied and that specific anthropometric variables are
associated with successful tournament performance at
international level in Asia.
Ikeda, et al. (2007) investigated the physical characteristics
and motor performance of the college women Handball players. To
this end, they compared the physique and motor performances of
the college women Handball players to college women Basketball
players and college women Volleyball players. Basic
anthropometric indices and physical fitness such as 20M shuttle-
running, vertical jump, standing jump, Handball-throw for
distance, trunk flexion, side step, grip strength and back strength
were determined for 6 Handball players, 7 Basketball players and
8 Volleyball players aged from 19 to 22 years. All of these ball
game teams were a top level of the university in Japan and all
subjects were the regular players in each team. The difference in
girth of upper arm, skinfold thickness of upper arm and
percentage of body fat (%Fat) among 3 ball game teams were
statistically significant. The girth of upper arm of the Handball
players was significantly higher than that of Basketball players,
and the skinfold thickness of upper arm and %Fat was
significantly lower in Handball players than in Volleyball players.
The Handball throw for distance, side step and back strength
were significantly higher in Handball players than in Basketball
players and Volleyball players. In Handball game, the transition
from defense to offense occurs in about every 25-30 sec. and the
transition is very speedy and the considerable body contact to the
Review of Related Literature 39
opponent is allowed, so that muscular strength, power, agility and
aerobic power are strongly required for each player. When the
Handball game is compared with Basketball game, the playing
time is longer and the charged time-out is shorter, and the
shooting motion is more dynamic. In comparison with Volleyball,
the considerable body contact to the opponent is allowed in
Handball game but that is not allowed in Volleyball and the ball is
very heavier. Therefore, they conclude that the results of this
study as stated above show the characteristics of female Handball
player.
Rogulj, et al. (2007) found the influence of some motor
abilities on Ball Speed during Shot in Handball. The influence of
basic motor abilities on the speed of ball during the jump shot
and the floor shot in Handball has been analyzed with the sample
consisting of 42 students of the first year of the Faculty of
kinesiology in Split. The predictory system consisted of 8 variables
intended to estimate speed, agility, movement frequences,
stamina & explosive and repetitive strength whereas the ball
movement speed as a criterion variable was measured by radar
pistol. The result of the regression analysis indicates that the ball
movement speed is determined in a great deal by motor ability
efficacy. Individually, the ball movement speed during the jump
shot and the floor shot is determined, at the level of statistical
importance, only by explosive strength in the form of throw. It is
acceptable because this very ability from the aspects of
kinesiology and anatomy requires, to the maximum extent, the
kinetic efficacy of the ball throw in Handball.
Review of Related Literature 40
Schorer, et al. (2007) examined the movement patterns of 5
left handed Handball players (ranging from beginner to national
level) who threw a Handball to different sections of a goal as if a
goalkeeper were present. The authors used time continuous, 3 -
dimensional kinematic data to assess intraindividual movement
patterns and considered participants' intraindividual differences
relative to different targets. Cluster analysis yielded the highest
assignment rates for level of expertise; a mean of 92% of trials
was correctly assessed. The authors observed an interaction with
expertise for the intraindividual movement patterns. Variability in
the novice throwers was increased, whereas (a) advanced throwers
experienced a period of stability, and (b) the expert thrower's
variability was increased. The results indicate that random
variability characterizes novice motor performance, whereas active
functional variability may exemplify expert motor performance.
Gopinathan (2006) conducted a study on selected
anthropometric, physical and physiological variables as pre
requisites for Handball performance. To achieve the purpose, the
investigator selected eighty one university Handball players.
Handball playing ability was subjectively rated by three experts
during the competition. Anthropometric, physical fitness and
physiological variables were tested through objective tests.
Pearson product moment correlation and multiple regression
equation were used for data analysis. The result of the study
revealed that there was a significant relationship between selected
variables and playing ability. Handball playing ability could be
predicted from height, leg length, palm span, speed, agility,
Review of Related Literature 41
explosive power, shoulder strength, resting heart rate and body
composition.
Srhoj, et al. (2006) assessed the basic motor abilities from
155 female attendants of the Split Handball School, mean age
12.5 years. Differences in the basic motor abilities between the
subjects that developed into elite Handball players after 7 year
training process and those that abandoned Handball for being
unable to meet the competition criteria were evaluated by use of
discriminative analysis. The former were found to have also been
superior initially in all variables analyzed, and in arm
coordination, overall body coordination, throw and jump explosive
strength, arm movement frequency and repetitive trunk strength
in particular. Motor superiority based on the abilities of
coordination, explosive strength and speed determines
performance in women’s Handball, qualifying these abilities as
reliable selection criteria. Based on this study results, a new
model of selection in women’s Handball, with fine arm
coordination as the major limiting factor of performance, has been
proposed.
Rogulj, et al. (2005) identified the differences in motor and
psychological variables according to playing positions from a
sample of 53 elite female junior and senior national Handball
players, Motor status included 8 variables for assessment of
explosive strength of landing and throwing, agility, speed
strength, movement frequency, and flexibility. Psychologic status
was analyzed through 4 dimensions according to Eysenck:
extroversion, psychotic behaviour, neurotic behaviour, and lie.
Review of Related Literature 42
The anthropologic features analyzed showed statistically
significant differences. Considering motor abilities, differences
were recorded in the variables for assessment of speed strength,
agility and leg movement frequency, where wings predominated,
whereas goalkeepers showed predominance in flexibility. In
psychologic status, differeces were present in the variable for
assessment of extroversion, which was most pronounced in
wings, whereas psychotic behaviour was more expressed in those
at pivot position. The differences were primarily consequential to
the selection of players of a specific anthropologic profile for
particular playing positions. The hypothesis of the impact of
kinesiologic specificities of a particular playing position on the
formation of the players' anthropologic profile should be
scientifically tested. Study results may found application in
training and contest practice, especially in forming anthropologic
models for particular positions during the process of player
selection.
Srhoj, et al. (2002) determined the common morphological
features of senior male Handball players and of analyzing their
specificities i.e. the probable variation between the four playing
positions (back court players, wings, pivots, goalkeepers), 25
anthropometric measures were applied to the sample of 49
players, members of three top quality Handball teams. The basic
descriptive parameters were calculated and then an analysis of
variance and a cluster analysis were performed. A mesomorphic,
athletic body type was obtained with a marked longitudinal
skeleton dimensionality, but also with a balanced ratio between
the skeletal system and muscle mass and with low values of
Review of Related Literature 43
subcutaneous fat tissue. Back court players and goalkeepers are
superior in terms of outstanding skeletal dimensions and
circumferences. Line players, i.e. wings and pivots, have
somewhat lower longitudinal measures, whereas pronounced
voluminosity and a slightly higher fat tissue value differentiate
pivots from players in other positions. Cluster analysis revealed a
greater homogeneity in the morphological profiles of the samples
of line players (wings and pivots) than in the profiles of backs or
goalkeepers. The obtained position related differences in
morphological characteristics of players suggest that the
experienced players from the sample were earlier successfully
subjected to the selection process and oriented to a particular
playing position because of the observed correspondence between
their body type and specific kinesiological demands of the position
in question. Therefore, in top quality team Handball it would be
recommendable to select players whose morphological profiles are
as compatible as possible with positional specificities in the
demand for the game.
Prediction Studies in Other Sports Disciplines
Jeyaraman (2011) conducted a study to find out the
predominance of selected anthropometric and Physical fitness
parameters on performance among university badminton players.
For this purpose fifty two male Badminton players from eight
universities were randomly selected as the subjects. Their age
ranges from 18 and 25 years. The selected Anthropometrical
variables namely weight, length measurements: standing height,
arm length, leg length & hand length Girth measurements: fore
arm, wrist, mid thigh and calf. Physical fitness parameters
Review of Related Literature 44
namely speed, agility, explosive strength and explosive power were
taken as variables for this study. The playing ability was
assessed by three qualified Badminton coaches as taken as the
performance factor. The data were collected using standardised
tests. To determine the relationship between the selected
anthropometric, physical fitness parameters and the coaches
rating on playing ability, the coefficient of correlation was used.
Anthropometric and physical fitness parameters that statistically
correlated with performance were used to form respective linear
predictive models (stepwise argument selection). The results
revealed that there exits relationship among selected
anthropometric, physical fitness parameters and playing ability
among university Badminton players. The results also indicates
that the agility, mid thigh girth, explosive strength, height, length,
leg explosive power, wrist girth and hand length were
predominant factors among University Badminton Players.
Viswanathan and Chandrasekaran (2011). predicted the
playing ability from selected anthropometrical characteristics of
Elite Indian Basketball Players. Two hundred and seventy six
(age, 15.1 ± 1.3 years) youth elite male Basketball players from 23
states of India participated in the 26th Lakadawala Youth National
Basketball Championship at Mastan YMCA, Mumbai from 9th to
16th May 2009, were selected as the subjects. The selected
subjects were divided into three groups according to their playing
positions namely Guard (GD = 72), Forward (FD = 126) and
Centre (CR = 78). The selected anthropometric variables namely
Body weight, Skinfold measurements (mm) - Biceps, Subscapular,
Triceps, Supraspinale, Abdominal, Illiac Crest, Front Thigh and
Review of Related Literature 45
Medial Calf; Girth measurements (cm) - Arm girth relaxed, Arm
girth flexed and Calf girth; Length measurements (cm) - Standing
height, Arm span, Arm length, Leg length and Breadth
measurements (cm) - Humerus breadth and Femur breadth as the
independent variables were taken for this study. The data were
collected by following standard testing protocal of International
Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) during
the competition by scientifically approved equipments. The
criterion variable, playing ability of the selected Basketball players
are assessed by three qualified Basketball coaches. To determine
the relationship between the selected anthropometric variables
and the coaches rating on playing ability, the coefficient of
correlation was used. Anthropometric variables that statistically
correlated with performance were used to form respective linear
predictive models (stepwise argument selection) with special
reference to their playing positions for predictive equation
development. The results revealed that there was a strong
correlations (r = 0.9) exists between the playing ability versus
height, weight, arm length, arm span, leg length and flexed arm
girth among all the playing positions.
Hoare (2000) predicted the success in junior elite
Basketball players the contribution of anthropometric and
physiological attributes. This study measured anthropometric and
physiological attributes of 125 male and 123 female junior
Basketball players competing at the Australian under 16
championships in 1998. In addition, experienced coaches rated
the performance of players during the championships.
Performance profiles were compared across playing positions and
Review of Related Literature 46
by playing performance. Differences in anthropometric
characteristics were present across some playing positions for
both males and females. Speed and agility differences between
some playing positions were also present. Best players differed to
Rest players on a number of anthropometric and physiological
variables for both males and females. Regression analyses
indicated the test variables accounted for a significant proportion
of variance in playing performance for both females (41.3%) and
males (38.3%). A Z - score analysis indicated good alignment
between the test and coach ranking of the Best player in four out
of five positions for females and two out of five positions for males.
Anthropometric and physiological profiling can contribute to
selection procedures in junior Basketball, however determinants
of success are multi-factorial.
Visnapuu and Jurimae (2008) investigated the relationships
between basic body and specific hand anthropometric parameters
with some specific and non-specific throw test results in young
male Handball and Basketball players. The subjects included 34
Handball and 38 Basketball players of the 10-11 years old age
group, 39 Handball and 22 Basketball players of the 12-13 years
old age group and 39 Handball players of the 14-15 years old age
group. Body height and body mass, arm span, height with
outstretched hands and sitting height were the basic
anthropometric parameters to be measured. For hand
anthropometry, 15 specific hand parameters were measured
using the method presented by Visnapuu & Jurimae (2007).
Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that medicine ball
throw results in the youngest age group are highly dependent on
Review of Related Literature 47
the body height (Handball players) and body mass (Basketball
players). In the middle age group, the most important parameter
from the hand anthropometry is TL (Handball) or height with
outstretched hands (Basketball). In the oldest group of Handball
players, the medicine ball throw results were dependent on the P2
from hand anthropometry and sitting height. Quite different
anthropometric parameters appeared to influence the Handball or
Basketball throw results. In the youngest age group, most
important were body height (Handball) or LFL (Basketball). In the
middle age group, the most important was height with
outstretched hands and in the oldest Handball players LFL and
sitting height. Handball or Basketball pass on speed depended on
the combination of body mass and FS5 and body height with
height with outstretched hands (even 61.40%, R2 x 100) in the
oldest age group. The results of passing the Handball or
Basketball on precision were dependent on body height and P3 or
P1 among Basketball players in the youngest group. In the middle
age group the combination of FS3 and body mass and LFL and
height with outstretched hands were the most influential.
Anthropometric parameters influence on the passing of the ball
on speed or precision is lower in Handball players compared with
Basketball players. Our conclusion is that the basic
anthropometric parameters are slightly more important than
hand anthropometry that influenced different throw tests results
in young Handball and Basketball players.
Davis, et al. (2004) investigated the physical characteristics
that predict functional performance in division I college Football
players. Investigator was to examine the relationship among 6
Review of Related Literature 48
physical characteristics and 3 functional measures in college
Football players. Data were gathered on 46 NCAA Division I
college Football players. The 3 response variables were 36.6-m
sprint, 18.3-m shuttle run, and vertical jump. The 6 regressor
variables were height, weight, percentage of body fat, hamstring
length, bench press, and hang clean. A stepwise multiple
regression analysis was performed to screen for variables that
predict physical performance. Regression analysis revealed clear
prediction models for the 36.6-m sprint and 18.3- m shuttle run.
The results of this investigation will help strength and
conditioning specialists better understand the variables that
predict athletic performance in Division I college Football players.
Govindarajulu (2004) predicted the Basketball playing
ability from selected traits of men varsity players. Three experts
assessed the Basketball playing ability (criterion variable). The
independent variables were zig zag dribbling for 30 seconds,
Basketball shooting for 30 seconds, motor ability (vertical jump
and shuttle run), anthropometric measurements (standing height,
body weight, arm length and leg length) and physiological
variables (resting pulse rate and vital capasity). The Wherry Do
little method of multiple correlation analysis revealed that zig zag
dribbling for 30 seconds, Basketball shooting for 30 seconds and
standing height contributed in order of correlation to the
Basketball playing ability among university men players.
Someren and Palmer (2003) conducted a study to determine
the anthropometric and physiological profile of 200m sprint
kayakers and to examine relationships with 200-m race
Review of Related Literature 49
performance. Twenty six male kayakers who were categorised in
two ability groups, international (Int) and national (Nat) level,
underwent a battery of anthropometric and physiological tests
and a 200-m race. Race time was significantly lower in
International than National (39.9 ± 0.8 s and 42.6 ± 0.9 s,
respectively). International demonstrated significantly greater
measures of mesomorphy, biepycondylar humeral breadth,
circumferences of the upper arm, forearm and chest, peak power
and total work in a modified Wingate test, total work in a 2-min
ergometry test, peak isokinetic power, and peak isometric force.
Significant relationships were found between 200m time and a
number of anthropometric variables and anaerobic and
dynamometric parameters. Stepwise multiple regression revealed
that total work in the modified Wingate alone predicted 200-m
race time (R2 = 0.53, SEE = 1.11 s) for all 26 subjects, while
biepycondylar humeral breadth alone predicted race time (R2 =
0.54, SEE = 0.52 s) in Int. These results demonstrate that
superior upper body dimensions and anaerobic capacities
distinguish international level kayakers from national level
athletes and may be used to predict 200 m performance.
Selvakumar (2002) predicted the soccer playing ability from
selected physical fitness, physiological, psychological and game
skill variables. To achieve the purpose, the investigator selected
hundred intercollegiate male Football players. The selected
physical fitness, physiological, psychological and skill variables
were tested through standardized objective tests and the playing
ability were subjectively rated by three expert during the inter -
collegiate matches. The obtained data were analysed statistically
Review of Related Literature 50
by using multiple regression equation. The result of study shows
that soccer playing ability could be predicted from abdominal
strength, VO2 max, self concept, kicking for distance (left) and
kicking for distance (right), speed, agility, vital capacity,
achievement motivation and dribbling were good predictors of
Soccer playing ability.
Ugarkovic, et al. (2002) examined the relation between
jumping performance and standard strength, anthropometric, and
body composition variables in elite junior Basketball players. The
33 males were tested for maximal vertical jump, as well as for
maximal isometric voluntary force and rate of force development
of hip and knee extensors. Standard anthropometric and body
composition measures (body height, lean body mass, as well as
the percentage of fat and muscle tissue) were also taken. Except
for maximal isometric forces (0.38 and 0.52 N.kg (-1) for hip and
knee extensors, respectively), all correlation coefficients between
the selected variables and jump height were insignificant. As a
consequence, the corresponding multiple correlation coefficient, R
= 0.71, also suggested a moderate predictability of jumping
performance by the standard strength tests and anthropometric
and body composition variables. The results obtained dispute the
use of the examined tests in sport performance assessment, and
also question applying the tests for other purposes such as
evaluation of training procedures or selection of young athletes.
Therefore, the results are in line with the concept that a reliable
performance assessment in homogeneous groups of athletes
requires predominantly movement-specific testing.
Review of Related Literature 51
Summary
In this chapter, totally 34 related literature (25 studies in
Handball and 9 studies in other games) were presented. From the
observations of above elicited literature it was observed that only
few prediction research studies were done on Handball. This
chapter also reveals that prediction research studies in other
sports discipline were very many, but only few have been added in
this chapter.
CHAPTER – III
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER – III
METHODOLOGY
Research methodology involves the systematic procedure by
which the investigator starts from the initial identification of the
problem to its final conclusion. The role of the methodology was to
carry out the research work in a scientific and valid manner. This
part of the thesis explains the methods adopted in this study
which includes selection of subjects, selection and justification of
the variables, pilot study, orientation procedures, collection of
data, test administration and statistical methods in this study.
Selection of subjects
The purpose of the study was to predict the Handball
playing ability from the selected anthropometrical, physical,
physiological, and psychological variables among College level
players. To achieve the purpose three hundred and four male
inter - collegiate Handball players were randomly selected from
various colleges in Tamilnadu state, India and their age ranged
between 17 and 25 years. The subjects had past playing
experience of at least three years in Handball and only those who
represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects.
Selection of variables
The present study mainly focus on selected
anthropometrical, physical, physiological, and psychological
variables. As far as the performance of Handball team is
concerned above said variables are vital. The researcher reviewed
number of journals, books, e-resources, unpublished thesis,
Methodology 53
dissertations and coaching manuals in which he found that the
standard skills of Handball players are based on these selected
anthropometrical, physical, physiological, and psychological
variables. Based on these observations, the investigator selected
the following independent variables for this study.
Independent variables
The anthropometrical variables namely – Body weight;
Length measurements – Height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg
length, Hand length, Hand breadth, Palm length, Palm span;
Breadth measurements – Humerus breadth and Femur breadth;
Girth measurements – Arm girth relaxed, Arm girth flexed,
Forearm girth, Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh girth and
Calf girth. Physical variables namely – Speed, Agility, Flexibility,
Leg explosive power, Leg explosive strength and Muscular
endurance. Physiological variables namely – Cardiovascular
endurance, Resting heart rate, Peak expiratory flow rate and
Breath holding time. Psychological variables namely – Somatic
anxiety, Cognitive anxiety, Self confidence and Sports
achievement motivation.
Dependent variables
The playing ability of the players was taken as the
performance factor, which was subjectively assessed by three
qualified Handball coaches.
Methodology 54
Justification for taking - up the variables
One of the most dynamic team sports which are
distinguished for it is highly developed level of anthropometrical,
physical, physiological and a psychological characteristic is team
Handball. Anthropometric characteristics of athletes determine
the success in particular sports events in various ways. The
knowledge of these characteristics is necessary to establish their
importance for the success in competitive sport. The research on
the influence of these characteristics in sporting games is of
particular complexity, because the success in the game depends,
among other things, on how the individual characteristics of some
players fit into the whole, thus creating a coherent team.
Handball is a sport that consists of activities of short
duration but high intensity during the course of the game. There
are great physical demands on the functional capabilities of the
players. Great physiological demands necessarily influence the
morphological characteristics. Team Handball is a complex
intermittent game, which requires players to have well developed
aerobic and anaerobic capacities. Motor ability, sprinting,
jumping, flexibility and throwing velocity represent physical
activities that are considered as important aspects of the game
and contribute to the high performance of the team.
High level of performance of a Handball might be dependent
upon his physiological make up and recognized that physiological
fitness was needed for high level performance. Team Handball,
nowadays, is becoming a mind game. Despite excellent physical
condition, techniques and tactics, some player/ teams perform
Methodology 55
very badly, the reason being lack of mental fitness. In Handball,
several psychological parameters play role in performance. To
name a few are competitive state anxiety - somatic, cognitive, self
confidence, sports achievement motivation and sports competitive
anxiety test etcetera. Successful performance requires
combination of all variables like anthropometrical, physical,
physiological and psychological response. However, some authors
reported that Handball is a sport that demands predominately all
characteristics above mentioned. (Deng, 1990; Trninic, 2006).
Research design
A prospective research design was used with playing ability
in Handball as a criterion and selected anthropometrical,
physical, physiological, and psychological variables among college
level players. The methodology adopted in this study was given in
Chart – I as research flow chart.
Methodology 57
Table – I
SELECTION OF TESTS
The table below shows the variables, test / tools and the
unit of measurement of selected anthropometrical, physical,
physiological and psychological variables used in this study
Anthropometrical variables
S.No Variables Test/Equipment Needed Measuring Units
1 Body weight Electronic weighing machine Kilogram
Length Measurements
2 Height Stadiometer
3 Arm length
4 Arm span
5 Leg length
Lufkin anthropometric tape
6 Hand length
7 Hand breadth
8 Palm length
Small sliding caliper
9 Palm span Flat surface and ruler
Centimeter
Breadth Measurements
10 Humerus breadth
11 Femur breadth Small sliding caliper Centimeter
Girth Measurements
12 Arm girth relaxed
13 Arm girth flexed
14 Forearm girth
15 Chest girth
16 Waist girth
17 Hip girth
18 Thigh girth 19 Calf girth
Lufkin anthropometric tape Centimeter
Methodology 58
Physical variables
S.No Variables Test /Equipment Needed Measuring Units
1 Speed 50 Meter run Seconds
2 Agility Shuttle run Seconds
3 Flexibility Sit and reach Centimeter
4 Leg explosive power Sergeant vertical jump Centimeter
5 Leg explosive strength
Standing broad jump Meters
6 Muscular endurance Modified sit – ups Counts
Physiological variables
S.No Variables Equipment Needed Measuring Units
1 Cardiovascular endurance
20 mts multistage Beep test
mls/kg/min
2 Resting heart rate Digitalized heart rate monitor Beats per minute
3 Peak expiratory flow rate Peak flow meter Liters per minute
4 Breath holding time Manual nose clip Seconds
Psychological variables
S.No Variables Tools used Measuring Units
1 Somatic anxiety
2 Cognitive anxiety
3 Self confidence
Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump and Smith (1990)
4 Sports achievement motivation Kamlesh (1983)
Scores
Methodology 59
Pilot study
Prior to the formal study sessions, a pilot study was
conducted on twenty players who were not subjected of the
research. These subjects from A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College,
Poondi, Thanjavur District, Tamilnadu, State, India.
Reliability of data
The reliability of the data was ensured by establishing the
instrumental reliability, subject reliability and tester’s reliability.
Instrumental reliability
Rosscraft Electronic weighing machine, Rosscraft
Stadiometer, Lufkin anthropometry tape, Rosscraft Campbell
Small bone sliding caliper, Omron Digitalised heart rate monitor,
Racer Electronic stop watches and Vitalograph Peak flow meter
were used and these instruments were calibrated and
standardised one by using the equipments available in the
Department of Physical Education, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu State, India. These equipments were
supplied by reputed scientific firms and the calibrations of the
instruments were accepted as accurate. All these said
instruments were sufficient for the purpose of the study.
Validity of the questionnaire
1. Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (CSAI – 2)
The American Psychological Association's (1974) standards
for educational and Psychological Tests recommends the self
report inventories be first validated by demonstrating concurrent
validity with previously validated tests. Thus concurrent validity
Methodology 60
was inferred when a new inventory was congruent with or
divergent from theoretically predicted relationships using
previously validated tests.
The concurrent validity of the CSAI – 2 was examined by
investigating the relationships between each of the CSAI – 2 sub
scales and eight selected A-state and A - trait inventories. The
same three samples of athletes that were used to evaluate the
CSAI – 2's internal consistency also were tested for the part of the
new inventory's concurrent validation.
2. Sports achievement motivation (SAMT)
The validity quotient (0.55) obtained by Kamlesh showed
marked relationship between the level of achievement motivation
and sports achievement. Moreover, he also obtained the reliability
quotient of 0.70, which was quite high.
Researchers like Kamlesh, Mc Cleland, Havelka, Becanac,
Wills, Singer etcetera had used this SAMT questionnaire for their
research. There can be no better evidence to prove the validity of
the questionnaire than this.
Methodology 61
Table – II
RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT OF THE SUBJECTS IN ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES BY TEST AND RE-TEST METHODS
S.No Variables Coefficient of Correlation
1 Body weight 0.89* 2 Height 0.86* 3 Arm length 0.81* 4 Arm span 0.91* 5 Leg length 0.92* 6 Hand length 0.89* 7 Hand breadth 0.95* 8 Palm length 0.85* 9 Palm span 0.95* 10 Humerus breadth 0.81* 11 Femur breadth 0.90* 12 Arm girth relaxed 0.85* 13 Arm girth flexed 0.87* 14 Forearm girth 0.80* 15 Chest girth 0.82* 16 Waist girth 0.92* 17 Hip girth 0.93* 18 Thigh girth 0.94* 19 Calf girth 0.88* 20 Speed 0.82* 21 Agility 0.94* 22 Flexibility 0.91* 23 Leg explosive power 0.94* 24 Leg explosive strength 0.89* 25 Muscular endurance 0.88* 26 Cardiovascular endurance 0.87* 27 Resting heart rate 0.89* 28 Peak expiratory flow rate 0.93* 29 Breath holding time 0.85* 30 Somatic anxiety 0.89* 31 Cognitive anxiety 0.82* 32 Self confidence 0.94*
33 Sports achievement motivation 0.93*
* Established reliability ranged from 0.80 to 0.95
Methodology 62
Tester’s reliability
The investigator was well versed in the techniques of
conducting the test, the investigator had a number of practice
sessions in the teaching procedures. All selected anthropometrical
measurements were taken by trained and qualified level one
anthropometrist of International Society for the Advancement of
Kinanthropometry (ISAK). All the measurements were taken by
the investigator with the assistance of a person well acquainted
with tests and their procedures. Tester competency and reliability
of test were established by test and retest methods. A very high
correlation was obtained, the tester competency in taking
measurement and test reliability were accepted.
Reliability of the subjects
The subject reliability was established by test and re-test
coefficient of correlation for the scores in each of the criterion
measures. Re-testing was done within a period of a week of initial
tests in each of the criterion measures, to get data for calculating
test and re-test coefficient of correlation for reliability of the
subject.
Orientation of the subjects
The investigator held a meeting with the subjects prior to
the administration of tests. The purpose, the significance of this
study and the requirements of the testing procedure were
explained to them in detail. So that there was no ambiguity in
their minds, regarding the efforts required from them. All the
subjects voluntarily came forward to co-operate in the testing
procedures to put in their best efforts in the interest of the
Methodology 63
scientific investigation and in order to enhance their own
performance. The subjects were very enthusiastic and co-
operative throughout the project.
Collection of data
The methods of data collected from the inter - collegiate
Handball players on selected anthropometrical, physical,
physiological and psychological variables were explained below.
Administration of the test
I. Anthropometrical variables
Body weight
Purpose: To measure the body weight of the players.
Equipment required: Electronic weighing machine.
Procedure: The subject stands with minimal movement with
hands by their side. Shoes and excess clothing should be removed
during the administration of the test. This could be estimated by
first weighing the same or similar clothing to that which will be
worn during measurement and subtracting this from the
measured scale mass. Generally the mass in minimal clothing
was sufficient accuracy. Check that scale is reading zero. The
subject stands on the centre of the scales without support and
with the weight distributed evenly on both feet.
Scoring: Record the number showed in the machine as weight of
the player in kilograms.
Methodology 64
Body height
Purpose: To measure the standing height of the players.
Equipment required: Stadiometer.
Procedure: The subjects stand erect position on the floor board of
the stadiometer with his or her back to the vertical backboard of
the stadiometer. The weight of the participant is evenly
distributed on both feet. The heels of the feet are placed together
with both heels touching the base of the vertical board. Place the
feet pointed slightly outward at a 60 degree angle. The buttocks,
scapulae, and head are positioned in contact with the vertical
backboard. The arms hang freely by the sides of the trunk with
palms facing the thighs. The subject is asked to inhale deeply and
to stand fully erect without altering the position of the heels. The
subject’s head is maintained in the Frankfort plane, the measurer
applied a gentle upward lift through the mastoid processes. The
recorder placed the head board firmly down the vertex, crushing
the hair as much as possible. The recorder further assisted by
watching that the feet did not come off the floor and that the
position of the head is maintained in the Frankfort plane.
Measurement is taken at the end of a deep inward breath (Michael,
et al., 2006).
Scoring: Standing height measurement of the subjects was
recorded in centimeters.
Methodology 65
Arm length
Purpose: To measure the arm length of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the arms hanging by the sides. The right forearm should be
pronated. This measurement represented the length of the arm.
Measurement is taken from the acromiale to the dactylion (middle
finger).
Scoring: Arm length measurement of the subject was recorded as
a score in centimeters.
Arm span
Purpose: To measure the arm span of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the arms left and out stretched. This measurement represented
the length of the arm span. The subject is standing away from the
wall, with back and buttocks touching the arms are stretched out
horizontally. Measure from the right of the dactylion to the left of
the dactylion (middle finger).
Scoring: Arm span measurement of the subject was recorded as a
score in centimeters.
Methodology 66
Leg length
Purpose: To measure the leg length of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a standing position with the feet
together and the arms hanging by the sides. This represented the
length of the leg. It is usual practice to have the subject stand on
the box during the test. One branch of the steel measuring tape is
placed at the Iliospinale and other branch is placed on top of the
box. The Lufkin Anthropometric tape should be held in the vertical
plane. The height from the Iliospinale laterale to the top of the box
is then measured (Michael, et al., 2006).
Scoring: Leg length measurement of the subject was recorded as
a score in centimeters.
Hand length
Purpose: To measure the hand length of the players.
Equipment required: Small sliding caliper.
Procedure: The subject assumed a relaxed standing position with
the left arm hanging by the side. The right elbow is partially
flexed, forearm supinated, and the fingers extended. This
represented the length of the hand. The measurement is taken as
the shortest distance from the marked midstylion line to the
dactylion. One branch of the Small sliding caliper is placed on the
marked midstylion line while the other branch is positioned on the
dactylion (Michael, et al., 2006).
Scoring: Hand length measurement of the subject was recorded
as a score in centimeters.
Methodology 67
Hand breadth
Purpose: To measure the hand breadth of the players.
Equipment required: Small sliding caliper.
Procedure: The subject assumed a relaxed sitting position with the
left arm hanging by the side. The right elbow was partially flexed,
forearm supinated, and the fingers extended. This represented the
breadth of the hand. The measurement was taken as the distance
between the metacarpophalangeal joints. The wrist was in neutral
position with the fingers fully extended. The measurement can be
taken on either side of the hand but preferably was taken across
the palm. Measurement from the edge of the hand on one side,
across the palm to the edge of the hand on the other side, at the
level of the metacarpophalangeal joints, with the finger parallel
and extended. (Michael, et al., 2006).
Scoring: Maximum breadth of the hand breadth was recorded as
a score in centimeters.
Palm length
Purpose: To measure the palm length of the players.
Equipment required: Small sliding caliper.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the left arm hanging by the side. The right elbow is partially
flexed, forearm supinated, and the fingers extended. This
represented the length of the palm. One branch of the Small
sliding caliper is placed on the marked distal flexion crease at the
wrist while the other branch is positioned on the proximal flexion
Methodology 68
crease of the middle finger. Measurement between the distal
flexion crease at the wrist and the proximal flexion crease of the
middle finger.
Scoring: Palm length measurement of the subject was recorded
as a score in centimeters.
Palm span (Hand Span)
Purpose: To measure the palm span of the players.
Equipment required: Flat surface and ruler.
Procedure: The hand is placed palm down on a flat surface. The
fingers are outstretched as far as possible. Measure the linear
distance between the outside of the thumb to the outside of the
little finger.
Scoring: Palm span measurement of the subject was recorded as
a score in centimeters.
Breadth Measurement
Humerus breadth
Purpose: To measure the humerus breadth of the players.
Equipment required: Small sliding caliper.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing or seated
position. The right arm is raised anteriorly to the horizontal and the
forearm was flexed at right angles to the arm. The distance is
measured between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the
humerus. With the small sliding caliper gripped correctly, use the
Methodology 69
middle fingers to palpate the epicondyles of the humerus, starting
proximal to the sites. The bony points first felt are the epicondyles.
Place the caliper faces on the epicondyles and maintain strong
pressure with the index fingers until the value is read. Because the
medial epicondyle is normally lower than the lateral epicondyle the
measured distance may be somewhat oblique.
Scoring: Humerus breadth measurement of the subject was
recorded as a score in centimeters.
Femur breadth
Purpose: To measure the femur breadth of the players.
Equipment required: Small sliding caliper.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed seated position with
the palms resting on the thigh. The right leg is flexed at the knee
to form a right angle with the thigh. The distance is measured
between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur. With the
subject seated and the caliper in place, use the middle fingers to
palpate the epicondyles of the femur beginning proximal to the
sites. The bony points first felt are the epicondyles. Place the
caliper faces on the epicondyles and maintain strong pressure
with the index fingers until the value is read.
Scoring: Femur breadth measurement of the subject was
recorded as a score in centimeters.
Methodology 70
Girth Measurement
Arm girth relaxed
Purpose: To measure the arm girth relaxed of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the arms hanging by the sides. The subject’s right arm is abducted
slightly to allow the tape to be passed around the arm. The girth of
the arm is measured at the marked level of the mid-acromiale-
radiale. The tape should be positioned perpendicular to the long
axis of the arm.
Scoring: Arm girth relaxed measurement of the subject was
recorded as a score in centimeters.
Arm girth flexed
Purpose: To measure the arm girth flexed of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the left arm hanging by the side. The subject’s right arm is raised
anteriorly to the horizontal with the forearm supinated and flexed
at about 45 - 90° to the arm. The flexed and tensed arm girth is
measured at the level of the peak of the contracted biceps. The
measurer stood to the side of the subject and with the tape loosely
in position. The subject is asked to partially tense the elbow flexors
to identify the probable peak of the contracted muscles. The subject
is encouraged to contract the arm muscles as strongly as possible
and hold it while the measurement is made at the peak of the
Methodology 71
Biceps. If there is no obvious peak of the Biceps this girth should
be measured at the level of the mid-acromiale-radiale landmark.
Scoring: Arm girth flexed measurement of the subject was
recorded as a score in centimeters.
Forearm girth
Purpose: To measure the forearm girth of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the left arm hanging by the side. The subject’s right arm is slightly
flexed at the shoulder and the elbow is extended. The
measurement is taken at the maximum girth of the forearm distal
to the humeral epicondyles. The subject held the palm up while
relaxing the muscles of the forearm. Using the cross-hand
technique move the tape measure up and down the forearm and
make serial measurements in order to correctly locate the level of
the maximum girth. It usually occurs just distal to the elbow.
Scoring: Forearm girth measurement of the subject was recorded
as a score in centimeters.
Chest girth
Purpose: To measure the chest girth of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the arms hanging by the sides and slightly abducted. This girth is
Methodology 72
taken at the level of the mesosternale. The anthropometrist stands
to the right of the subject who abducts the arms to the horizontal
position allowing the tape to be passed around the thorax. The
stub of the tape and the housing are then both held in the right
hand while the anthropometrist uses the left hand to adjust the level
of the tape at the back to the adjudged level of the marked
mesosternale. The anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with
the left hand and using the cross-hand technique positions the
tape in front at the level of the marked mesosternale. The subject is
instructed to lower their arms to the relaxed position with the
arms slightly abducted. The tape is then readjusted as necessary to
ensure it has not slipped and does not excessively indent the skin.
The subject should breathe normally and the measurement is taken
at the end of a normal expiration.
Scoring: Chest girth measurement of the subject was recorded as
a score in centimeters.
Waist girth
Purpose: To measure the waist girth of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the arms folded across the thorax. This girth is taken at the level of
the narrowest point between the lower costal border and the iliac
crest. The anthropometrist stands in front of the subject who
abducts the arms slightly allowing the tape to be passed around
the abdomen. The stub of the tape and the housing were then both
held in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the left
Methodology 73
hand to adjust the level of the tape at the back to the adjudged
level of the narrowest point. The anthropometrist resumes control
of the stub with the left hand and using the cross-hand technique
positions the tape in front at the target level. The subject is
instructed to lower their arms to the relaxed position. The tape was
then readjusted as necessary to ensure it has not slipped and does
not excessively indent the skin. The subject should breathe
normally and the measurement is taken at the end of a normal
expiration. If there is no obvious narrowing the measurement is
taken at the mid-point between the lower costal border and the
iliac crest.
Scoring: Waist girth measurement of the subject was recorded as
a score in centimeters.
Hip girth (Gluteal)
Purpose: To measure the hip girth of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the arms folded across the thorax. The subject’s feet should be
together and the gluteal muscles relaxed. The girth is taken at the
level of the greatest posterior protuberance of the buttocks which
usually corresponds anteriorly to about the level of the symphysis
pubis. The anthropometrist passes the tape around the hips from
the side. The stub of the tape and the housing are then both held
in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the left hand to
adjust the level of the tape at the back to the adjudged level of the
greatest posterior protuberance of the buttocks. The
Methodology 74
anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with the left hand, and
using the cross-hand technique, positions the tape in front and the
sides so that the tape is held in a horizontal plane at the target level.
The tape is then readjusted as necessary to ensure it had not
slipped and does not excessively indent the skin.
Scoring: Hip girth measurement of the subject was recorded as a
score in centimeters.
Thigh girth
Purpose: To measure the thigh girth of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the arms folded across the thorax. The subject stands with the feet
slightly apart and mass equally distributed on both feet. The girth
of the thigh is taken 1 cm below the level of the gluteal fold,
perpendicular to the long axis of the thigh. It is usually helpful to
have the subject stand on a box or stool for this measure. The
anthropometrist passes the tape between the lower thighs and
then slides the tape up to the correct plane. The stub of the tape
and the housing are both held in the right hand while the
anthropometrist uses the left hand to adjust the level of the tape to
the target level. The anthropometrist resumes control of the stub
with the left hand and using the cross-hand technique positions
the tape so that it was held in a perpendicular plane. The tape is
then readjusted as necessary to ensure it has not slipped and does
not excessively indent the skin.
Scoring: Thigh girth measurement of the subject was recorded as
a score in centimeters.
Methodology 75
Calf girth
Purpose: To measure the calf girth of the players.
Equipment required: Lufkin anthropometric tape.
Procedure: The subject assumes a relaxed standing position with
the arms hanging by the sides. The subject’s feet should be
separated with the weight evenly distributed. The maximum girth
of the calf at the marked Medial calf skinfold site. The subject
stands in an elevated position. The elevated position will make it
easier for the measure to align the eyes with the tape. The
anthropometrist passes the tape around the calf and then slides
the tape to the correct plane. The stub of the tape and the housing
are both held in the right hand while the anthropometrist uses the
left hand to adjust the level of the tape to the marked level. The
anthropometrist resumes control of the stub with the left hand and
using the cross-hand technique positions the tape so that it is
held in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the leg. The tape is
then readjusted as necessary to ensure it has not slipped and does
not excessively indent the skin.
Scoring: Calf girth measurement of the subject was recorded as a
score in centimeters.
Methodology 76
II. Physical variables
Speed (50 mts. run)
Purpose: To determine speed of the players.
Equipments & facilities required: Measuring tape, marked
track, stopwatch, cone markers, flat and clear surface of at least
70 meters.
Procedure: The test involves running a single maximum sprint
over 50 meters, with the time recorded. A thorough warm up
should be given, including some practice starts and accelerations.
Start from a stationary standing position (hands cannot touch the
ground), with one foot in front of the other. The front foot must be
behind the starting line. Once the subject is ready and
motionless, the starter gives the instructions "set" then "go” The
tester should provide hints for maximizing speed and the
participant should be encouraged not to slow down before
crossing the finish line.
Results: Two trials are allowed, and the best time is recorded to
the nearest two decimal places.
Agility (4 ×10 yard Shuttle run)
Purpose: To measure the agility of the players.
Equipments & facilities required: Stopwatch, measurement
tape, marker cones, with two lines 10 yards apart.
Procedure: A distance of ten yards is marked by two parallel
lines. The subject stands behind the starting line. On getting
starting signal “Go” he runs fast, towards the other line and
Methodology 77
touches it with one hand and runs back to the starting line. After
touching it, he repeats the shuttle run.
Scoring: The time taken by the performer to complete the course
of 4x10 yards to the nearest 1/10th of the seconds is recorded as
score in the test.
Flexibility (Sit and reach test)
Purpose: To measure the amount of trunk flexion and the ability
to stretch the back muscles.
Equipments & facilities required: Standard sit and reach box or
alternatively a ruler can be used, and a step or box.
Procedure: The subject sits on the floor, legs extended and feet
flat against a flexibility bench (box with a ruler attached). The
trunk is then flexed and the fingers extended along the scale
where they are held for a period of 3 seconds. The legs must
remain extended at the knees throughout the test. Three trials are
given after the subject has been thoroughly warmed-up. (Singh,
1991)
Scoring: The score is recorded in centimeters as either a plus if
distances beyond the feet are recorded or a minus if the subject
cannot reach his feet.
Methodology 78
Leg explosive power (Sargent vertical jump test)
Purpose: To measure the explosive power of the players.
Equipments & facilities required: Measuring tape or marked
wall, chalk for marking wall.
Procedure: The subject stands side on to a wall and reaches up
with the hand closest to the wall. Keeping the feet flat on the
ground, the point of the fingertips is marked or recorded. This is
called the standing reach height. The subject then stands away
from the wall, and leaps vertically as high as possible using both
arms and legs to assist in projecting the body upwards. The
jumping technique can or cannot use a countermovement.
Attempt to touch the wall at the highest point of the jump. The
difference in distance between the standing reach height and the
jump height is the score. The best of three attempts was recorded.
Scoring: The difference between the standing reach and jumping
reach was measured the explosive power of the legs. The score
was recorded as a distance in centimeter.
Leg explosive strength (Standing broad jump test)
Purpose: To measure the leg explosive strength of the players.
Equipments & facilities required: Measuring tape and a mat.
Space on the floor or an outdoor jumping pit.
Procedure: The subject stands behind a line marked on the
ground with feet slightly apart. A two foot take-off and landing is
used, with swinging of the arms and bending of the knees to
provide forward drive. The subject attempts to jump as far as
Methodology 79
possible, landing on both feet without falling backwards. Three
attempts are allowed.
Scoring: The score is the distance between the take-off line and
the nearest point where any part of the body touches the floor. It
is measured in meters.
Muscular endurance (Modified sit – ups)
Purpose: To measure the muscular endurance of the players.
Equipments & facilities required: Flat cushioned surface,
stopwatch, recording sheets, and pen.
Procedure: The subject lies flat on the back with knees bent and
feet on the floor with the heels no more than 1 foot from the
buttocks. The knee angle should be no less than 90 degrees. The
fingers are interlocked and placed behind the neck with the
elbows touching the floor. The feet are held securely by a partner.
The subject then curls up to a sitting position and touches the
elbows to the knees.
Scoring: One point is scored for each correct sit-up. The score is
the maximum number of sit-ups completed in 60 seconds.
III. Physiological variables
Cardiovascular endurance (20 mts – Multistage beep test)
Purpose: To measure the cardiovascular endurance of the
players.
Equipments & facilities required: Flat non-slip surface, marking
cones, 20 mts measuring tape, beep test CD, CD player and
recording sheets.
Methodology 80
Procedure: This test involves continuous running between two
lines 20 mts apart in time to recorded beeps. For this reason the
test if also often called the 'beep' or 'bleep' test. The test subjects
stand behind one of the lines facing the second line, and begin
running when instructed by the CD or tape recorder. The speed at
the start is quite slow. The subject continues running between the
two lines, turning when signaled by the recorded beeps. After
about one minute, a sound indicates an increase in speed, and
the beeps will be closer together. This continues each minute
(level). If the line is not reached in time for each beep, the subject
must run to the line turn and try to catch up with the pace within
2 more ‘beeps’. Also, if the line is reached before the beep sounds,
the subject must wait until the beep sounds. The test is stopped if
the subject fails to reach the line for two consecutive ends.
Scoring: The athlete's score is the level and number of shuttles
reached before they were unable to keep up with the recording.
Record the last level completed. This norms table below is based
on personal experience, and gives you a very rough idea of what
level score would be expected for adults, using the standard
Australian beep test version. There is a more detailed table of
norms for the beep test. This level score can be converted to a VO2
max equivalent score using this calculator.
Resting heart rate
Purpose: To measure the resting heart rate of the players.
Equipments & facilities required: Digitalized heart rate monitor,
score sheet, and stop watch.
Methodology 81
Procedure: For the sake of accuracy, in this study, the resting
heart rate was measured in the subject's hostel rooms as soon as
they woke up from their sleep in the morning. They are instructed
to remain in their beds till the investigator arrived to measure
their resting heart rate. The digitalized heart rate monitor was
used to measure the heart rate of the players. Two repetitions of
resting heart rate of subjects are conducted one by one at the
same time, and the best one of two will be considered.
Scoring: Number of beats per minute was counted.
Peak expiratory flow rate
Purpose: To measure the maximum expiratory pressure of the
players.
Equipments & facilities required: Peak flow meter and score
sheet.
Procedure: Peak flow meter gives to the subject and allowed to
stand erect at the beginning of the test. Before that the
investigator demonstrated to the subject. To ask the subject
forcefully inhaled twice before tansy the test. Care was taken by
the subject so that the air did not escape through the nose or
around the mouth piece. Ask to inhale deeply keep the peak flow
meter immediately and forcefully flow the air into the peak flow
meter caliber. Using the peak flow meter as described by the
proper method explained by peak flow meter procedures and
experts. Peak flow meter should be in Horizontal position, won’t
touch the finger on the scale and do not block the edge.
Methodology 82
Scoring: Peak flow meter shows the measurement in liters per
minutes shortly L/MIN. Recorded the score for subject and taken
the value in to the collection of the data.
Breath holding time
Purpose: To measure the breath holding time of the players.
Equipments & facilities required: Stopwatch and score sheet.
Procedure: The subject was asked to stand at ease and inhale
deeply after which he held his breath as long as possible. The
index finger of the subject served as an indicator for the
investigator to know the start and end of recording time. To
prevent exhalation or inhalation through the mouth during the
recording time the subject was asked to couple his lips tightly.
Two trials were permitted for each subject with a gap of five
minutes and the better time was recorded.
Scoring: The time of holding the breath till the subject lets the air
out was recorded to the nearest one tenth of a second using a
stop watch.
IV. Psychological variables
Competitive State Anxiety Inventory – 2 (cognitive anxiety,
somatic anxiety and self confidence)
Purpose: To assess the level of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety
and self confidence of the players.
Tools Used: Competitive state anxiety inventory prepared by
Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump and Smith (1990) was used. The
Methodology 83
CSAI-2 questionnaire was given to all the subjects before the
competition.
Procedure: The tool was used to find the level of cognitive
anxiety, somatic anxiety and self confidence. This inventory
consists of 27 statements about the subject’s feeling. The
response sheet is scored in accordance with the response
intensity key. The CSAI-2 is scored by computing a separate total
for each of the three sub scales. The scores that can be obtained
by a subject are 9 points and the maximum is 36 points. The
cognitive anxiety subscale is scored by adding the responses for
the following 9 items: 1, 4, 7,10,13,16, 19, 22 and 25. The
somatic anxiety state subscale is scored by adding the responses
to the following 9 items: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26. scoring
for the item 14 must be reversed in calculating the score for the
somatic A- state sub scale as indicated below ;
Not at all – 4
Somewhat – 3
Moderately so – 2
Very much so – 1
The state self confidence subscale is scored by adding the
following items: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 27.
For all the questions except – 14
Not at all – 1
Somewhat – 2
Moderately so – 3
Very much so – 4
Methodology 84
There is no right or wrong answers. The subjects are not
allowed to spend too much time on any statement. The subjects
are asked to choose the word that described how best they
usually feel when participating in sports and games. A copy of the
questionnaire is given in the appendix – I.
Sports achievement motivation
Purpose: To assess the level of sports achievement motivation of
the players.
Tools Used: Sports achievement motivation questionnaire
prepared by Kamlesh (1983) was used. The Sports achievement
motivation (SAMT) questionnaire is given to all the subjects before
the competition.
Procedure: The standard psychological tool was used to find the
level of Sports achievement motivation of the players. This test
consists of 20 partly completed sentences. Each partly completed
sentence has two answers, which are equally good to make the
incomplete sentences meaningful and complete. Among the two
answers the most appropriate one is the correct response. The
respondents must make a tick mark (√) on any one of the two
answers that fits to them best. The inventory was revalidated by
the investigator by administering it on inter-college men Handball
players. Hence the inventory in its original form is used in this
investigation. A copy of questionnaire is given in appendix – III.
Scoring: The inventory is scored with the help of a scoring key.
Among them, for question 1, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18
and 20 the expected answer is ‘a’. For the question 2, 5, 6, 7, 8,
Methodology 85
14, and 19 the expected answer ‘b’. For correct statement two
marks and for incorrect statement zero marks are awarded. The
obtained score for each partly completed sentence is added and it
is considered as individual score. The range of score is 0 to 40.
The larger the score the higher the achievement motivation of the
subject.
V. Overall playing ability
The criterion measure of overall playing ability was
measured by a panel of experts consisting three persons. They
were outstanding players at state level yester years in the game of
Handball and have been serving as renowned & qualified coaches
for about a decade. The experts were asked to make a subjective
assessment of the overall playing ability of the players using the
100 point scale which consist of 10 factors. The average rating of
the three experts on the overall playing ability was considered as
the score of subjects. To see the degree of agreement between the
three qualified coaches, rank order correlation was used in this
study. The results revealed high correlation, which means that
there was a close agreement in rating between the coaches. The
guidelines for rating was provided by the investigator, which is in
appendix – I.
Statistical analysis
Mean and Standard deviations were calculated for each of
the selected variables. The inter-relationship among the selected
anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables
and Handball playing ability, were computed by using Pearson’
Methodology 86
product-moment correlation coefficients. The computation of
multiple regression was also used. In multiple regressions, a
criterion variable from a set of predictors was predicted. Step wise
argument methods of multiple regression was used in this study
to find out the predictor variable that has the highest correlation
with the criterion variables were entered in the equation
depending on the contribution of each predictor. The SPSS 15
version package was used to determine the predictive equation.
The prediction formula resulting from multiple regression
was basically an extension of the two variables model, Y = a + bx.
In this research study there were thirty three predictor variables
and hence the following statistical regression equation was used.
The step wise multiple regression method was used for the
selection of variables.
Y’ = a + b1x1 + b2x2 + ……….. bnxn
Where Y’ = Y Predictor
a = Constant
b1, b2 = Beta weights for predictor variables
X1, X2 = predictor variables
CHAPTER – IV
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
CHAPTER – IV
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY
Over view
The purpose of the study was to predict the Handball
playing ability from the selected Anthropometrical, Physical,
Physiological, and Psychological variables among College level
Players. To achieve this purpose three hundred and four male
inter - collegiate Handball players were randomly selected from
various colleges in Tamilnadu state, India and their age ranged
between 17 and 25 years. The subjects had past playing
experience of at least three years in Handball and only those who
represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects.
In this study, the Handball playing ability was predicted
from the following Anthropometrical, Physical, Physiological and
Psychological predictor variables such as body weight; length
measurements – height, arm length, arm span, leg length, hand
length, hand breadth, palm length, palm span; breadth
measurements – humerus breadth and femur breadth; girth
measurements – arm girth relaxed, arm girth flexed, forearm
girth, chest girth, waist girth, hip girth, thigh girth, calf girth and
other factors such as speed, agility, flexibility, leg explosive power,
leg explosive strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular
endurance, resting heart rate, peak expiratory flow rate, breath
holding time, somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety, self confidence
and sports achievement motivation. The playing ability which was
taken as the performance factor was subjectively assessed by
three qualified Handball coaches.
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 88
The present study consists of one dependent variable,
namely playing ability of Handball players, and thirty three
independent variables as given above. The collected data was
subjected to statistical analysis as explained below.
Mean and Standard deviations were calculated for each of
the selected variables. The inter-relationship among the selected
anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables
and Handball playing ability, were computed by using Pearson’
product-moment correlation coefficients. The computation of
multiple regressions was also used. In multiple regressions, a
criterion variable from a set of predictors was predicted. Step-
wise argument methods of multiple regression was used to find
out the predictor variable that has the highest correlation with the
criterion variables were entered in the equation depending on the
contribution of each predictor.
Test of significance
This is the crucial portion of the thesis, that of arriving at
the conclusion by examining the hypothesis. The procedure of
testing the hypothesis in accordance with the results obtained in
relation to the level of confidence. The test was usually called the
test of significance since we test whether the relationship between
criterion and predictor variable score were significant or not.
Level of significance
The level of significance was fixed at 0.05 level of confidence
which was considered to be appropriate in view of the fact that
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 89
very highly a sophisticated equipment were not used for more
stringent levels of significance.
Analysis of data
The descriptive statistics on selected anthropometrical,
physical, physiological, psychological variables and playing ability
of the subjects were presented in the following table.
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 90
TABLE - III
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS OF SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND
PLAYING ABILITY AMONG HANDBALL PLAYERS
S. No Variables Range Minimum Maximum
Mean (N=304)
Std. Deviation
(SD ±) 1 Body weight (kg) 34.00 50.00 84.00 62.40 7.57 2 Standing height (cm) 26.00 158.00 184.00 171.23 5.11 3 Arm length (cm) 17.00 70.00 87.00 79.59 3.64 4 Arm span (cm) 36.50 156.00 192.50 177.74 7.08 5 Leg length (cm) 32.00 88.00 120.00 100.13 4.82 6 Hand length (cm) 4.10 17.00 21.10 18.99 1.01 7 Hand breadth (cm) 2.10 7.70 9.80 8.51 0.43 8 Palm length (cm) 2.70 9.40 12.10 10.81 0.60 9 Palm span (cm) 6.50 19.00 25.50 22.23 1.35 10 Humerus breadth (cm) 2.00 5.70 7.70 6.56 0.40 11 Femur breadth (cm) 2.30 7.90 10.20 9.03 0.57 12 Arm girth relaxed (cm) 9.50 21.50 31.00 25.12 2.26 13 Arm girth flexed (cm) 11.50 24.00 35.50 28.53 2.59 14 Forearm girth (cm) 7.50 21.50 29.00 24.43 1.47 15 Chest girth (cm) 23.00 76.00 99.00 84.72 4.86 16 Waist girth (cm) 33.00 60.00 93.00 72.10 8.25 17 Hip girth (cm) 27.50 75.50 103.00 86.60 5.58 18 Thigh girth (cm) 42.00 40.00 82.00 48.72 5.29 19 Calf girth (cm) 9.50 30.00 39.50 33.39 2.13 20 Speed (seconds) 2.47 6.00 8.47 7.267 0.56 21 Agility (seconds) 3.11 9.03 12.14 10.60 0.69 22 Flexibility (cm) 31.50 12.00 43.50 27.65 7.56 23 Leg explosive power (cm) 33.00 27.00 60.00 45.95 6.57
24 Leg explosive strength (meter)
0.85 1.65 2.50 2.10 0.22
25 Muscular endurance (counts) 37.00 21.00 58.00 41.49 9.99
26 Cardiovascular endurance (mls/kg/min) 32.64 25.91 58.55 44.36 7.22
27 Resting heart rate (beats per minute)
44.00 45.00 89.00 65.47 9.73
28 Peak expiratory flow rate (litres per minute)
220.00 260.00 480.00 386.33 55.00
29 Breath holding time (seconds) 102.00 11.00 113.00 42.60 22.43
30 Somatic anxiety (scores) 21.00 7.00 28.00 15.42 4.16 31 Cognitive anxiety (scores) 14.00 16.00 30.00 22.60 2.98 32 Self confidence (scores) 19.00 19.00 38.00 29.30 4.49
33 Sports achievement motivation (scores) 20.00 18.00 38.00 25.74 4.48
34 Playing ability (scores) 27.00 60.00 87.00 70.51 6.19
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 91
Table – III showed the descriptive statistics – Range,
Minimum, Maximum, Mean and Standard deviation of
anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological
characteristics and playing ability of Handball Players.
The Inter-relationship between selected anthropometrical,
physical, physiological, psychological characteristics and playing
ability of Handball Players was computed using Pearson product
moment correlation and results were presented in the Table – IV.
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 92
TABLE - IV INTER-CORRELATION OF SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRICAL, PHYSICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL,
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PLAYING ABILITY OF INTER - COLLEGIATE HANDBALL PLAYERS
S. No C.R X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13 X14 X15 X16 X17 X18 X19 X20 X21 X22 X23 X24 X25 X26 X27 X28 X29 X30 X31 X32 X1 .437 1 X2 .600 .634 1 X3 .662 .531 .784 1 X4 .746 .543 .755 .927 1 X5 .523 .340 .742 .723 .700 1 X6 .588 .507 .642 .825 .755 .632 1 X7 .261 .599 .394 .404 .355 .250 .452 1 X8 .574 .438 .460 .691 .653 .524 .773 .364 1 X9 .556 .510 .543 .522 .550 .430 .559 .343 .406 1 X10 .471 .613 .521 .516 .484 .410 .491 .606 .348 .557 1 X11 .272 .317 .165 .206 .214 .249 .215 .301 .156 .313 .488 1 X12 .116 .738 .268 .086 .087 .090 .112 .545 .156 .295 .508 .189 1 X13 .193 .744 .284 .174 .162 .062 .227 .587 .255 .386 .568 .310 .910 1 X14 .260 .779 .376 .259 .215 .081 .301 .599 .319 .474 .602 .321 .805 .810 1 X15 .267 .753 .419 .340 .317 .223 .350 .483 .286 .345 .488 .178 .722 .736 .696 1 X16 .414 .560 .347 .408 .491 .442 .473 .410 .498 .367 .564 .189 .490 .539 .407 .612 1 X17 .248 .818 .385 .278 .305 .273 .367 .620 .298 .422 .631 .500 .733 .765 .686 .763 .662 1 X18 .013 .473 .082 .002 .013 .010 .013 .257 .170 .029 .251 .240 .563 .561 .547 .565 .413 .563 1 X19 .197 .620 .379 .295 .236 .238 .254 .441 .284 .211 .379 .384 .489 .521 .579 .553 .347 .581 .414 1 X20 .579 .185 .333 .435 .492 .386 .372 .131 .351 .226 .177 .198 .074 .040 .007 .005 .273 .029 .157 .029 1 X21 .375 .311 .274 .215 .247 .078 .234 .070 .251 .233 .137 .101 .167 .151 .247 .116 .077 .071 .050 .070 .527 1 X22 .075 .153 .023 .010 .008 .016 .114 .092 .079 .049 .160 .076 .166 .185 .135 .049 .075 .103 .079 .022 .002 .146 1 X23 .474 .198 .356 .344 .423 .309 .328 .035 .355 .325 .157 .068 .020 .013 .064 .021 .220 .014 .106 .152 .626 .526 .134 1 X24 .422 .122 .218 .257 .319 .225 .267 .035 .240 .226 .165 .239 .040 .041 .035 .054 .208 .065 .019 .093 .483 .327 .160 .459 1 X25 .234 .194 .118 .117 .162 .188 .123 .152 .209 .152 .182 .358 .120 .124 .221 .109 .213 .158 .163 .194 .443 .314 .060 .391 .006 1 X26 .447 .104 .237 .275 .323 .260 .253 .108 .289 .132 .210 .209 .043 .092 .080 .053 .325 .092 .012 .069 .401 .161 .034 .386 .306 .237 1 X27 .111 .185 .047 .071 .004 .085 .070 .015 .063 .038 .017 .037 .198 .147 .113 .040 .021 .137 .180 .069 .173 .041 .290 .139 .031 .007 .361 1 X28 .244 .038 .066 .043 .136 .056 .031 .056 .021 .091 .005 .033 .017 .035 .058 .148 .092 .028 .032 .181 .259 .183 .214 .459 .381 .035 .153 .057 1 X29 .177 .104 .134 .001 .067 .036 .006 .113 .049 .168 .092 .105 .104 .001 .090 .067 .091 .035 .072 .112 .144 .299 .404 .294 .201 .097 .082 .243 .247 1 X30 .152 .045 .075 .100 .048 .045 .078 .040 .106 .020 .005 .273 .015 .002 .081 .000 .024 .200 .124 .009 .077 .029 .050 .099 .224 .115 .146 .046 .074 .055 1 X31 .005 .031 .158 .092 .053 .148 .010 .026 .065 .035 .064 .058 .003 .012 .039 .044 .032 .026 .082 .050 .120 .092 .009 .037 .122 .056 .125 .358 .243 .018 .246 1 X32 .388 .115 .222 .280 .361 .256 .302 .032 .308 .327 .074 .019 .074 .049 .042 .050 .059 .040 .121 .019 .329 .249 .108 .235 .181 .079 .118 .126 .046 .263 .009 .016 1 X33 .465 .275 .336 .420 .475 .361 .348 .167 .473 .169 .206 .217 .065 .110 .065 .189 .421 .199 .112 .221 .380 .287 .114 .323 .242 .291 .375 .230 .119 .007 .046 .002 .239
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 93
C.R Playing ability X12 Arm girth relaxed X24 Leg explosive strength X1 Body weight X13 Arm girth flexed X25 Muscular endurance
X2 Standing height X14 Forearm girth X26
Cardiovascular endurance
X3 Arm length X15 Chest girth X27 Resting heart rate
X4 Arm span X16 Waist girth X28 Peak expiratory flow rate
X5 Leg length X17 Hip girth X29 Breadth holding time X6 Hand length X18 Thigh girth X30 Somatic anxiety X7 Hand breadth X19 Calf girth X31 Cognitive anxiety X8 Palm length X20 Speed X32 Self confidence
X9 Palm breadth X21 Agility X33 Sports achievement motivation
X10 Humerus breadth X22 Flexibility
X11 Femur breadth X23 Leg explosive power
It was evident from the Table – IV that there exist
relationship between Handball playing ability (CR) and weight
(X1), Standing height (X2), Arm length (X3), Arm span (X4), Leg
length (X5), Hand length (X6), Hand breadth (X7), Palm length (X8),
Palm breadth (X9), Humerus breadth(X10), Femur breadth (X11),
Arm girth relaxed (X12), Arm girth flexed (X13), Forearm girth (X14),
Chest girth (X15), Waist girth (X16), Hip girth (X17), Thigh girth
(X18), Calf girth (X19), Speed (X20), Agility (X21), Flexibility (X22), Leg
explosive power (X23), Leg explosive strength (X24), Muscular
endurance (X25), Cardiovascular endurance (X26), Resting Heart
Rate (X27), Peak expiratory flow rate (X28), Breath holding time
(X29), Somatic anxiety (X30), Cognitive anxiety (X31), Self confidence
(X32) and Sports achievement motivation (X33) in each variables
separately.
The result proved that the selected anthropometrical
variables weight (r = 0.44), Standing height (r = 0.60), Arm length
(r = 0.66), Arm span (r = 0.75), Leg length (r = 0.52), Hand length
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 94
(r = 59), Hand breadth (r = 0.26), Palm length (r = 0.57), Palm
breadth (r = 0.56) and Humerus breadth(r = 0.47), Femur breadth
(r = 0.27), Arm girth relaxed (r = 0.12), Arm girth flexed (r = 0.19),
Forearm girth (r = 0.26), Chest girth (0.27), Waist girth (r = 0.41),
Hip girth (r = 0.25), and Calf girth (r = 0.20) were significantly
correlated with the Handball playing ability the required table ‘r’
value of was 0.113 found at 0.05 level of confidence.
The result proved that the selected physical variables Speed
(r = 0.58), Agility (r = 0.38), Leg explosive power (r = 0.47), Leg
explosive strength (0.42) and Muscular endurance (r = 0.23) were
significantly correlated with the Handball playing ability were
significantly correlated with the Handball playing ability the
required table ‘r’ value of was 0.113 found at 0.05 level of
confidence.
The result proved that the selected physiological variables
Cardiovascular endurance (r = 0.45), Peak expiratory flow rate
(r = 0.24) and Breath holding time (r = 0.17) were significantly
correlated with the Handball playing ability the required table ‘r’
value of was 0.113 found at 0.05 level of confidence.
The result proved that the selected psychological variables
Somatic anxiety (r = 0.15), Self confidence (r = 0.39) and Sports
achievement motivation (r = 0.46) were significantly correlated
with the Handball playing ability were significantly correlated with
the Handball playing ability the required table ‘r’ value of was
0.113 found at 0.05 level of confidence.
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 95
Table – V
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE INFLUENCE OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ON PLAYING ABILITY OF HANDBALL PLAYERS
Model Sum of Squares
df Mean
Square F Sig.
Regression 6474.132 1 6474.132 Residual 5145.816 302 17.039 1 Total 11619.947 303
379.957* .000(a)
Regression 7160.355 2 3580.178 Residual 4459.592 301 14.816 2 Total 11619.947 303
241.644* .000(b)
Regression 7575.686 3 2525.229 Residual 4044.261 300 13.481 3 Total 11619.947 303
187.319* .000(c)
Regression 7877.198 4 1969.300 Residual 3742.749 299 12.518 4 Total 11619.947 303
157.323* .000(d)
Regression 8064.132 5 1612.826 Residual 3555.815 298 11.932 5 Total 11619.947 303
135.165* .000(e)
Regression 8156.888 6 1359.481 Residual 3463.059 297 11.660 6 Total 11619.947 303
116.592* .000(f)
Regression 8232.352 7 1176.050 Residual 3387.596 296 11.445 7 Total 11619.947 303
102.760* .000(g)
Regression 8284.302 8 1035.538 Residual 3335.645 295 11.307 8 Total 11619.947 303
91.582* .000(h)
Regression 8410.069 9 934.452 Residual 3209.878 294 10.918 9 Total 11619.947 303
85.589* .000(i)
Regression 8596.819 10 859.682 Residual 3023.129 293 10.318 10 Total 11619.947 303
83.320* .000(j)
Regression 8794.764 11 799.524 Residual 2825.183 292 9.675 11 Total 11619.947 303
82.636* .000(k)
Regression 8897.452 12 741.454 Residual 2722.495 291 9.356 12 Total 11619.947 303
79.252* .000(l)
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 96
Regression 9008.199 13 692.938 Residual 2611.748 290 9.006 13 Total 11619.947 303
76.942* .000(m)
Regression 9112.888 14 650.921 Residual 2507.060 289 8.675 14 Total 11619.947 303
75.035* .000(n)
Regression 9166.772 15 611.118 Residual 2453.175 288 8.518 15 Total 11619.947 303
71.745* .000(o)
Regression 9200.104 16 575.006 Residual 2419.844 287 8.432 16 Total 11619.947 303
68.197* .000(p)
*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence
It was clear from the table – V that the obtained F value
379.957, 241.644, 187.319, 157.323, 135.165, 116.592, 102.760,
91.582, 85.589, 83.320, 82.636, 79.252, 76.942, 75.035, 71.745
and 68.197 respectively are significant at 0.05 level. It reveals
that all the independent variables are collectively influenced on
the playing ability of Handball players.
As the F ratio was significant multiple regressions was
computed. Multiple regression equation was computed only
because the multiple correlations were sufficiently high to warrant
prediction from it. Then, the correlation identified the
independent variables to be included and their order in the
regression equation. Multiple correlations were computed by
step-wise argument method and the results were presented in
Table – VI.
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 97
Table – VI
STEP-WISE MULTIPLE REGRESSION BETWEEN PLAYING ABILITY AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES OF HANDBALL PLAYERS
Model Variables R R
Square Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate 1 Arm span .746(a) .557 .556 4.12785 2 Speed .785(b) .616 .614 3.84915 3 Palm span .807(c) .652 .648 3.67163
4 Cardiovascular endurance
.823(d) .678 .674 3.53802
5 Somatic anxiety .833(e) .694 .689 3.45431 6 Palm length .838(f) .702 .696 3.41469
7 Peak expiratory flow rate
.842(g) .708 .702 3.38298
8 Humerus breadth .844(h) .713 .705 3.36263 9 Hip girth .851(i) .724 .715 3.30423 10 Chest girth .860(j) .740 .731 3.21214 11 Arm length .870(k) .757 .748 3.11051 12 Waist girth .875(l) .766 .756 3.05870
13 Leg explosive power .880(m) .775 .765 3.00100
14 Standing height .886(n) .784 .774 2.94533
15 Sports achievement motivation
.888(o) .789 .778 2.91856
16 Hand breadth .890(p) .792 .780 2.90371
From Table – VI, it was found that the multiple correlations
co-efficient for predictors, such as arm span, speed, palm span,
cardiovascular endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak
expiratory flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm
length, waist girth, leg explosive power, standing height, sports
achievement motivation and hand breadth was 0.890 which
produce highest multiple correlations with Handball playing
ability. ‘R’ square values show that the percentage of contribution
of predictors to the Handball playing ability (Dependent variables)
is in the following order.
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 98
1. About 75% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with one predictor
arm span.
2. About 79% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with two predictors,
arm span and speed. An additional 4% of the variance in the
Handball playing ability was contributed by speed.
3. About 81% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with three predictors,
arm span, speed and palm span. An additional 2% of the
variance in the Handball playing ability was contributed by
palm span.
4. About 82% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with four predictors,
arm span, speed, palm span and cardiovascular endurance.
An additional 1% of the variance in the Handball playing
ability was contributed by cardiovascular endurance.
5. About 83% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with five predictors,
arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular endurance and
somatic anxiety. An additional 1% of the variance in the
Handball playing ability was contributed by somatic anxiety.
6. About 84% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with six predictors,
arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular endurance,
somatic anxiety and palm length. An additional 1% of the
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 99
variance in the Handball playing ability was contributed by
palm length.
7. About 84% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with seven
predictors, arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular
endurance , somatic anxiety, palm length and peak
expiratory flow rate. Peak expiratory flow rate subsequently
added significantly to the prediction of the playing ability in
Handball players.
8. About 84% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with eight predictors,
arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular endurance,
somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory flow rate and
humerus breadth. Humerus breadth subsequently added
significantly to the prediction of the playing ability in
Handball players.
9. About 85% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with nine predictors,
arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular endurance,
somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory flow rate,
humerus breadth and hip girth. An additional 1% of the
variance in the Handball playing ability was contributed by
hip girth.
10. About 86% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with ten predictors,
arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular endurance,
somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory flow rate,
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 100
humerus breadth, hip girth and chest girth. An additional
1% of the variance in the Handball playing ability was
contributed by chest girth.
11. About 87% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with eleven
predictors, arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular
endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory
flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth and arm
length. An additional 1% of the variance in the Handball
playing ability was contributed by arm length.
12. About 88% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with twelfth
predictors, arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular
endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory
flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm
length and waist girth. An additional 1% of the variance in
the Handball playing ability was contributed by waist girth.
13. About 88% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with thirteen
predictors, arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular
endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory
flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm
length, waist girth and leg explosive power. Leg explosive
power subsequently added significantly to the prediction of
the playing ability in Handball players.
14. About 89% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with fourteen
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 101
predictors, arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular
endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory
flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm
length, waist girth, leg explosive power and standing height.
An additional 1% of the variance in the Handball playing
ability was contributed by standing height.
15. About 89% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with fifteen
predictors, arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular
endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory
flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm
length, waist girth, leg explosive power, standing height and
sports achievement motivation. Sports achievement
motivation subsequently added significantly to the
prediction of the playing ability in Handball players.
16. About 89% of the variation in the Handball playing ability
was explained by the regression model with sixteen
predictors, arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular
endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory
flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm
length, waist girth, leg explosive power, standing height,
sports achievement motivation and hand breadth. Hand
breadth subsequently added significantly to the prediction
of the playing ability in Handball players.
Multiple regression equation was computed and the results
were presented in Table – VII.
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 102
TABLE – VII
REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF PREDICTION EQUATION OF HANDBALL PLAYERS
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized Coefficients
Model
B Std. Error
Beta
Sig. Partial
Correlations Collinearity Statistics
Constant -45.552 5.959 .000 Step1 Arm span .653 .034 .746 .000 .746 1.000
Constant -1.702 8.508 .842 Arm span .533 .036 .609 .000 .650 .758
Step 2
Speed -3.097 .455 -.279 .000 -.365 .758 Constant -3.274 8.121 .687 Arm span .418 .040 .478 .000 .517 .555 Speed -3.246 .435 -.293 .000 -.396 .755
Step 3
Palm span 1.038 .187 .227 .000 .305 .695 Constant -10.079 7.947 .206 Arm span .388 .039 .443 .000 .498 .541 Speed -2.621 .438 -.236 .000 -.327 .691 Palm span 1.075 .180 .235 .000 .326 .694
Step 4
Cardiovascular endurance
.153 .031 .178 .000 .273 .817
Constant -9.918 7.759 .202 Arm span .409 .038 .468 .000 .525 .531 Speed -2.496 .429 -.225 .000 -.320 .688 Palm span 1.026 .176 .224 .000 .319 .690 Cardiovascular endurance
.135 .031 .157 .000 .246 .799
Step 5
Somatic anxiety -.193 .049 -.130 .000 -.223 .959 Constant -11.373 7.688 .140 Arm span .351 .043 .401 .000 .425 .409 Speed -2.463 .424 -.222 .000 -.319 .687 Palm span .981 .175 .214 .000 .309 .684 Cardiovascular endurance .124 .031 .145 .000 .230 .787
Somatic anxiety -.210 .049 -.141 .000 -.244 .943
Step 6
Palm length 1.236 .438 .120 .005 .162 .554 Constant -16.530 7.876 .037 Arm span .346 .043 .395 .000 .424 .408 Speed -2.243 .429 -.202 .000 -.291 .660 Palm span .962 .174 .210 .000 .306 .683 Cardiovascular endurance
.120 .030 .139 .000 .223 .784
Somatic anxiety -.206 .048 -.138 .000 -.242 .942 Palm length 1.356 .437 .132 .002 .178 .547
Step 7
Peak expiratory flow rate
.009 .004 .084 .011 .148 .916
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 103
Constant -17.496 7.842 .026
Arm span .327 .044 .374 .000 .400 .391
Speed -2.308 .427 -.208 .000 -.300 .656
Palm span .799 .189 .175 .000 .239 .572
Cardiovascular endurance
.111 .030 .130 .000 .209 .772
Somatic anxiety -.207 .048 -.139 .000 -.244 .942
Palm length 1.356 .434 .132 .002 .179 .547
Peak expiratory flow rate
.010 .004 .091 .006 .159 .908
Step8
Humerus breadth
1.305 .609 .084 .033 .124 .628
Constant -15.519 7.728 .046
Arm span .321 .043 .367 .000 .400 .390
Speed -2.108 .424 -.190 .000 -.278 .644
Palm span .854 .186 .187 .000 .259 .568
Cardiovascular endurance .104 .030 .121 .001 .198 .768
Somatic anxiety -.257 .049 -.173 .000 -.291 .856
Palm length 1.620 .434 .157 .000 .213 .530
Peak expiratory flow rate
.010 .004 .090 .006 .161 .908
Humerus breadth 2.600 .710 .168 .000 .209 .446
Step 9
Hip girth -.160 .047 -.144 .001 -.194 .521
Constant -18.902 7.554 .013
Arm span .292 .042 .334 .000 .374 .380
Speed -2.206 .413 -.199 .000 -.298 .642
Palm span .856 .181 .187 .000 .267 .568
Cardiovascular endurance
.102 .029 .119 .001 .201 .768
Somatic anxiety -.302 .049 -.203 .000 -.339 .816
Palm length 1.680 .422 .163 .000 .227 .529
Peak expiratory flow rate
.013 .004 .116 .000 .208 .874
Humerus breadth
2.851 .692 .184 .000 .234 .443
Hip girth -.345 .063 -.311 .000 -.304 .274
Step 10
Chest girth .266 .063 .209 .000 .241 .368
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 104
Constant -23.403 7.383 .002
Arm span .574 .075 .656 .000 .411 .114
Speed -2.189 .400 -.197 .000 -.305 .641
Palm span .821 .175 .179 .000 .264 .567
Cardiovascular endurance
.088 .028 .103 .002 .178 .759
Somatic anxiety -.304 .048 -.205 .000 -.351 .816
Palm length 2.341 .434 .227 .000 .301 .469
Peak expiratory flow rate
.011 .004 .096 .002 .177 .856
Humerus breadth
3.829 .705 .248 .000 .303 .401
Hip girth -.427 .064 -.385 .000 -.365 .252
Chest girth .320 .062 .251 .000 .290 .355
Step 11
Arm length -.684 .151 -.402 .000 -.256 .105
Constant -32.270 7.737 .000
Arm span .662 .078 .757 .000 .445 .101
Speed -2.350 .396 -.212 .000 -.328 .632
Palm span .734 .174 .160 .000 .240 .554
Cardiovascular endurance
.107 .028 .124 .000 .214 .729
Somatic anxiety -.276 .047 -.186 .000 -.323 .790
Palm length 2.839 .452 .276 .000 .345 .417
Peak expiratory flow rate
.012 .003 .106 .001 .198 .848
Humerus breadth
4.407 .714 .285 .000 .340 .378
Hip girth -.376 .065 -.339 .000 -.323 .238
Chest girth .381 .063 .299 .000 .332 .324
Arm length -.874 .159 -.513 .000 -.306 .092
Step 12
Waist girth -.125 .038 -.167 .001 -.191 .316
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 105
Constant -25.294 7.848 .001
Arm span .689 .077 .788 .000 .466 .100
Speed -3.040 .436 -.274 .000 -.379 .503
Palm span .858 .175 .188 .000 .277 .532
Cardiovascular endurance
.121 .028 .141 .000 .244 .713
Somatic anxiety -.290 .047 -.195 .000 -.343 .785
Palm length 3.163 .453 .307 .000 .379 .400
Peak expiratory flow rate
.017 .004 .152 .000 .261 .716
Humerus breadth 4.516 .702 .292 .000 .354 .377
Hip girth -.407 .064 -.367 .000 -.350 .233
Chest girth .400 .062 .314 .000 .352 .322
Arm length -.946 .158 -.556 .000 -.332 .090
Waist girth -.134 .037 -.179 .000 -.207 .315
Step 13
Leg explosive power
-4.096 1.168 -.148 .001 -.202 .435
Constant -36.993 8.406 .000
Arm span .662 .076 .756 .000 .456 .099
Speed -3.136 .428 -.283 .000 -.395 .501
Palm span .798 .172 .174 .000 .263 .526
Cardiovascular endurance
.112 .028 .131 .000 .231 .707
Somatic anxiety -.317 .047 -.213 .000 -.372 .764
Palm length 3.517 .456 .342 .000 .413 .380
Peak expiratory flow rate
.017 .004 .154 .000 .270 .716
Humerus breadth 4.447 .689 .287 .000 .355 .376
Hip girth -.452 .064 -.407 .000 -.383 .224
Chest girth .371 .062 .292 .000 .333 .317
Arm length -1.133 .164 -.666 .000 -.377 .081
Waist girth -.106 .037 -.142 .005 -.165 .300
Leg explosive power
-4.977 1.174 -.180 .000 -.242 .415
Step 14
Standing height .216 .062 .178 .001 .200 .284
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 106
Constant -34.863 8.373 .000
Arm span .636 .076 .727 .000 .443 .097
Speed -3.037 .426 -.274 .000 -.387 .497
Palm span .855 .172 .187 .000 .281 .517
Cardiovascular endurance
.100 .028 .117 .000 .207 .687
Somatic anxiety -.324 .046 -.218 .000 -.382 .761
Palm length 3.310 .460 .322 .000 .391 .368
Peak expiratory flow rate
.017 .004 .154 .000 .272 .716
Humerus breadth
4.559 .684 .295 .000 .366 .375
Hip girth -.457 .064 -.412 .000 -.390 .224
Chest girth .374 .061 .293 .000 .338 .317
Arm length -1.106 .163 -.650 .000 -.372 .080
Waist girth -.117 .037 -.156 .002 -.182 .296
Leg explosive power
-5.045 1.164 -.182 .000 -.247 .415
Standing height .208 .062 .171 .001 .195 .284
Step 15
Sports achievement motivation
.119 .047 .086 .012 .147 .628
Constant -30.884 8.567 .000
Arm span .631 .076 .721 .000 .442 .097
Speed -3.203 .432 -.289 .000 -.401 .478
Palm span .834 .172 .182 .000 .276 .515
Cardiovascular endurance
.103 .028 .121 .000 .214 .685
Somatic anxiety -.309 .047 -.207 .000 -.365 .741
Palm length 3.472 .464 .337 .000 .404 .356
Peak expiratory flow rate
.018 .004 .158 .000 .281 .712
Humerus breadth
4.967 .711 .321 .000 .381 .344
Hip girth -.408 .068 -.368 .000 -.335 .194
Chest girth .374 .061 .293 .000 .340 .317
Arm length -1.089 .162 -.640 .000 -.368 .080
Waist girth -.132 .038 -.176 .001 -.201 .285
Leg explosive power
-5.585 1.189 -.202 .000 -.267 .393
Standing height .207 .061 .171 .001 .196 .284
Sports achievement motivation
.115 .047 .083 .015 .143 .627
Step 16
Hand breadth -1.148 .577 -.080 .048 -.117 .446
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 107
From the Table – VII, the following regression equations
were derived for playing ability of Handball players.
Regression Equation in obtained scores form = CR
Playing Ability (CR) = -45.552 +0.631(X4) -3.203(X20)
+0.834(X9) +0.103(X26) -0.309(X30) +3.472(X8) +0.018(X28)+
4.967 (X10) -0.408(X17) +0.374(X15) -1.089(X3) -0.132(X16) -
5.585(X23) +0.207(X2) +0.115(X33) -1.148(X7).
C.R Playing ability X12 Arm girth relaxed X24
Leg explosive strength
X1 Body weight X13 Arm girth flexed X25 Muscular endurance
X2 Standing height X14 Forearm girth X26 Cardiovascular endurance
X3 Arm length X15 Chest girth X27 Resting heart rate
X4 Arm span X16 Waist girth X28 Peak expiratory flow rate
X5 Leg length X17 Hip girth X29 Breadth holding time
X6 Hand length X18 Thigh girth X30 Somatic anxiety
X7 Hand breadth X19 Calf girth X31 Cognitive anxiety
X8 Palm length X20 Speed X32 Self confidence
X9 Palm span X21 Agility X33 Sports achievement motivation
X10 Humerus breadth X22 Flexibility
X11 Femur breadth X23 Leg explosive power
The regression equation for the Handball playing ability
includes arm span, speed, palm span, cardiovascular endurance,
somatic anxiety, palm length, peak expiratory flow rate, humerus
breadth, hip girth, chest girth, arm length, waist girth, leg
explosive power, standing height, sports achievement motivation
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 108
and hand breadth. As the multiple correlations on Handball
playing ability with the combined effect of these independent
variables are highly significant, it is apparent that the obtained
regression equation has a high predictive validity.
Discussion on findings
In this study, the anthropometrical variables namely, arm
span, arm length was found to be significantly correlated with
Handball playing ability with partial correlation values of 0.442
and 0.368 respectively. Longer length of arm is helpful for the
players to cover more area during offence as well as defense and
at the time of receiving the pass beside the opponent’s hindrance.
The present study was also supported by this context by getting a
significant relationship between the arm span, arm length and
Handball playing ability. Additionally, the arm length also seems
also to be crucial for the throwing velocity, since possibly the
larger level arm can result in higher angular velocities around the
joints of the upper limb. These findings are in accordance with the
Skoufas, et.al. (2003).
The result reveals that the height was the best predictor for
Handball playing ability with significant correlation of 0.196.
Anthropometric factors can influence the effectiveness of such
responses, as it has been observed in other sports. In this thesis,
researcher presented the results referent to the anthropometric
characteristics contributing to the overall playing ability in terms
of predictive equation. The entry of Handball in the Olympic
programme (men 1972, women 1976) was a meaningful marker in
the development of top Handball. The accent on successful
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 109
national representation can also be seen in the sequential
increase in body height of those in the groups observed. Hirata
(1979) and Khosla (1983) demonstrated that the players in medal
- winning teams were taller than the others, thus suggesting how
important is standing height to play Handball successfully.
Palm span, palm length and hand breadth was found to be
significantly correlated with Handball playing ability with partial
correlation values of 0.276, 0.404 and 0.117 respectively. Skoufas
et.al (2003) observed that wider palm span and longer palm
length influence specific motor abilities such as dribble, passing,
catching & ball throwing and contribute to maximizing throwing
velocity.
Among the breadth measurements the humerus breadth
was found to be significantly correlated with Handball playing
ability with partial correlation values of 0.381. Since it is a
variable which values the diameter of the bone and relates to the
lever at the time of making the movement of skills and throw, this
movement is important for speed throwing during the game.
Among the girth measurements hip girth, chest girth and
waist girth was found be the best predictor for Handball playing
ability with significant correlation of 0.335, 0.340 and 0.201
respectively. Beneath the skin is a layer of substance fat and the
percentage of total body fat can be measured by taking the girth
measurements. (Mcardle, 2000). The average girth measures
helps in developing strength as well as its associated factors. If
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 110
these three girth measurements were carefully recorded and
maintained the optimum performance can be obtained.
Among the physical variables studied speed and leg
explosive power was found to be the best predictor for Handball
playing ability with significant correlation of 0.401 and 0.267
respectively. Lidor, et.al (2005) observed that Sprinting velocity for
short distances is an important element of performance in team
Handball. Players are required to cover distances between 20-30
m with maximal speed from the phase of attack to the phase of
defense after a ball loss, or in order to prevent a fast break. This
finding proves the importance of sprinting speed in Handball. The
present study also indicates that a relationship exists between
playing ability and speed.
Zapartidis, et.al (2009) reported that standing long jump is a
reliable test for evaluating the ability to achieve high muscular
force very rapidly which is of great importance in team Handball.
This finding proves the importance of leg explosive power
influence in Handball game. The present study also indicates that
a relationship exists between playing ability versus leg explosive
power.
Among the physiological variables studied, cardiovascular
endurance was found to be significantly correlated with Handball
playing ability with values of 0.214. Maximal oxygen uptake
seems to be an important factor which distinguishes young
players according to their level. Depending on the level of
competition and the position in the team, Handball players
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 111
usually cover a distance between 4.5 - 6.5 km and require high
levels of aerobic capacity to aid recovery after high-intensity bouts
of activity. The player during the game should maintain the
potential of the optimal output in ball velocity and accuracy in
shooting and reported data refer that throwing effectiveness is
significantly affected by time, as aiming accuracy gradually
decreases. In this stage, it is important to develop an aerobic base
in younger players, as this helps to delay the onset of fatigue
during training as well as during competition, contributing in
simultaneous development of skills. These findings are in
accordance with the Zapartidis, et.al (2007).
Among the physiological variables, peak expiratory flow rate
was determined as predictor variables for playing ability of the
Handball players with significant correlation value of 0.281. Peak
expiratory flow rate becomes the common characteristics which
can predict the playing ability in Handball players. These findings
are in accordance with the findings of Needhiraja, (2011).
Among the psychological variables, somatic anxiety and
sports achievement motivation proved to be predictors with
correlation values of 0.365 and 0.143 respectively. It is generally
recognized that psychological factors are of crucial importance in
high level competitive sports. The relation between anxiety and
performance has been the subject of many researches. Hooper,
et.al (1999) reported that an accurate prediction of performance
changes may be possible if the changes in a range of physiological
and psychological variables are measured. Abrahamsen, et.al
(2008) examined the relationship between motivation, social
Analysis of Data and Results of the Study 112
support and performance anxiety with team Handball players
found a positive relationship between the interaction of ego
orientation and perceptions of a performance climate on
performance anxiety. Thus, the finding of this research is in
agreement with previous researches.
Discussion on hypothesis
It was hypothesised that Handball playing ability would be
predicted from selected anthropometrical characteristics, physical
fitness components, physiological parameters and psychological
factors among college level Handball players.
The findings of the results reveal that arm span, speed,
palm span, cardiovascular endurance, somatic anxiety, palm
length, peak expiratory flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth,
chest girth, arm length, waist girth, leg explosive power, standing
height, sports achievement motivation and hand breadth were
selected predictors for Handball playing ability. Hence the
researcher’s hypothesis was accepted.
CHAPTER – V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS
& RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER – V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
One of the goals of scientific research is to predict future
events or results from present or past data. There are different
types of prediction that we come across in our daily life, such as
wealth-forecast, market-forecast, share market-forecast, election
trends etcetera. These are based upon some known facts and so
they are reliable prediction.
Research in the field of sports and games had proved that
the future performance of an individual or team could be
predicted through the analysis of certain variables, which are
found to be the basis for total performance. Among many factors
the following factor such as anthropometrical, physical,
physiological, psychological and skill performance that decide the
playing ability of an individual are more important.
The purpose of the study was to predict the Handball
playing ability from the selected anthropometrical, physical,
physiological and psychological variables among college level
players. To achieve this purpose three hundred and four male
inter - collegiate Handball players were randomly selected from
various colleges in Tamilnadu state, India and their age ranged
between 17 and 25 years. The subjects had past playing
experience of at least three years in Handball and only those who
represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects.
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 114
The present study mainly concerned with anthropometrical,
physical, physiological and psychological variables, which is
essential need for better Handball performance. The researcher
reviewed various journals, books, e-resources, unpublished
theses, dissertations and coaching manuals to find literature
related to Handball performance with selected anthropometrical,
physical, physiological and psychological. Based on these
observations, the investigator selected the following independent
variables for this study.
The anthropometrical variables namely - Body weight;
Length measurements – Height, Arm length, Arm span, Leg
length, Hand length, Hand breadth, Palm length, Palm span;
Breadth measurements – Humerus breadth and Femur breadth;
Girth measurements – Arm girth relaxed, Arm girth flexed,
Forearm girth, Chest girth, Waist girth, Hip girth, Thigh girth and
Calf girth. Physical variables namely – Speed, Agility, Flexibility,
Leg explosive power, Leg explosive strength and Muscular
endurance. Physiological variables namely - Cardiovascular
endurance, Resting heart rate, Peak expiratory flow rate and
Breath holding time. Psychological variables namely - Somatic
anxiety, Cognitive anxiety, Self confidence and Sports
achievement motivation. The playing ability which was taken as
the performance factor was subjectively assessed by three
qualified Handball coaches. Collected data was subjected to
statistical analysis as explained below.
Mean and Standard deviations were calculated for each of
the selected variables. The inter-relationship among the selected
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 115
anthropometrical, physical, physiological, psychological variables
and Handball playing ability, were computed by using Pearson’
product-moment correlation coefficients. The computation of
multiple regressions was also used. In multiple regressions, a
criterion variable from a set of predictors was predicted. Step-wise
argument methods of multiple regression was used in this study
to find out the predictor variable that has the highest correlation
with the criterion variables were entered in the equation
depending on the contribution of each predictor.
The constant ‘a’ obtained for the regression equation was
-45.552. The beta weights for the sixteen selected variables were
0.631 for Arm span, -3.203 for Speed, 0.834 for Palm span, 0.103
for Cardiovascular endurance, -0.309 for Somatic anxiety, 3.472
for Palm length, 0.018 for Peak expiratory flow rate, 4.967 for
Humerus breadth, -0.408 for Hip girth, 0.374 for Chest girth,
-1.089 for Arm length, -0.132 for Waist girth, -5.585 for Leg
explosive power, 0.207 for Standing height, 0.115 for Sports
achievement motivation and -1.148 for Hand breadth. Thus, the
obtained equation for predicting Handball playing ability of the
Inter - collegiate Handball players was.
Playing Ability (CR) = -45.552+0.631(X4) -3.203(X20) +0.834(X9)
+0.103(X26) -0.309(X30) +3.472(X8) +0.018(X28) +4.967(X10) -0.408(X17)
+0.374(X15) -1.089(X3) -0.132(X16) -5.585(X23) +0.207(X2) +0.115(X33)
-1.148(X7).
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 116
where CR = the predicted score
a = -45.552 (Constant)
X4 = Arm span
X20 = Speed
X9 = Palm span
X26 = Cardiovascular endurance
X30 = Somatic anxiety
X8 = Palm length
X28 = Peak expiratory flow rate
X10 = Humerus breadth
X17 = Hip girth
X15 = Chest girth
X3 = Arm length
X16 = Waist girth
X23 = Leg explosive power
X2 = Standing height
X33 = Sports achievement motivation
X7 = Hand breadth
Conclusions
1. The results revealed that an Inter-relationship exists
significantly between the anthropometrical, physical,
physiological, psychological and performance variables
among male inter - collegiate Handball players.
2. The results revealed that arm span, speed, palm span,
cardiovascular endurance, somatic anxiety, palm length,
peak expiratory flow rate, humerus breadth, hip girth, chest
girth, arm length, waist girth, leg explosive power, standing
Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations 117
height, sports achievement motivation and hand breadth
become the common characteristics which can predict the
playing ability in Handball players.
Recommendations
1. Similar study may be undertaken with Handball players of
different levels such as University and National level players.
2. Similar study may be conducted on women Handball
players.
3. A similar study may be conducted on different games and
sports.
4. This study may be conducted on position - wise analysis of
Handball players.
5. The result of this study will help the young budding
researchers to take up similar studies in other areas and
disciplines.
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX – I
RATING SCALE FOR EVALUATION OF HANDBALL PLAYING ABILITY
Name of the subject: ______________________________ College Name: _____________________________________ S.No Factor Points
1 Ball sense 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 102 Foot work 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 103 Passing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 104 Dribbling 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 105 Shooting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 106 Throwing ability 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 107 Assisting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 108 Defense 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 109 Tactics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1010 Improvisation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GUIDELINES TO JUDGES IN SCORING PLAYING ABILITY
1. Each factor of Handball playing ability should be graded
separately.
2. Each factor should be graded in terms of points in each row and
judge should be encircled.
3. All ten encircled scores by judge will be added and total score is
calculated for each subject.
Appendices 129
APPENDIX – II
COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY INVENTORY – 2
A number of general statements that athletes have used to describe their feelings before competition are given on the questionnaire you are about to fill out. Read each statement and mark tick the appropriate column to the immediate right of the statement to indicate how you feel right before competing. Do not spend too much time on any one statement, but choose the answers which best describes your feelings in general before a competition. Answer all the questions.
Name: Age: College:
Game: Experience: Area: Rural / Urban
S.No Statement Not at
all ,y;iy
Somewhat XusT
Moderately So
kpjkhd msT
Very Much
So mjpf msT
1 I am concerned about this competition vdf;F ,e;j Nghl;bapy; mf;fiw cz;L
2 I feel nervous ehd; glg;glg;ghdtd;
3 I feel at ease ehd; rhjhuzkhf czh;fpNwd;.
4 I have self - doubts vdf;F xU rpy Ra re;Njfq;fs; cz;L
5 I feel jittery ehd; glglg;ig czh;fpNwd;.
6 I feel comfortable ehd; nrsfhupakhf czh;fpNwd;
7
I feel concerned I may not do as well in this competition as I could ,e;j Nghl;bapy; ehd; rpwg;ghf nra;a ,ayhJ vd;w mr;rk; cz;L
8 My body feels tense vd;Dila cly; czh;rp trg;gLfpwJ
9 I feel self confident ehd; jd;dkgpf;ifia czh;fpNwd;.
10 I am concerned about losing ehd; Njhy;tpia nghUl;gLj;JfpNwd;
11 I feel tense in my stomach vdf;F mbtapw;iw fyf;FfpwJ Nghd;w czh;T Vw;gLfpwJ
12 I feel secure ehd; ghJfhg;ghf ,Ug;gij czh;fpNwd;
13
I am concerned about choking under pressure ehd; ,f;fl;lhd #o;epiyapy; tpisahLtJ Fwpj;J mr;rk; cz;L
14
My body feels relaxed vdJ cly; jsh;thf cs;sij czh;fpwJ
Appendices 130
S.No Statement Not at
all ,y;iy
Somewhat XusT
Moderately So
kpjkhd msT
Very Much
So mjpf msT
15
I’m confident I can meet the challenge ,e;j rthiy Vw;fyhk; vd;w ek;gpf;if vdf;Fs;sJ
16
I’m concerned about performing poorly vd;Dila Nkhrkhd nray;ghl;il ehd; nghUl;gLj;JfpNwd
17 My heart is racing vd; ,jaj;Jbg;G mjpfhpf;fg;gLfpwJ
18
I’m confident about performing well vd;dhy; rpwg;ghf nray;gl KbAk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;
19
I’m concerned about reaching my goal vd;Dila yl;rpaj;ij mila KbAk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;
20 I feel my stomach sinking vd;Dila tapw;iw fyf;fpd;wJ Nghy; czh;fpNwd;
21 I feel mentally relaxed ehd; kdjstpy; jsh;thf czh;fpNwd
22
I’m concerned that others will be disappointed with my performance vd;Dila nray;ghl;il ghh;j;J kw;wth;fs; Vkhh;e;J tpLthh;fs; vd;W ftiyg;gLfpNwd;
23 My hands are clammy vd;Dila iffs; tpah;itahy; eide;Js;sJ
24
I’m confident because I mentally picture myself reaching my goal yl;rpaj;ij miltjhf kdjstpy; glk; gpbj;Js;sjhy; ehd; ek;gpf;ifahf ,Uf;fpNwd;
25
I’m concerned I won’t be able to concentrate vd;dhy; kdij xUepiyg;gLj;j KbahNjh vd ehd; mr;rg;gLfpNwd
26 My body feels tight vd;Dila cly; ,Uf;fkhf ,Ug;gjhf czh;fpNwd;
27
I’m confident of coming through under pressure. kd mOj;jj;jpDNlAk; vd;dhy; KbAk; vd;gjpy; ek;gpf;ifahapUf;fpNwd;
Appendices 131
APPENDIX – III
SPORTS ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION QUESTIONNAIRE
Direction: “WHAT YOU WISH TO ACHIEVE IN YOUR SPORTS CAREER” Below are given a few incomplete statements which can be completed by choosing either of the TWO proposed part against each statements. Please TICK the second part which, in your opinion fits in best with the first part. Complete all the statement without hesitation.
S.No Statement
A
Vigorous games (s) cly; gyk; tha;e;j (my;yJ) mjpf rf;jp Njitg;gLk; tpisahl;L.
1
I enjoy playing ehd; kfpo;r;rpahf tpisahLtJ
B Game(s) which requires little physical effort. rpwpJ cly; ciog;G Njitg;gLk;; tpisahl;L.
A A well equipped player xU ey;y jpwikahd tpisahl;L tPud;.
2 As player I like to be called vg;gbg;gl;l tpisahl;L tPud; vd;W ehd; miof;fg;gl Ntz;Lk B
A top scrorer ntw;wp Gs;spfis Ftpg;gtd;.
A Use sport as a profession tpisahl;il xU njhopyhf cgNahfpf;f.
3
In many life I would like to vd;Dila tho;f;ifapy; ehd; tpUk;GtJ
B
Use sports achievements to get other benefits like employment, admission etc vd;Dila tpisahl;L rhjidfis gad;gLj;jp fy;tp kw;Wk; Ntiytha;g;G ngWtjw;fhf.
A By my hard work vd;Dila fbd ciog;gpd; %ykhf.
4 I Want Earn Fame In Sports ehd; tpisahl;by; Gfio rk;ghjpg;gJ. B
By working hard with the selectors Njh;T FOtpdNuhL Nrh;e;j fbd ciog;gpd; %yk;.
A To watch matches tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bia fhz;gjw;fhf.
5
During the holidays I want tpLKiw fhyq;fspy; ehd; tpisahl tpUk;GtJ B
To spend time in perfecting my game vd;Dila tpisahl;il nrk;ikahf;Ftjw;F.
A A sports man of fine manners rpwe;j Kiwahd tpisahl;L tPud.;
6
I take pride in being called vd;id ,t;thW miog;gjpy; ehd; ngUikg;gLfpd;Nwd;
B
A sportsman of perfect techniques and skills Ml;l EZf;fj;ij rhpahf ifahs;gtd;.
Appendices 132
A
To just participate in sports rather than to compete tpisahl;by; Nghl;bapLtij tpl fye;J nfhs;tij tpUk;GtJ.
7
Its my nature ,J vd;Dila ,aw;if
B To take sports competitions seriously jPtpukhf Nghl;bapLtij tpUk;GtJ.
A To keep good health cly; MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;fhf.
8 I play the game ehd; tpisahl;L tpisahLtJ B
To earn a name in the world cyfj;jpy; ngah; ngUtjw;fhf.
A I lose a match xU Nghl;bapy; Njhy;tp milAk; nghOJ
9
I feel extremely unhappy when ehd; kpfTk; tUj;jkhf fhzg;gLtJ B
I lose my sports equipment or kit vd;Dila tpisahl;L rhjdq;fs; njhiyAk;NghJ
A
Those who are not out sports man though I influential vd;id fth;e;j rpwe;j tpisahl;L tPuh;fSld;
10 Generally I make friends with ehd; nghJthf ez;gh;fis Njh;T nra;tJ
B
Those who are highly influential but sportsmen of lesser ability vd;id fth;e;j rhjhuz tpisahl;L tPuh;fSld
A On one game only xNu xU tpisahl;by; kl;Lk;.
11
I have a tendency to concentrate ehd; vd;Dila KO ftdj;ijAk; nrYj;JtJ
B On one more than one game Xd;Wf;F Nky;gl;l tpisahl;Lfspy;.
A My own hard work vd;Dila fbd ciog;G
12
I feel my success depends upon vd;Dila ntw;wpahdJ ,jid rhh;e;J ,Ug;gjhf czh;fpd;Nwd B My friends or officials
vd;Dila ez;gh;fs; kw;Wk; eLth;fs;
A
I may be selected to represent my school/state/nation gs;sp> khepyk; kw;Wk; ehLfSf;fhf tpisahl;by; Njh;T ngWtjw;fhf 13
I want to practice sports so that ehd; tpisahl;L gapw;rp nra;a tpUk;GtJ
B So that I may be keep fit fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghf itj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
A Something to be proud if / ngUikahf 14
I feel that winning in sports is tpisahl;by; ntw;wp ngUtij ehd; czh;tJ B Everything for me / vy;yhk; vd;dhy; jhd;.
A Just win a match Nghuhb ntw;wp ngw;why;.
15
I shall feel contented if my team ehd; jpUg;jp miltJ vd;Dila mzp
B Crushes the opposite team Vjpuzpia gLNjhy;tp mila itj;jy;
A
A star sportsmen xU el;rj;jpu tpisahl;L tPudhf
16 In near future, I shall be ehd; tUq;fhyj;jpy; Mf tpUk;GtJ
B A rich person xU gzf;fhudhf
Appendices 133
A
I must reperesent mycountry in my sports ehd; vd;Dila tpisahl;by; vd;Dila ehl;bw;fhf tpisahl Ntz;Lk;. 17
Generally I have feelings that nghJthf vd;Ds; cs;s czh;thdJ
B I my achieve some success in my sports activities. tpisahl;by rpy rhjidfs; Ghpa Ntz;Lk
A Help me to work harder mJ vdf;F fbdkhf ciof;f cjTfpd;wJ
18
Criticism on my Performance vd;Dila tpisahl;L jpwikia gw;wp tpkh;rpf;fg;gLk;NghJ
B Discourages me a great deal vd;id kpfTk; rypg;gila nra;fpd;wJ
A Do much better than others mLj;jtu;fis tpl ed;whf nra;tij
19 I would like to ehd; tpUk;GtJ
B The best within my power vd;Dila rf;jpf;F cl;gl;l midj;ijAk; nra;tij
A
That I would create a new record in my game /sports. vd;Dila tpisahl;by; Gjpa rhjid gilf;f Ntz;Lk;
20 Generally I have feelings nghJthf vd;Dila czh;thdJ
B
That I shall retire before I reach the top in my game vd;Dila tpisahl;by; rhjid cr;rpia miltjw;F Kd;ghf Xa;T ngw Ntz;Lk;.