Pre-comp Practice Packet - Constant Contactfiles.constantcontact.com/79d963c3501/6e66ff98-5b... ·...

Name & Group: ____________________________________ Date: ___________________________ Dr. Seiler – World History & Geography II

Pre-comp Practice Packet

Paleolithic

Term Define Significance (importance, effect on history)

Paleolithic

Egalitarian

Domestication

Explain the following:

1. Importance of the end of the Ice Age

2. Gender/social relations during the Paleolithic

3. Migration/movement during the Paleolithic (Out of Africa Theory)

Neolithic


7 Symptoms of

Civilization

Domestication

Pastoral

Diffusion

River Valleys:

River Valley Location Time (frame) Characteristics Tigris and Euphrates River

Valley (Mesopotamia )

Nile River Valley (Egypt)

Indus River Valley

Yellow River Valley

Mesoamerica

Andes

Mississippi River Valley

Belief Systems (up to 600CE)

Belief System Origins (location) Characteristics + CCOT Zoroastrianism

Judaism

Greek Rationalism

Confucianism

Daoism

Hinduism

Buddhism

Christianity

Compare/Contrast

Buddhism Hinduism

SIMILARITIES

Christianity Buddhism

SIMILARITIES

Judaism Hinduism

SIMILARITIES

Trade

Route Location Characteristics (diffusion) Significance

Silk Road

Indian Ocean sea lanes

Mediterranean sea lane

Trans-Saharan Caravan

American Web

(differences

from Eurasia)

Classical Empires

EMPIRE TIMEFRAME LOCATION CHARACTERISTICS DECLINE (factors)

Persian Empire

Greek City-States

Roman Empire

Qin Dynasty


Han Dynasty

Mauryan Empire

Gupta Empire

600-1450

Islam:

Founder:

General Characteristics:

Umayyad Abbasid

SIMILARITIES

Spread of Islam

Spain Anatolia India West Africa

Islam: Vocabulary


Caliph

Sunni

Shia

Sufi

Hijra

Jizya

Umma

Ulama

What were the Crusades? Why are they significant?

China

Qin Timeframe General Characteristics

Han

Sui

Tang

Song

Yuan

Ming

(Qing)

What was China’s relationship with:

Korea

Vietnam

Japan

Explain the definition and significance of the Tribute System?

Why were women’s rights so limited in China? (this can be attributed to ONE single concept)

Pastoralists

Pastoral Group Location/Timeframe Characteristics

Xiongnu

Arabs

Turks

(Masai)

Mongols

1. Describe the creation of the Mongol Empire

2. Describe Mongol control over Persia/Middle East

3. Describe Mongol control over Russia

4. Describe Mongol control over China

5. What caused Mongol decline?

1450-1750

What distinguished this period from all that came before?

European expansion

Nation Expansion locations Method(s) of expansion Goal for expansion

England

France

Spain

Portugal

Dutch

1. What were the shared motives for expansion?

2. How did Spanish and Portuguese expansion differ from English and French expansion?

3. What were the effects of European expansion?

4. How did the workings of the Dutch East India Company differ from than of the British East India Company

1450-1750

5. Columbian Exchange

Questions:

1. Explain the transfer of goods and peoples between the Old and New World

2. What were the positive effects of the Columbian Exchange?

3. What were the negative effects of the Columbian Exchange?

4. Why was African slavery eventually adopted by Europeans in the new world?

5. What was the Great Dying?

6. What new labor systems came about? Define them.

Major European movements

Movement Definition Cause Significance/effect

Renaissance

Protestant Reformation

Scientific Revolution

Enlightenment


Byzantine Empire

Mongol Empire

(Songhay Empire)

Mali Empire


(Ghana Empire)

Aztec Empire

Inca Empire

Maya city-states


Ottoman Empire

Russian Empire

Safavid Empire

Mughal Empire

Complete the chart below to compare the North American and Siberian fur trades:

Syncretism and revival movements

Syncretic Religion Characteristics

Cult of Saints

Vodun

Sikhism

Revival Changes/Characteristics

Wahhabi

Bhakti

Confucianism

Siberia North America

Entry 62- Bio 8 pre-comp study pages REQUIREMENTS FOR FULL CREDIT-

1) Annotate the provided information 2) Answer questions in packet completely using the information provided and your units.

These worksheets are meant to help you review but DO NOT contain every single piece of information you need to know. Use these along with your completed units to study for the exam.

Unit 1- Characteristics of living things and Cell theory

All living things grow (get larger) and develop (change body shape over time), reproduce, use energy,

and sense and respond to changes in the environment.

All living things are made out of cells and have genetic material (DNA) that is passed from parents to

offspring. Heredity is the term used to describe that genetic material (and therefore traits) are passed

from parent to offspring.

Living things evolve over many generation (favorable traits become more common in the population

over time).

The cell theory has 3 parts:

o All organisms are made of 1 or more cells.

o The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

o All cells come from existing cells.

Homeostasis is important for all living things. Homeostasis means that all organisms keep their

internal (inside) environment stable and at the correct levels. This means that organisms keep the

amount of water, oxygen and other molecules at the right levels (not too much and not too little).

They also keep their temperature stable at the correct level.

Stimuli are things that organisms can sense like light, sound, and temperature. Responses are how the

organism reacts (sweating, moving, breathing faster).

Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions that happen in cells. Photosynthesis, aerobic cellular

respiration and fermentation are all examples of metabolism.

Unit 2- Properties of water

Water is a polar molecule. Polar means that the charge

(electrons) are shared unequally between the atoms in the

molecule. The oxygen atom in water attracts the electrons

more strongly than the hydrogen atoms. This makes the

oxygen side of the water molecule partially negative and the

hydrogen side of the water molecule partially positive. Overall

though water is neutral!

The polarity of water leads to hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen

bonds happen between 2 molecules (as opposed to covalent

bonds that happen within one molecule). The partially

negative oxygen on one water molecule is attracted to the

partially positive hydrogens on the other water molecule.

The hydrogen bonding caused by the polarity of water causes 3 main water properties:

o Cohesion- Water molecules are attracted to other water molecules.

o Adhesion- Water molecules are attracted to other non-water molecules (like your skin or the

side of a graduated cylinder).

o High specific heat- Water has a high specific heat. This means it takes more energy input to

cause water to change temperature than other substances. Remember temperature is simply a

measure of the movement of molecules. In water it takes more heat energy to disrupt the

hydrogen bonds and get the water molecules to move further away from each other.

Unit 3- Macromolecule Carbon- All important macromolecules are carbon based. Carbon has the following properties that make it particularly good for building large biological molecules:

4 valence electrons means that carbon can make up to 4 covalent bonds.

Carbon can make single, double, and triple bonds with itself

Carbon can bond with many other types of elements (i.e. oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus)

Carbohydrates:

Building blocks: Carbohydrates are simple sugars or polymers of many connected sugars.

Elements: Carbons, hydrogens, oxygen (1:2:1 ratio)

Examples: o monosaccharide: single sugar molecule like glucose o dissacharide: 2 sugar molecules connected together like sucrose o polysaccharide: Many sugar molecules connected together like

starch, glycogen, chitin, and cellulose

Used to: o Provide energy for cells. Glucose is broken down to release energy

in glycolysis (the first step of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration). o Store energy in animals: Glycogen is formed by linking together many glucose molecules to

store energy. o Store energy in plants: Carbohydrates are synthesized during photosynthesis in plants. The

simple sugars are linked into the polysaccharide starch to be stored for later use. o Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and fungus cell walls are made of the chitin.

Proteins:

Building blocks: Proteins are polymers of amino acids (connected by peptide bonds). There are 20 different amino acids that are connected in different orders to create the different proteins. The exact order of the amino acids determines how the protein folds up which determines the function of the protein. Peptide bonds are a special type of covalent bond that connects the nitrogen in one amino acid with a carbon on the next amino acid.

Elements- Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Examples: o Enzymes: Proteins that help the cell break apart or build other molecules. They help speed up

chemical reactions in the body. o Protein channels: special tunnels through the cell membrane that let materials pass through. o Structural proteins: microtubules making up the cytoskeleton, centrioles, and spindles. Keratin

in your hair and nails.

Other Facts: o Proteins are synthesized by ribosomes. Some proteins are synthesized on ribosomes attached

to the rough ER. The rough ER helps fold and modify proteins and then ships them in vesicles to the golgi apparatus. The golgi apparatus modifies them further and ships them in vesicles to the cell membrane for exocytosis or to other parts of the cell.

o Bonus (we did not learn this yet)- High heat changes the shape of proteins and makes them stop working. This is called denaturation.

Nucleic acids

Building Blocks: Nucleotides.

Examples: DNA, RNA

Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous

Used to: o DNA stores the genetic information of the cell. Genes

are sections of DNA that are the instructions for how to build a protein.

Other facts: o DNA is stored in the nucleus and RNA is in the

nucleus and cytoplasm o New copies of DNA are made in the nucleus before

cell division by DNA replication during the s phase of interphase

o Chromosomes are long strands of DNA that are wrapped around special proteins.

Lipids

Building blocks: Fatty acids and glycerol

Examples: fats, oils, phospholipids in cell membrane

Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, and a small number of oxygen

Used to: o The phospholipids are the major

component of the cell membrane o Fats are synthesized by organisms for

long term storage of energy. o Fats are digested to release energy.

Other Facts: o Synthesized by the smooth endoplasmic

reticulum o Saturated fats have NO carbon-carbon

double bonds. Each carbon has the full amount of hydrogens. o Unsaturated fats have one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. This means some carbons

have less hydrogens.

Classes of Macromolecules:

Macromolecule (polymer)

Building block (monomer)

Elements Example

1

2

3

4

For each statement write the macromolecule it is describing: ___________________ DNA ___________________ monosaccharide

______________________ polysaccharide ___________________ C6H12O6

___________________ oil ___________________ glycogen

___________________ RNA ______________________ enzymes

___________________ glucose ______________________ starch

___________________ disaccharide __________________ channels in cell membrane

___________________ made up of many simple sugar molecules

___________________ made up of fatty acids and glycerol

___________________ polymer of many amino acids

___________________ made of nucleotides

___________________ stores genetic information

___________________ helps the body synthesize and break down molecules

___________________ produced by photosynthesis

___________________ Made by ribosomes

___________________ Used as long term storage of energy in organisms

___________________ Temporarily stores energy. Produced by cellular respiration.

___________________ Broken down by glycolysis

___________________ contain phosphate groups, nitrogenous bases and the sugar ribose

___________________ packaged by the golgi apparatus

__________________ synthesized in the chloroplast

___________________ a double layer of these form the cell membrane

Unit 4- Enzymes Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that are biological catalysts.

Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions (building molecules and breaking them apart).

Digestion, glycolysis, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis are all chemical reactions using enzymes.

Activation energy is the amount of energy you need to put into a reaction to get it started. Enzymes lower the amount of activation energy needed which speeds up the chemical reaction.

Substrate = reactants = inputs to the chemical reaction

Product = outputs

Active site is the place on the enzyme the substrate attaches to. Substrates are complementary to the active site (fits together like a key in a lock)

Graph on the right- Chemical reactions happen more quickly with the enzyme present. The slope of the line is greater with the enzyme because the product is being made more quickly. It is made more quickly because the enzyme reduces the activation energy needed to make the reaction happen.

Unit 5- Cells and Organelles

Prokaryotic cells

o Simpler and smaller

o No membrane bound organelles

o DNA is circular (forms a loop) and is found in a nucleoid. The nucleoid is a region in the cell but

is not separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane.

o Have cell membranes, ribosomes, DNA, and cytoplasm. Many have cell walls.

o Are in unicellular organisms from the domains Archaea and Bacteria.

Eukaryotic cells

o More complex and larger than prokaryotic cells

o Many membrane-bound organelles (like mitochondria, lysosomes, vacuoles).

o DNA is linear (there is a start and an end) and is found separated from the cytoplasm in a

nucleus.

o Are found in unicellular and multicellular organisms from the kingdoms Protista, fungi, plantae,

and animalia.

Eukaryotic plant cells versus animal cells

o Plant cells have chloroplasts, cell walls and a large central vacuole. The central vacuole stores

food and water for the cell. It also provides structure for the cell (think of the difference in the

strength of a full water bottle and an empty water bottle).

o Animal cells do not have chloroplasts, cell walls or a large central vacuole. They can have

smaller vacuoles. They have centrioles and plant cells do not.

Types of cells practice For each statement say if it is true of Prokaryotic cells, Eukaryotic cells, or both

___________________ has DNA ______________ has a cell membrane

______________ has mitochondria _______________ has chloroplasts

___________________ has a nucleus ______________ simpler cells

___________________ larger cells _______________ has a nucleoid

___________________ can have a cell wall _______________ has cytoplasm

___________________ circular DNA _______________ linear DNA

___________________ has proteins _______________ has membrane-bound organelles

For each statement say if it is true of animal cells, plant cells, or both

__________________ has mitochondria ________________ has chloroplasts

__________________ has cell walls ________________ has a large central vacuole

__________________ can do photosynthesis ________________ eukaryotic

__________________ has a nucleus ________________ membrane-bound organelles

Organelle Name

Structure Function Found in Euk/prok

1 Cell membrane

Surrounds all cells. Made of phospholipids.

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

2 Cell wall A rigid layer usually made mostly of carbohydrates that surrounds some cells.

Provides support and protection for cells.

3 Chloroplast Surrounded by 2 membranes. Inside are stacks of membranes (thylakoids) that include chlorophyll.

Allows photosynthesis (using energy from sunlight to synthesize energy-rich food molecules).

4 Cytoplasm Everything inside the cell except the nucleus. Includes: organelles, water, other molecules

5 Cytoskeleton Hollow tubes (called microtubules) and strings (called microfilaments) made of protein.

Gives cell structure and support. Provides tracks in the cell that helps organelles move within the cell.

6 Golgi apparatus

Stacks of membranes. Contains enzymes that attach lipids and carbohydrates to proteins. Packages and ships molecules to the correct locations.

7 Lysosome Small membrane bound sacs or bubbles

Filled with enzymes that bread down molecules, old organelles, and debris.

8 Mitochondrion (singular) Mitochondria (plural)

Surrounded by 2 membranes. The inner membrane is wrinkled or folded.

Releases energy stored in food molecules for use by the cell. Synthesizes ATP molecules to store this released energy.

9 Nucleolus Small region in the nucleus that is not membrane bound. Contains proteins and nucleic acids.

Important for assembling ribosomes.

10 Nucleus Surrounded by the nuclear envelop (membrane). Nuclear membrane has small openings called pores.

Contains hereditary information. Controls most cell processes by determining which proteins will be synthesized.

11 Ribosome Particle in the cell made of proteins and nucleic acids. Not membrane bound. Found attached to the rough ER and floating free in the cytoplasm

Synthesize proteins.

12 Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Layers of connected folded membranes with ribosomes attached. Found surrounding the nucleus.

Modifies and helps fold some proteins (usually proteins being released from the cell or proteins that will be positioned in the cell membrane.

13 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Layers of connected folded membranes.

Contains enzymes that preform special tasks like the synthesis of lipids (including phospholipids).

14 Vacuole Membrane bound sacs or bubbles. Plant cells usually have a single large central vacuole. Other types of cells have smaller vacuoles.

Store materials. Give plant cells structural support. Small vacuoles called vesicles help transport things within the cell.

Labeling cells Animal cell - Note: animal but not plant cells have centrioles to help with cell division

Plant cell

Identify the parts: A- C- E (has ribosomes)- F (no ribosomes)- G- I- J- K- L- M- N-

Organelle practice: For each statement list the correct organelle/cell part _________________________ stores water ____________________ synthesizes proteins

_________________________ surrounds all cells ____________________ stores DNA

_________________________ Produces ATP __________________ made of phospholipids

_________________________ synthesizes ribosomes _______________ synthesizes carbohydrates

_________________________ surrounds all plant cells but does not surround animal cells

_________________________Has ribosomes attached to it

________________________ helps fold and transport proteins

________________________ Filled with digestive enzymes

________________________ Modifies, packages, and ships proteins out of the cell

Unit 6- Transport across membranes: Review sheet

Cell membrane:

Made of: phospholipid bilayer. Proteins with different jobs are found in the lipid bilayer as well. The phospholipid has hydrophobic lipid (water fearing) tails pointed to the inside and a hydrophilic head (water loving) on the outside. It is a bilayer because there are two layers of phospholipids. You can remember that the lipid tails are hydrophobic because they are “hiding” on the inside of the membrane. Remember that there are hydrophilic heads pointed to the intracellular and extracellular space.

Function- The cell membrane is selectively permeable. This means that it only lets some molecules pass through it easily. Small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through it easily. Large molecules like fats, proteins, and sugars need the help of special protein channels to get through the membrane. Ion (charged molecules) and polar molecules are hydrophilic and also need channels to get through the membrane.

Types of passive transport- Passive transport does NOT require the use of ATP (energy) Diffusion- Solute (molecules that are not water) move from where there is a high concentration to where there is a low concentration. This is DOWN the concentration gradient (think things fall down from high place to low place). Equilibrium is reached when there are equal amounts of solute on both sides of the membrane. At this point the molecules keep moving but equal numbers go each direction (no net movement). Facilitated diffusion is a special type of diffusion that requires protein channels.

Osmosis- A type of passive transport that is a special type of diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water. Water moves from where there is a high concentration of water (hypotonic) solution to where there is a low concentration of water (hypertonic solution). When there is equal concentrations of water on both sides of the membrane the two solutions are called isotonic. In osmosis you are always comparing 2 different solutions (for example the solution inside and outside the cell). Look at the following examples (dots are solute molecules):

Dots in the picture are solute molecules (like salt).

The cell (circle) has more solute than the solution it is placed in.

This also means it has less water than the solution it is placed in.

The solution around the cell is hypotonic.

The solution inside the cell is hypertonic.

Water will move into the cell until there is an equal concentration of water inside and outside the cell.

This cell is the same as above but it is put in a different solution.

The cell now has less solute than the solution it is placed it.

This means the cell has a higher concentration of water than the surrounding solution.

The solution outside the cell is hypertonic.

The solution inside the cell is hypotonic (opposite of above).

Water will move out of the cell until there is an equal concentration of water inside and outside the cell.

Differences between plant and animal cells Animal cells can change size as they gain and lose water by osmosis. Plant cells stay the same size because the cell wall is rigid (hard). In plant cells the central vacuole will swell and shrink. Animal cell examples Plant cell examples

Types of active transport- Active transport requires the cell to use energy (ATP) to move molecules across the membrane. Active transport through membrane channels- A cell can use a membrane channel and ATP to move solute in the opposite direction of diffusion. This would be using energy to move the solute from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. It is a way to force even more solute to go to a location where there is already a lot of that solute present. This is movement AGAINST the concentration gradient (think lifting something from low to high position requiring energy and being opposite the direction it would normally fall). Ion pumps move ions up their concentration gradient. Endocytosis- A type of active transport where the cell takes in material (usually large molecules) by extending its cell membrane and surrounding that molecule. This creates a vesicle which is a bubble of cell membrane surrounding molecules. The molecule is then brought into the cell inside this.

Exocytosis (think exit as to leave)- The opposite of endocytosis. When a vesicle of molecules that the cell wants to secrete (release) out of the cell fuses (merges) with the cell membrane. The molecules are then released out of the cell. Hormones are an example of something that would be released from the cell by exocytosis. .

Review worksheet for membrane transport Fill in the correct word: Active, endocytosis, exocytosis, High, less, low, more, passive, osmosis, vesicle 1) The diffusion of water is ____________________________________________. 2) Diffusion is the movement of solute from ____________________ to ____________ concentration. 3) __________________________________ transport requires the use of ATP. 4) ______________________ moves material out of the cell inside a _____________________. 5) When the cell membrane reaches out and surrounds a molecule to bring into the cell it is called __________________________________________. 6) A hypotonic solution has ____________________________ water than a hypertonic solution. 7) A hypotonic solution has ____________________________ solute than a hypertonic solution. 8) Osmosis and diffusion are both types of _________________________ transport.

9) Movement across the cell membrane not requiring energy is called [ active / passive ] transport.

10) The difference in the concentration of a substance across a space is called a concentration [equilibrium / gradient].

11) If there is a concentration gradient, substances will move from an area of high concentration to an area of [equal / low ] concentration. This is moving [Down / Up ] the concentration gradient.

12) The cell membrane is [selectively permeable / impermeable]. This means only some molecules can easily pass through. Molecules that are [small / big] pass through the cell membrane easily. Molecules that are [charged / uncharged ] pass through the cell membrane easily.

13) The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called [ osmosis / diffusion ].

14) A solution that causes an animal cell to swell is called a [ hypertonic / hypotonic ] solution.

15) Movement of molecules into a cell down the concentration gradient using protein channels is called [facilitated diffusion / active transport ]

16) Movement of molecules into a cell up the concentration gradient using protein channels is called [facilitated diffusion / active transport ]

17) In a salt water solution the _____________ is the solvent and the _____________ is the solute.

1) Draw and label a cell membrane made of at least 10 phospholipids (label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts, the phospholipid heads and tails, and at least one protein channel)

2) For each picture 1) draw an arrow to show the direction of diffusion of salt.

3) For each picture

1) Draw an arrow to show the direction of osmosis. Hint- the arrow should be opposite of above. 2) Label the cell as hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic. 3) Label the solution as hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic. 4) Say if the cell is shrinking, swelling, or not changing size.

****************************************************************************************************

4) Label each picture as endocytosis, exocytosis, osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport.

Units 7-8 Cellular respiration and photosynthesis

General energy reminders: Energy is stored in the bonds between atoms in molecules like glucose, fat, and ATP.

Energy is released (not created) for the cell to use when food molecules are broken into smaller molecules.

ADP (adenosine diphosphate ) has 2 phosphate attached to it. ADP is converted into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) when energy released from food molecules is used to add a third phosphate group to the ADP.

ATP stores energy in the cell for very short periods of time (seconds).

The usable energy in ATP is stored in the bond between the last 2 phosphate groups.

Remember the D in ADP stands for di- (2) and the T in ATP stands for tri- (3)

Aerobic cellular respiration

Requires oxygen

Requires the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.

Produces a total of 36 ATP for every molecule of glucose.

Overall equation is Oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + released energy (stored in ATP) 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 +6 H2O + released energy

Step 1- Glycolysis Glucose 2 pyruvic acid

Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell

Glucose is broken in half producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate).

2 molecules of ATP are used to make glycolysis happen and glycolysis produced 4 ATP so there is a net production of 2 ATP by glycolysis.

High energy electrons are also released and stored in NADH.

Does not require oxygen

Step 2- Krebs cycle (also called CITRIC ACID CYCLE)

Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells

Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in many steps

Produces NADH, FADH2 and ATP Step 3- Electron Transport Chain

Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.

Requires oxygen

High energy electrons brought by the electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) are used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondria [active transport]. These hydrogen ions then flow through a special membrane channel called ATP synthase [passive transport]. The movement of these ions produce ATP.

Oxygen accepts the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain along with hydrogen ions to produce water.

Anaerobic cellular respiration Still starts with glycolysis

Only produces 2 molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose

Does not require any oxygen

There are 2 types: Alcoholic Fermentation

Occurs in yeast and some bacteria

pyruvic acid alcohol + carbon dioxide

The carbon dioxide produced by alcohol fermentation in yeast makes bread rise Lactic Acid Fermentation

Occurs in animal cells when there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration to happen. This is what makes your muscles sore after intense exercise

pyruvic acid lactic acid

Photosynthesis Occurs in plant cells.

Requires carbon dioxide, water and light. Produces sugar which can be stored by the cell to be broken down for energy later by cellular respiration

Plants must do cellular respiration to release the energy stored in the sugar produced by photosynthesis.

Equation for photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + water + light energy glucose + oxygen 6CO2 +6 H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6

Photosynthesis happens in two steps

1) Light dependent reaction- light energy strikes the chlorophyll in the thylakoids. This excites electrons. The high energy electrons are used to pump hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane. The electrons are then reexcited by light and accepted by NADPH. ATP is also produced when the hydrogen ions flow down their concentration gradient through that ATP synthase. During the light dependent reaction water is also split forming oxygen gas and hydrogen ions.

2) Light independent reaction (calvin cycle)- The ATP and NADPH move to the stroma of the chloroplast. The energy stored in these molecules are used to link together carbon dioxide molecules together to form glucose. This process is called carbon fixation.

Chloroplasts

Where photosynthesis happens.

Contain the pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs the energy of light (best able to absorb red and blue light). When light hits the molecules of chlorophyll some energy from the light is transferred to the electrons of the chlorophyll.

The chlorophyll is located in photosystems found in oval structures called thylakoids. Thylakoids are in stacks of grana. The area around the thylakoids is called the stroma.

Rate of photosynthesis

The rate (speed) of photosynthesis is controlled by: o Availability of water. Since water is a reactant, less water = less photosynthesis o Availability of carbon dioxide. Since CO2 is a reactant, less CO2 = less photosynthesis. o Amount of light. Less light = less photosynthesis o Temperature. Less photosynthesis happens below 0 degrees Celsius and over 35 degrees

Celsius.

Part 1- Photosynthesis general 1) Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis (reactants and products). 2) Excluding water, explain where the mass of a tree come from?

3a) Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy. Pigments capture the light. What is the light gathering pigment in photosynthesis? 3b) Where is it located? 4a) Photosynthesis is comprised of two major sets of reactions. What are they? 4b) Where does each of the two reactions happen?

Part 2- Light-dependent Reaction: What are the roles of the following in light-dependent reactions?

electrons

water

chlorophyll

ATP synthase

NADP+/NADPH

ATP

Part 3- Calvin Cycle ( Also called the ____________________________________) Requires three major inputs. Which molecules provide the following?

carbon

high energy electrons

energy in the form of a phosphate bond

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

Part 4- Chloroplasts Labeling

Fill in the boxes with the correct molecules and also label the thylakoid, stroma, and granum.

Part 5- CELLULAR RESPIRATION 1) Write the equation for aerobic cellular respiration. Label the products and the reactants. 2) Name the organelle in which aerobic cellular respiration can occur in eukaryotes. ______________________ 3) Draw and label a molecule of ATP and identify the high energy bond that is broken when ATP releases its stored energy. 4) What are the roles of NAD+ and FAD+ in cellular respiration? 5) What are the three steps (in order) of aerobic cellular respiration?

1.

2.

3.

6) What happens to glucose in glycolysis? 7) Where does glycolysis occur?

8) What is the total ATP production in glycolysis? ________ Net production? ____________ 9) Another name for the citric acid cycle is the ______________________. 10) Where does the citric acid cycle occur? ________________________________________ 11) What is the input into the citric acid cycle? _____________________________________ 12) What are the products of the citric acid cycle? _______________________________________ 13) The electron carriers FADH2 and _________________ then carry the high energy electrons to the ________________________________. 14) Aerobic cellular respiration produces a total of 36 ATP. 2 ATP are produced by glycolysis (net gain). 2 ATP are produced by the Kreb’s cycle. This leaves ___________ ATP produced by the electron transport chain. Part 6- Mitochondria labeling Part 7- Fermentation 1) What are the reactants of alcoholic fermentation? ______________________________________ 2) What are the products of alcoholic fermentation? _____________________________________ 3) What type of organism would do alcoholic fermentation? ____________________________________ 4) What are the reactants of lactic acid fermentation? _______________________________________ 5) What are the products of lactic acid fermentation? _________________________________________ 6) What type of organism would do lactic acid fermentation? _____________________________________ 7) How many ATP are produced during fermentation (hint all the ATP comes from glycolysis)? __________ 8) Where does fermentation happen in the cell? 9) Why is fermentation called anaerobic?

Part 8- Fill in the blanks final review: 1) Photosynthesis occurs in the _____________________ (organelle) of plants.

2) The inputs for photosynthesis are ________________ and _______________________.

3) Another name for inputs are _______________________.

4) The outputs of photosynthesis are _______________ and _______________________.

5) Another name for outputs are ______________________.

6) The inputs for cellular respiration are ________________ and _______________________.

7) The outputs for cellular respiration are ______________ and _____________________.

8) The 2 parts of photosynthesis are: ___________________________________ and the

__________________________________ (also called ______________ cycle).

9) The 3 parts of aerobic cellular respiration are: _______________________________,

_________________________________ (also called citric acid cycle) and

______________________________________.

10) In photosynthesis the _________________ to build sugar molecules comes from sunlight.

11) In cellular respiration the source of energy is the _______________ of the ____________ molecule

12) The sugar created in photosynthesis is a ____________________ (type of macromolecule).

13) When the plant cells need energy they use the sugar they created for ______________________.

14) Aerobic means using _______________________________________________. 15) ______________________________ means not using oxygen. 16) ________________________________________ is anaerobic respiration in yeast. 17) ________________________________________ is anaerobic respiration in muscles. 18) __________________________________ is the first step in anaerobic and aerobic respiration. 19) ____________________________________ is the pigment the absorbs light energy from the sun. 20) Aerobic cellular respiration requires the ________________________________________ organelle. 21) Energy is used to add a ______________________________ to ADP to create _____________.

Name/Group: ______________________________________________

Physics 8 Pre-Comp Review

Test Format

25 Multiple Choice

(Common; 30 min)

14 Multiple Choice and 3 Short

Answer (Native; 30 min)

What to Bring

Sharpened pencils

Calculator (non-graphing)

When Is Pre-comp?

Wednesday, February 1st

One of three tests given that day

(+English & Biology)

Review Materials

Class binder with packets, tests and

quizzes

Pre-comp review packet (this packet)

Quizlet (schellenberger_phys)

Hot Topics Position Time Graph: Reading and

interpreting, finding slope=velocity

Velocity Time Graph: Reading and

interpreting, finding

slope=acceleration, finding

area=displacement

Acceleration Time Graph: Reading

and interpreting, finding area =

velocity

Kinematics: Displacement, Distance,

Speed, Velocity, Acceleration

Projectiles

Gravitational Force

Weight vs. Mass

Newton’s Laws

Hooke’s Law

Forces: Spring, Normal, Tension,

Gravity

Energy: KE, GPE, EPE, TME,

COE

Study Suggestions

Know your vocab…

o Flashcards

Know your equations and units…

o Flashcards

o Formula triangles

o GUESS A+ problem solving

Make sense of your notes…

o Outline

o Rewrite

o Discuss with a friend

Retake old quizzes and tests

o Create flashcards and take notes

on things you don’t know

Come to student hours

o Prepare specific questions

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Term (symbol) SI Units

(symbol)

Fundamental

Units Formula in symbols

Vector vs.

Scalar

Slope

Units on the y

axis divided by

units on the x axis

𝑚 =𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝑟𝑢𝑛=Δ𝑦

Δ𝑥=𝑦2 − 𝑦1𝑥2 − 𝑥1

V

Area under curve

Units on the y

axis multiplied by

units on the x axis

Square: bh

Triangle; ½ bh V

Distance (d) meters (m) same d = st S

Displacement (∆x) meters (m) same

∆x = xf - xi

∆x= vit+ ½ at2

V

Speed (s) meters per second

(m/s) same s = d / t S

Velocity (v) meters per second

(m/s) same v = ∆x / t V

Final velocity (vf) meters per second

(m/s) same

vf = vi + at

𝑣𝑓 = √𝑣𝑖2 + 2𝑎∆𝑥

V

Acceleration (a) meters per second

squared (m/s2) same

a = Δv / t

OR

a = vf – vi

t

V

Weight (Fg) Newtons (N) kg*m/s2 Fg = mg V

Gravitational Force

(Fg) Newtons (N) kg*m/s2

Fg=Gm1m2

r2

G=6.674×10−11 N⋅m2/

kg2

V

Newton’s 2nd Law

(Fnet) Newtons (N) kg*m/s2 Fnet = ma V

Spring Force

(Fspring) Newtons (N) kg*m/s2 Fspring = kx V

Kinetic Energy

(KE) Joules (J) kg*m2/s2 KE= ½ mv2 S

Gravitational

Potential Energy

(GPE)

Joules (J) kg*m2/s2 GPE=mgh S

Elastic Potential

Energy (EPE) Joules (J) kg*m2/s2 EPE= ½ kx2 S

Total Mechanical

Energy (TME) Joules (J) kg*m2/s2 TME=KE+GPE+EPE S

Work (W) Joules (J) kg*m2/s2 W=F∆xcosθ S

Work Energy

Theorem Joules (J) kg*m2/s2

W=∆KE

W=½ mvf2-½ mvi

2 S

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Topic 1: Position, Velocity, Acceleration vs. Time Graphs You should be able to:

Read and interpret position vs. time and velocity vs. time graphs

Find slope on both position vs. time and velocity vs. time graphs

Find area on velocity vs. time graph

Match graphs of position and velocity.

1. How do you find velocity on a position vs. time graph?

2. For graph 1 determine the velocity

for the following times.

a. 0-2s

b. 2-4s

c. 4-6s

d. 6-8s

e. 8-10s

3. What is the total distance travelled by the object in graph 1?

4. What is the final displacement of the

object in graph 1?

5. Draw the velocity vs. time curve for

the above position vs. time graph on

graph 2.

6. How would you determine the

acceleration from a v vs. t graph?

Graph 1

Graph 2

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7. How would you determine

the displacement from a v

vs. t graph?

8. Determine the acceleration

for the following times on

graph 3

a. 0-2s

b. 2-4s

c. 4-6s

d. 6-8s

e. 8-10s

9. Determine the displacement for the following times on graph 3.

a. 0-2s

b. 2-4s

c. 4-6s

d. 6-8s

e. 8-10s

10. Determine the total displacement on

graph 3

11. Draw the acceleration vs. time curve for the above velocity vs. time graph on graph 4.

Graph 3

Graph 4

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Topic 2: Motion: Kinematics You should be able to:

Define reference point, position, motion, speed, velocity, and acceleration.

Calculate time, distance, speed, velocity, and acceleration using the appropriate formula.

List units for speed, velocity, position, and acceleration.

Calculate resultant velocity.

Displacement vs. Distance

1. Define reference point.

2. Define displacement.

3. Define distance.

4. What are the units for distance and

displacement?

5. Is distance a scalar or vector quantity?

What about displacement?

6. A person travels 5m north, then 2m west, and then 10m south. Determine the distance traveled?

7. A person travels 5m north, then 2m west, and then 10m south. Determine the displacement traveled?

Speed vs. Velocity

1. Define speed.

2. Define velocity

3. What are the units for speed and velocity?

4. Is speed a scalar or vector quantity? What

about velocity?

5. A person on a bicycle rides at a speed of 5 m/s for 2 minutes. She will ride a total distance of:

6. Jennifer walks for 745 m at an average speed of 2.25 m/s. How long does it take her to walk this

distance?

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7. What is the velocity of a cart that is moving East from the 2.0 m mark to the 15 m mark on a track in

23.8 seconds?

8. A bus has a velocity of 10 m/s east. A passenger stands up and walks down the aisle at 1.3 m/s west.

What is the passenger’s resultant velocity?

9. What does xf represent in the average velocity equation?

10. Δv is a symbol that means

11. Lily the dog runs 5.50 m in 300. seconds. Lily’s average speed is

12. An ant walks for 16.0 s at 0.00230 m/s. How far did the ant walk?

13. Tracey is at the airport and is in a rush. She gets on a “moving sidewalk” that travels 1.8 m/s north.

She walks on the moving sidewalk at 0.5 m/s north. What is her resultant velocity?

Acceleration 1. Define acceleration.

2. What are the units for acceleration?

3. Is acceleration a scalar or vector quantity?

4. Calculate the acceleration of a car that goes from traveling at a velocity of 30 m/s N to traveling 14

m/s N in 2 s. The car’s acceleration is:

5. An object starts at rest and travels with an acceleration of 6m/s/s. Determine how long it takes the

object to get to 10m/s.

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Topic 3: Projectiles You should be able to:

Define projectile.

Know acceleration for vertical and horizontal components.

Calculate displacement and velocity for both vertical and horizontal components.

1. What is the acceleration for the horizontal component?

2. What is the acceleration for the vertical component?

3. A ball is thrown straight up into the air with an initial velocity of 24m/s. How fast is it traveling,

and in what direction after 2 seconds?

4. A ball is thrown straight up into the air with an initial velocity of 24m/s. How fast is it traveling,

and in what direction after 10 seconds?

5. A ball is thrown straight up with an initial velocity of 9.8 m/s how long does it take to reach its

maximum height?

6. A rock is dropped off of a cliff to the water below. How far does he rock fall in 2 seconds?

7. A rock is thrown straight up at a velocity of 7 m/s. How far does he rock fall in 2 seconds?

8. A bullet was shot upwards at 200m/s, and reaches its maximum height 5 seconds later. How high

does the bullet travel?

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Topic 4: Forces and Newton’s Laws You should be able to:

State, recognize examples of, and apply Newton’s 1st, 2nd, and 3rd laws.

Define force, net force, equilibrium, normal force, tension force, and friction.

Compare and contrast mass, weight, gravitational force, and inertia.

Use the terms balanced, unbalanced, and equilibrium to describe scenarios involving forces.

Calculate net force and gravitational force using the appropriate formula.

List units for force, weight, and mass.

Define Hooke’s law

Calculate spring constant, spring compression, and spring force using the appropriate formula.

List units for spring constant, spring compression, and spring force.

Free Body Diagrams

1. Define Newton’s 1st law.

2. Define Newton’s 2nd law.

3. Define equilibrium.

4. Explain how mass and weight are not the same

thing.

5. Define a balanced force.

6. Define an unbalanced force.

7. Define inertia. How do you measure inertia?

8. An 80 kg astronaut travels to Mercury, where the gravitational acceleration is 3.61 m/s2. When she is on

Mercury, the astronaut will:

a) have the same mass and less weight than on Earth

b) have less mass and less weight than on Earth

c) have more mass and more weight than on Earth

d) have more mass and less weight than on Earth

e) have the same mass and more weight than on Earth

9. While at baseball practice, you see your friend hit the ball with a force of 150 Newtons using a bat. Which

best describes the force that the ball exerts on the baseball bat?

a) The ball exerts a force of more than 150 Newtons on the baseball bat.

b) The ball exerts a force of exactly 150 Newtons on the baseball bat.

c) The ball exerts a force of less than 150 Newtons on the baseball bat.

d) The ball does not exert a force on the baseball bat.

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10. You push a cart to the right with a force of 14 Newtons, and friction opposes your push with a 2 Newton

force to the left. What is the net force on the desk?

11. How much net force is required to accelerate a 6 kg object at a rate of 12 m/s2?

12. Which has the most inertia?

a) A 30 kg chair being pushed at 5 m/s

b) A 1000 kg truck at rest

c) A 5 kg cat running at 4 m/s

d) An 80 kg person walking at 1.5 m/s

13. In which situation is the net force on the object zero?

a) A runner speeds up as she starts a race.

b) A car slows down as it approaches a stop

sign.

c) A bicyclist travels at a constant speed

around a curve in the road.

d) A shopping cart is pushed down a straight

level aisle at constant speed.

14. Which of the following is the best example of normal force?

a) The Earth pulls a cat downward as it walks

along the floor.

b) The floor pushes up on a cat as it walks

along the floor.

c) The cat pulls on a string with its paw.

d) The cat rubs its fur on the leg of its owner.

15. Calculate the gravitational force on a 190 kg lion on Earth.

16. If a spring has a spring constant of 2 N/m and it is stretched 5 m, what is the force of the spring?

17. A spring is stretched 0.6m when a mass of 0.2kg is hung on it. Calculate the spring constant of this spring.

18. A spring with a spring constant of 400 N/m has a mass hung on it so that it stretches 0.8m. Calculate how

much mass the spring is supporting.

19. The graph below shows data taken as a spring was stretched to a variety of

lengths. The force needed to stretch the spring to each length was measured.

What is the spring constant of the spring?

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20. Draw a free body diagram for a 3kg object moving at constant velocity on a table.

21. Draw a free body diagram for a 3kg object falling in free fall.

22. Draw a free body diagram for a 3kg object that is pushed 7N to the right and has a friction force of 5N on a

table.

23. Draw a free body diagram for a 3kg object moving right but has a 2N friction force slowing it down.

24. Lily the dog is travelling throughout the solar system as she tries to better understand gravity. For each

planet, calculate the force of attraction between Lily and the planet as well as the acceleration of Lily due to the

planet’s gravity. Please note that lily has a mass of 5.9 kg (13 pounds).

Planet

Name

Mass of

Planet (kg)

Distance between

Planet’s Center

and Lily (m)

Fgrav between Lily and the Planet

Acceleration of

Lily due to

Planet’s Gravity

Mercury 3.30 x 1023 2.440 x 106

Venus 4.87 x 1024 6.052 x 106

Earth 5.97 x 1024 6.378 x 106

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Topic 5: Energy You should be able to:

Calculate kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, and total mechanical

energy

Understand the concept of conservation of energy

Calculate work

Understand the work energy theorem

1. A 2.0-kilogram mass is moving with a speed of 3.0 m/s . What is the kinetic energy of the mass?

2. A cannon ball has kinetic energy of approximately 40,000 J. If its mass is 5.5 kg, how fast was it fired?

3. A 10 kg ball is moving at 5 m/s at the top of a hill that is 2 m high. What is the velocity of the ball at the

bottom of the hill assuming energy is conserved?

4. Find the total mechanical energy of a car on a 7m hill with a mass of 900kg and moving with a velocity of

12m/s?

5. What is the spring constant of a spring that stores 60 Joules of energy when it is stretched 0.5 meters?

6. What is the mechanical energy for a 1.25 kg moving balloon in the wind at 12 m/s at a constant elevation of

400 meters?

7. Hans Full is pulling on a rope to drag his backpack to school across the ice. He pulls upwards and

rightwards with a force of 22.9 Newtons at an angle of 35 degrees above the horizontal to drag his backpack

a horizontal distance of 129 meters to the right. Determine the work (in Joules) done upon the backpack.

8. Lamar Gant, U.S. powerlifting star, became the first man to deadlift five times his own body weight in

1985. Deadlifting involves raising a loaded barbell from the floor to a position above the head with

outstretched arms. Determine the work done by Lamar in deadlifting 300 kg to a height of 0.90 m above the

ground.

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9. Sheila has just arrived at the airport and is dragging her suitcase to the luggage check-in desk. She pulls on

the strap with a force of 190 N at an angle of 35° to the horizontal to displace it 45 m to the desk. Determine

the work done by Sheila on the suitcase.

10. Renatta Gass is out with her friends. Misfortune occurs and Renatta and her friends find themselves getting

a workout. They apply a cumulative force of 1080 N to push the car 218 m to the nearest fuel station.

Determine the work done on the car.

11. A bicycle is at rest when a horizontal 35N force starts acting on it over a horizontal distance of 4m. What

would be the final kinetic energy of this bicycle?

12. A particle of mass 1 kg experiences a net work of 100 J. What is the change in kinetic energy of the

particle?

13. Determine if each of the following is doing positive work, negative work, or no work.

14. Fill in the blanks A-K.

Name/Element:

English 8 Pre-Comp Exam Study Packet

Table of Contents Grammar:

1. Subject Verb Agreement

2. Verb Tense Compatibility

3. Pronoun-antecedent Agreement

4. Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

5. Active & Passive Voice

6. Comma Mechanics (differentiate between essential & non-essential info/appositives; identify

when a comma is needed for an opening phrase)

7. Types of Sentences (simple, compound, complex, compound-complex)

8. Identifying Common Errors

9. Sentence Types: Simple/Complex/Compound/Compound-Complex

10. Run-ons and Fragments

Reading Comprehension

11. Identify the Main Idea of a passage

12. Infer the meaning of a word based on context

13. Plot Structure: Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Resolution

14. Character Types (narrator vs. author, protagonist vs. antagonist)

15. Characterization (indirect vs. direct, describing character traits based on characterization)

16. Conflict (identifying the conflict, differentiating between external and internal)

17. Character Motivation (infer character’s motives based on actions/words/effects on others)

18. Mood & Tone (identifying based on contextual clues)

a. Tone terms: diction, connotation, denotation, colloquial, elevated, archaic

Literary Devices

19. Figurative Language (distinguish type used in passage and analyze function of figurative language

in a passage)

a. Simile

b. Metaphor

c. Personification

d. Hyperbole

e. Understatement

f. Irony (situational, dramatic, verbal)

g. Paradox

h. Oxymoron

i. Rhetorical Question

j. Apostrophe

k. Pun

l. Euphemism

m. Idiom

20. Theme (picking the most accurage from several possible themes for a passage)

Grammar:

1. Subject Verb Agreement

a. If the subject is singular, the verb is singular; if the subject is plural, the verb is plural

Mrs.Hendrickson feeds the birds every day. The Hendricksons feed the birds every day.

2. Verb Tense Compatibility a. Maintaining one tense in a complete thought: past tense or present tense.

Incorrect: In the game of hide and seek, Bobby chased Mary and tag her from behind. Correct: In the game of hide and seek, Bobby chased Mary and tagged her from behind. Incorrect: Dusk had just settled when I see a fawn timidly step onto the beach. Correct: Dusk had just settled when I saw a fawn timidly step onto the beach.

3. Pronoun-antecedent Agreement

a. Pronouns must agree in number (singular vs. plural) with the word which they are

modifying

-Singular pronouns: Him, her, his, hers, its, each, either, neither, anybody, anyone,

everybody, everyone, no one, nobody, one, somebody, and someone are singular

pronouns and receive singular verbs.

-Plural pronouns: They, their, both, few, many, and several are plural pronouns

and receive plural verbs.

4. Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers

a. A modifier describes or limits another word.

➞Lily is a subject. Add the word tiger before lily and the subject is modified: It is

now a specific type of lily. Pushed is an action word. Add shyly and the action is

limited: It is now a gentler action. Put the subject, its action, and the modifiers all

together and the sentence reads: Unlike its fierce namesake, the tiger lily pushed

its head shyly through the soil.

b. *Modifiers (adjectives, adverbs, adjectival/adverbial phrases) must be

placed/located in a sentence so they clearly describe the noun or verb that they

modify.

5. Active & Passive Voice a. Active: the noun “does the action.” Ex. The author wrote a beautiful story. b. Passive: the noun “is acted upon.” Ex. The author’s story was loved by many

people!

6. Comma Mechanics (differentiate between essential & non-essential info/appositives;

identify when a comma is needed for an opening phrase)

a. DO use a comma…

i. Before ____ conjunctions (“FANBOYS” – for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

ii. To set off nonessential info (subordinate clauses, participial phrases)

iii. After introductory elements

1. (well, oh, why, yes, no)

2. An introductory participial phrase (“disappointed by the price of

the tickets, the students chose not to attend the concert.”)

3. An introductory prepositional phrase (“near the door, you will find

the lightswitch.”)

4. An introductory adverb clause (“at our house, we share the

chores.”)

a. Note: an adverb clause in the middle or at the end of a

sentence usually doesn’t need to be set off by a comma (

b. DON’T use a comma

7. Types of Sentences (simple, compound, complex, compound-complex)

a. Simple: contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses. (It can

contain a compound subject, a compound verb, and any number of phrases).

b. Compound: contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent

clauses. The two independent clauses may be joined by a comma and a

coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon.

c. Complex: contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

d. Compound-Complex: contains two or more independent clauses and at least one

dependent clause.

8. Identifying Common Errors (contractions vs. possessives) a. Contractions: use an apostrophe where letters or numbers have been deleted:

➞I looked at my father and whispered, “It’s (It is) okay to cry every so often.” b. Possessives: use an apostrophe at the end of a name where there is ownership

(remember to also add an s after the apostrophe if the word or name does not end in an s already)

➞Mary Jane’s horse sprained his ankle during practice.

➞Basis’ building is located at 410 8th St. NW in Washington, DC

9. Run-ons and Fragments

a. Fragment: a phrase punctuated like a sentence even though it does not express a

complete thought.➞ Example: Timothy saw the car. And ran.

b. Run on sentences combine too many clauses/phrases in one sentence without using correct conjunctions or punctuation.

i. Run-on: Mr. Erichsen-Teal teaches English, Dr. Seiler teaches AP History. ii. Correct: Mr. Erichsen Teal teaches English and Dr. Seiler teaches AP

History. iii. Correct: Mr. Erichsen Teal teaches English; Dr. Seiler teaches AP History. iv. Correct: While Mr. Erichsen Teal teaches English, Dr. Seiler teaches AP

History.

Reading Comprehension

10. Identify the Main Idea of a passage

11. Infer the meaning of a word based on context

12. Plot Structure: (a general arc for a piece of fiction

a. Exposition: beginning of story; characters and setting are introduced

b. Rising Action: main character(s) face(s) conflicts which drive the action of the

story and lead up to the central problem/event

c. Climax: the peak of action and conflict; the turning point of the story

d. Falling Action: the conflict decreases until…

e. Resolution: the outcome of the conflict

13. Character Types (narrator vs. author, protagonist vs. antagonist)

14. Characterization (describing character traits based on characterization)

a. Indirect: the reader infers the personality by judging the characters speech,

actions, appearance, etc.

b. Direct: the reader understands the personality of the character because the

narrator or other characters describe the character’s qualities.

15. Conflict (identifying the conflict, differentiating between external and internal)

16. Character Motivation (infer character’s motives based on actions/words/effects on

others)

17. Mood & Tone (identifying based on contextual clues)

a. Tone: the revealed attitude of a writer toward a subject. (We usually judge the

tone by examining the author’s diction/word choice).

i. terms: diction, connotation, denotation, colloquial, elevated, archaic

b. Mood: the emotional atmosphere of a piece of writing.

Literary Devices

18. Figurative Language (distinguish type used in passage and analyze function of figurative

language in a passage)

a. Simile: a comparison using the words like, than, or as. Example: hair smooth as silk

b. Metaphor: a direct comparison. Example: thoughts swimming lazily.

c. Personification: a literary technique that gives human qualities to animals, objects, elements of

nature, or anything that is not human. Often, personification helps the reader identify with the

nonhuman characters in a story. Example: the wind could be heard whispering in the treetops.

d. Hyperbole: a device in which an author uses exaggeration in order to emphasize a point or to

create a humorous effect. Example: If I don’t get an iPhone for my birthday, I’ll die.

e. Understatement: a device employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation

seem less important than it really is. Example: A sports fan’s team gets annihilated by the

opposing team, and the fan says, “Yeah, we didn’t do so well.”

f. Irony: the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference

between what appears to be and what is actually true.

Verbal irony – when the words literally state the opposite of the writer’s/speaker’s meaning.

Situational irony – when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the

characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen.

Dramatic irony – when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction

but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.

g. Paradox: statement that appears to be self-contradictory (or sometimes silly) but may include

an underlying truth. Examples: “I’m a nobody,” “youth is wasted on the young,” “the wise fool.”

h. Oxymoron: a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect.

Examples: “cruel kindness,” “living death.”

i. Rhetorical Question: a question that does not expect an explicit answer, but is used to pose an

idea to be considered by the speaker or audience. Example: (song lyrics from Bob Dylan’s

“Blowin’ in the Wind”) “How many roads must a man walk down/ Before you call him a man?”

j. Apostrophe: a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a

personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. (It is an address to someone or something that

cannot answer). The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. Many apostrophes imply

a personification of the object addressed.

k. Pun: a humorous play on words that which uses a word with multiple meanings or uses similar

sounding words that have different meanings. Examples: “a horse is a very stable animal,” “an

elephant’s opinion carries a lot of weight,” (from Shakespeare’s “Richard III”) “winter of our

discontent…made glorious summer by this Son of York.”

l. Euphemism: a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might

be inappropriate or uncomfortable. Example: “collateral damage” (civilian deaths in a military

operation).

m. Idiom: a phrase or saying that has developed a meaning of its own, apart from the literal

meaning of the words. Examples: “it’s raining cats and dogs,” “I’m working the graveyard shift.”

19. Theme (picking the most accurate from several possible themes for a passage)

Nomen:

Ms. Beabout – Latin 8

Pre-Comprehensive Exam Review Materials

FOR THE NEXT 4 CLASSES KEEP ALL REVIEWS SHEETS IN YOUR ACCORDION

FOLDER, SO THAT YOU WILL HAVE THEM TO STUDY AT HOME. PRACTICE AND

REVIEW SHEETS WILL BE ADDED. ALSO GO OVER OLD QUIZZES.

COMMON PORTION: 30 mins - 50%

Topics:

A. Participles

1) Formation and translation (see sample questions)

2) Declension f participles in charts

B. Adjective degrees (positive, comparative, and superlatives)

1) Formation

2) Various Translations

LOCAL PORTION: 30 mins - 50%

Section I: Free Response

Forms

A. Declension

1) Decline 3rd declension i-stem with 1st or 2nd declension adjective

B. Conjugation

1) Active/Passive Synopses - 3rd conjugation (SEE SAMPLE)

Translate 2 of 5 sentences. (These should look somewhat familiar)

Section II: Multiple Choice (35 Questions)

STYLE/TOPIC OF QUESTION # OF QUESTIONS

Noun chart 3rd declension neuter 4

Deponent Verb 3

Infinitive 5

Participle Chart 3

Terms (parts of speech, aspects of nouns and verbs, 3

case use Lexical entry, terms, ID declension/conjugation)

Case Use (includes ID) 3

Forms of Nouns, Verbs (create, irregular verbs translation 4

of form or underlined in sentences)

3rd Declension Adjective agreement 1

Adverb Formation (from 3rd declension adjective) 1

Adjective Degrees (Forms and Translation in sentence) 2

Constructions with infinitive and participles 6

(ID, translation, formation – infinitive: subjective, complementary, objective, indirect statement /

participles: as adjectives in adjectival clauses, ablative absolute)

The list seems long but…..it is just very specific!

STUDY HINTS:

1) Practice your endings (declension and conjugations). Do more than just the practice sheets if you

don’t have them down.

2) DO THE PRACTICE QUESTIONS!!!!

3) WRITE ON YOUR TEST – Quickly put your endings (especially nouns) and cases with uses down

on a corner of your test (not the answer sheet) so you have them to use throughout the test. It is easier to

just look at the answer than have to think out the declension or conjugation each time.

4) AT LEAST FILL IN THE ENDINGS ON YOUR MULTIPLE CHOICE CHARTS:

Even if you just write in the endings, fill in the empty portions of the chart. Again it is easier to look at

the answer and choose it from the choices, than pick an answer looking at several forms of the same

word.

5) TRY TO ANSWER THE QUESTION BEFORE YOU LOOK AT THE CHOICES: In multiple

choice questions there is a correct answer and distracters. If you know the answer before looking at the

choices you can pick out the answer and move on.

6) TRUST YOURSELF: We have done many worksheets, quizzes, charts, questions, and review of

these forms and topics. If you think an answer is correct but aren’t entirely sure, answer it with what you

think is correct and move on. Do mark it and check if you have time but don’t over think the questions.

They are meant to be straight forward and are not there to trick you.

Practice #1: FREE RESPONSE

Decline this noun adjective combination

mons altus – high mountain

s. pl.

Complete the following Active and Passive Synopses

cogo, cogere, coēgi, coactus (a,um) – urge, compel

3rd person singular

active translation

present:

imperf:

future:

perfect:

pluperf:

fut perf:

passive translation

present:

imperf:

future:

perfect:

pluperf:

fut perf:



civis bonus – good citizen

s. pl.

Complete the following Active and Passive Synopses pono, ponere, posui, positus (a,um) –put, place

1st person plural

active translation

present:

imperf:

future:

perfect:

pluperf:

fut perf:

passive translation

present:

imperf:

future:

perfect:

pluperf:

fut perf:



dens magnus – big tooth

s. pl.

Complete the following Active and Passive Synopses

trado, tradere, tradidi, traditus (a,um) – surrender, hand over

1st person plural

active translation

present:

imperf:

future:

perfect:

pluperf:

fut perf:

passive translation

present:

imperf:

future:

perfect:

pluperf:

fut perf:

Sample Charts Multiple Choice for Native

CHARTS:

Complete the declension of , vulnus, vulneris (n) – wound . Use the chart to help you answer

the questions that follow. The number in the box corresponds to the number of the question.

Case Singular Plural

Nom.

Gen. vulneris 3.

Dat. 1.

Acc. 2. 4.

Abl. vuneribus

1) What form is missing from box #1?

A) vulnere

B) vulnerae

C) vulnus

D) vulneri


A) vulnerem

B) vulnus

C) vulnerum

D) vulnera


A) vulnerorum

B) vulneris

C) vulnerum

D) vulneres


A) vulneres

B) vulnera

C) vulneri

D) vulnerum

Complete the conjugation of the verb gradior, gradi, gressus (a,um) sum in the PRESENT

Tense. Use the chart to help you answer the questions that follow. The number in the box

corresponds to the number of the question.

Person Singular Plural

1st

2nd graderis 2.

3rd 1. 3.


A) gradit

B) gradietur

C) graditur

D) graderetur


A) gradimini

B) graditis

C) gradēmini

D) gradiebaminin


A) gradintur

B) gradientur

C) gradunt

D) gradiuntur

Use the chart below to help you choose the correct form of the missing infinitives puniō, punire,

punivī, punitus (a,um) - punish

Tense Active Passive

present 1. 2.

perfect 3. 4.

future 5. punitum iri


A) puniri

B) punire

C) punio

D) puniens


A) puniretur

B) puniri

C) puni

D) puniens


A) punires

B) puniturum

C) punitum est

D) punivisse


A) punivissetur

B) puniturus ire

C) punitum essetur

D) punitum esse


A) punietur

B) punitum ire

C) puniturum esse

D) punitus (a,um) ero

Use the chart below to help you choose the correct form of the missing participles claudō,

claudere, clausī, clausus (a,um) - close

Tense Active Passive

present 1. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

perfect XXXXXXXXXXXXXX

future 2. 3.


A) claudi

B) claudit

C) claudens

D) claudere


A) clausurus (a, um)

B) claudebins

C) claudēns

D) clausurum esse


A) clausurus ire

B) clausandi (ae, a)

C) clausuri

D) claudendus (a,um)

Nomen Ms. Beabout – Latin 8 worksheet: 2.15

Common Pre-Comp Sample Participle Formation Question

1. What is the future active participle of the 3rd conjugation verb cogo, cogere, coēgi, coactum – “to urge”

A. coactus (a,um) B. coēgi

C. cogens, cogentis D. coacturus (a,um)

2. What is the perfect passive participle of the 2nd conjugation verb teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum – “to hold” A. tenuisse

B. tenendus (a,um) C. tentus (a,um)

D. tenturus (a,um)

3. What is the translation of the present active participle of the 3rd conjugation verb cogo, cogere, coēgi, coactum – “to urge”

A. about to urge B. urging

C. having urged D. having been urges

4. What is the present active participle of the 4th conjugation verb invenio, invenire, invēni, inventum – “to find, discover” A. inverturus (a,um)

B. inveniens, invenientis C. invenins, invenintis D. invenens, invenetis

5. What is the future passive participle of the 1st conjugation verb puto, putare, putavi, putatum – “to think”

A. putavisse B. putans, putantis C. putaturus (a,um)

D. putandus (a,um)

6. What is the translation of the perfect passive participle of the 2nd conjugation verb

teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum – “to hold” A. having been held B. holding

C. having to be held D. must be held

7. What is the translation of the future active participle of the 4th conjugation verb invenio, invenire, invēni, inventum – “to find, discover”

A. dicovering B. must be discover

C. about to discover D. will discover

8. What is the present active participle of the 2nd conjugation verb video, vidēre, vidi, visum – “to see” A. vidēre

B. videns, videntis C. videan, videantis D. visus (a, um)

9. What is the translation of the future passive participle of the 1st conjugation verb muto, mutare, mutavi, mutatum – “to change”

A. to change B. must change C. will be changed

D. having to be changed

10. What is the future passive participle of the 3rd conjugation verb facio, facere, fēci, factum – “to make” A. faciendus (a,um)

B. factus (a,um) C. facendus (a,um) D. faciens, facientis

11. What is the translation of the future active participle of the 3rd conjugation verb

facio, facere, fēci, factum – “to make” A. having to be made B. going to make

C. making D. should make

12. What is the translation of the perfect passive participle of the 2nd conjugation verb video, vidēre, vidi, visum – “to see”

A. saw B. having to be seen

C. seen D. seeing

1/11/2017 Quizizz: Question Set

https://quizizz.com/print/quiz/5871c28a865311473c25a589 1/7

Name :Class :Date :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Quizizz8th 家Family/countries/jobs/house

我叫王小明，我十一岁。我有一个弟弟，他九岁。

How old is 王小明？

a) 十一岁 b) 八岁

c) 一岁 d) 九岁

我的妈妈四十岁，她是医生。我的爸爸四十二岁，他是老师。我是学生。

What 's my dad's job(工作)?

a) 学生 b) 医生

c) 老师 d) 商人


What's my mom's job（工作）？

a) 学生 b) 医生

c) 老师 d) 商人


How old is my mom?

a) 40 b) 42

c) 50 d) 24

What do you call your dad's younger brother?

a) 姑姑 b) 伯伯

c) 阿姨 d) 叔叔

What do you call your dad's older brother?

a) 爷爷 b) 伯伯

c) 阿姨 d) 叔叔



7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

What do you call your dad's sister?

a) 姑姑 b) 阿姨

c) 姐姐 d) All of the above

What do you call your mother’s sister?

a) 奶奶 b) 阿姨

c) 姑姑 d) All of the above

舅舅 is______, I call his son ______.

a) father’s sister, 表姐/表妹 b) mother's sister，表姐/表妹

c) father’s brother，表哥/表弟 d) mother's brother，表哥/表

弟

叔叔/伯伯 is______, I call his son ______.

a) father’s sister, 表姐/表妹 b) mother's sister，表姐/表妹

c) father’s brother，堂哥/堂弟 d) mother's brother，堂哥/堂

弟

谁

a) whose b) his

c) who d) mine

我爷爷是______(business man)。

a) 医生 b) 工人

c) 校长 d) 商人

我爸爸的______是医生。

a) 工作 b) 长大

c) 医生 d) 想当

护士

a) nurse b) teacher

c) doctor d) chef



15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

医生

a) nurse b) do not have

c) doctor d) am/is/are, yes

工人

a) engineer b) business man

c) farmer d) worker

她是做什么的？

她是_______(lawyer)

a) 她是律师 b) 她是教授

c) 她是工程师 d) 她是商人

他是做什么的？

他是_______(engineer)

a) 他是校长 b) 他是运动员

c) 他是工程师 d) 他是律师

他是做什么的？

他是_______(athlete)

a) 他是运动员 b) 他是商人

c) 他是老师 d) 他是还动员

妈妈的爸爸是_____

a) 姥爷 b) 叔叔

c) 舅舅 d) 先生

爸爸的爸爸是______

a) 外公 b) 奶奶

c) 姑姑 d) 爷爷

爸爸的妈妈是_____

a) 奶奶 b) 阿姨

c) 姑姑 d) 姐姐



23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

A:你长大想当什么？

B:我长大想当老师。

What does B want to be when she/he grows up?

a) lawyer b) engineer

c) principal d) teacher

A:你长大想当什么？

B:我长大想当厨师。

What does B want to be when she/he grows up?

a) lawyer b) chef

c) engineer d) teacher

墨西哥人说(speak)__________。

a) 西班牙文 b) 墨西哥文

c) 墨西哥 d) 美国

我妈妈是英国人。

My mom is _____.

a) Germany b) USA

c) British d) Chinese

加拿大人说(speak)_______和_________。

a) 英文，法文 b) 加拿大文，英文

c) 美文，法文 d) 加拿大文，法文

我会说日文。

I can speak:

a) Japanese b) French

c) English d) Chinese

我会说中文和西班牙文。I can speak_____

a) Chinese and French b) Chinese and English

c) Chinese and German. d) Chinese and Spanish



30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

我是德国人。

a) I am Chinese b) I am German

c) I am Japanese d) I am British

I am not a Japanese.

a) 我是不日本人。 b) 不是日本人我。

c) 我不是日本人。 d) 日本人不是我。

她的朋友是印度人。

a) Her friend is an American b) Her friend is not a Chinese

c) Her friend is an Indian d) She has an Indian friend.

______是你的奶奶？

a) 什么 b) 多少

c) 哪里 d) 谁

王朋的妈妈四十五岁，是我们的法文老师，她还会说日语和英语。

How old is the teacher?

a) 38 b) 45

c) 56 d) 34

王朋的妈妈四十五岁，是我们的法文老师，她还会说日语和英语。

Which languages does she know?

a) English, Japanese,

Chinese

b) French, Japanese，

Spanish

c) Spanish, French, Chinese d) French, Japanese, English

A: 他是英国人吗？

B: 他不是英国人，他是美国人。

Is he a British?

a) No. he is a German. b) Yes, he is a British.

c) No. He is an Indian. d) No. He is an American.



37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

A：他们多大？

B： Mr. Lin 五十六岁，Mrs. Lin 四十八岁。

How old is Mr. Lin?

a) 46 b) 58

c) 48 d) 56

我会说英语，我想去加拿大。

Which country do I want to go?

a) America b) Canada

c) Frence d) Germany

Which country is IN Asia?

a) 中国 b) 法国

c) 英国 d) 美国

Which country is Not in Asia?

a) 中国 b) 德国

c) 印度

Pakistani

d) 日本

Spanish

这是_______(garage)。

a) 开车 b) 车库

c) 客厅 d) 浴室

我家的_______(bathroom)很大。

a) 卫生间 b) 厨房

c) 餐厅 d) 客厅

这是我家的____(dinning room)。

a) 卧室 b) 餐厅

c) 客厅 d) 车库

这个房子有五个_____ (bedrooms).

a) 洗手间 b) 卧室

c) 客厅 d) 厨房



45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

我家有一个卫生间，一个____(living room)和两个卧室。

a) 洗手间 b) 书房

c) 客厅 d) 餐厅

这是我爸爸妈妈的______（bedroom）.

a) 书房 b) 餐厅

c) 浴室 d) 卧室

这是我家的_____(kitchen)。

a) 厨房 b) 房间

c) 餐厅 d) 客厅

我家有三个卧室，两个浴室。厨房和餐厅都很小，我没有书房和车库。

Which sentence is Not correct?

a) I have a small kitchen b) I have two bathrooms.

c) I don’t have a garage. d) I have a study room.

我住在Washington Dc。我家不大，可是我喜欢我的家。

Which sentence is Not correct.

a) My house is not big b) I don't like my house

because my house is not

big.

c) I live in America. d) I like my house even

though my house is not big.

我家的客厅不大不小，我的房间很大，我的房间有很多的书。我爱我家！

Which sentence is Not correct.

a) My living room is not big

not small.

b) I have a lot of books.

c) My kitchen is very big d) I love my home!

Mike 的家很大，他家有十个________(rooms)

a) 厨房 b) 书房

c) 房子 d) 房间

Name :Class :Date :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Quizizz8th 时间和节日time & holidays

2:10pm

a) 早上两点十分 b) 下午两点十分

c) 中午十二点十分 d) 晚上十二点十分

6:45am

a) 晚上八点四十五分 b) 早上八点四十五分

c) 早上六点四十五分 d) 下午四点四十五分

星期三

a) Monday b) Tuesday

c) Wednesday d) Thursday

星期天

a) Friday b) Wednesday

c) Saturday d) Sunday

今天

a) tomorrow b) today

c) yesterday d) the day after tomorrow

tomorrow

a) 今天 b) 明天

c) 昨天 d) 后天

Yesterday

a) 今天 b) 明天

c) 昨天 d) 后天

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

你什么时候去中国？

什么时候means_______

a) what b) where

c) how d) when

礼拜二

a) Monday b) 周二

c) 星期 d) Sunday

去年

a) the year before last year b) last year

c) the year after next year d) next year

Which time order is correct in Chinese?

a) 2016年31号12月 b) 12月31号2016年

c) 2016年12月31号 d) 31号2016年12月

早上七点十分

a) 7:10am b) 7:10pm

c) 10:07am d) 10:07pm

上午九点三十means

a) 6:30am b) 9:30am

c) 9:30pm d) 6:30pm

中午十二点means

a) 12pm b) 12am

c) 11pm d) 11am

下午五点一刻means

a) 5:15am b) 5:45am

c) 5:15pm d) 5:45pm

晚上八点半 means

a) 8:30am b) 8:30pm

c) 8:15am d) 8:45pm

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

八月十二号星期四

a) Tuesday December 10 b) Thursday August 12

c) Wednesday August 2 d) Thursday July 12

Which sentence is " I am not busy today"

a) 你今天不忙. b) 我今天不忙.

c) 我今天很忙. d) 你今天很忙.

昨天是几___几号？

a) 年 b) 月

c) 号 d) 天

现在是下午_____点一刻。

a) 两 b) 二

c) 雨 d) 半

一_______有几个月？

a) 星期 b) 哪年

c) 年 d) 周

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

Translate:

什么时候

a) where ? b) when ?

c) Who is this? d) how?

周末 means

a) month b) year

c) weekend d) day

Yesterday was my birthday.

a) 今天是你的生日 b) 昨天是我的生日

c) 明天是我的生日 d) 今天是我的生日

holiday

a) 日 b) 节

c) 月 d) 哪

1. 哪一天 2. 感恩节 3. 明年的 4. 是

Which is the correct order:

a) 3241 b) 1342

c) 3412 d) 2314

中秋节

a) Mid autumm festival b) Chinese New Year

c) Lantern Festival d) Dragon Boat Festival

月亮

a) Sun b) Moon

c) Grass d) Sky

When is 中秋节？

a) Lunar 七月七号 b) Lunar 一月十五号

c) Lunar 八月十五号 d) Lunar五月五号

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

春节 is

a) Spring Festival b) Dragon Boat Festival

c) Labor Day d)

last week

a) 上个星期 b) 下个星期

c) 这个星期 d) 那个星期

next week

a) 下个星期 b) 上个星期

c) 这个星期 d) 那个星期

弟弟的生日是 ...?

a) 二OO九年二日九月 b) 二OO九年九月二日

c) 二月九日二OO九年 d) 九日二OO九年二月

十月三十一日是

a) 感恩节 b) 圣诞节

c) 春节 d) 万圣节

I go to school at 8:00am everyday.

a) 我每天早上八点上学。 b) 我八点早上每天上学。

c) 我昨天早上八点上学。 d) 我明天八点早上上学。

我每天晚上九点_____(sleep)。

a) 睡觉 b) 起床

c) 上学 d) 晚饭

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

你每天下午______回家？

a) 哪里 b) 四点

c) 几点 d) 几月

New Year

a) 春节 b) 明年

c) 新年 d) 今年

我喜欢圣诞节。

a) I like Thanksgiving. b) I like Chinese New Year.

c) I like Lantern festival. d) I like Christmas.

端午节

a) yuán xiāo jié b) chūn jié

c) zhonɡ qiū jié d) duān wǔ jié

元宵节

a) yuán xiāo jié b) chūn jié

c) zhonɡ qiū jié d) duān wǔ jié

感恩节是一月十六号。 Chinese spring Festival is Jan 16.

a) True b) False

c) d)

现在是三月吗？ Is it March now?

a) True b) False

c) d)

前天

a) yesterday b) tomorrow

c) the day before yesterday d) the day after tomorrow

后天

a) yesterday b) tomorrow

c) the day before yesterday d) the day after tomorrow

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

明年

a) tomorrow b) next year

c) this year d) yestderday

Which word do NOT mean "week"?

a) 礼拜 b) 周

c) 星期 d) 年

中午 is

a) noon b) afternoon

c) morning d) night

妹妹今天早上六点______(get up)

a) 吃饭 b) 睡觉

c) 起床 d) 上学

Dinner is

a) 吃饭 b) 早饭

c) 午饭 d) 晚饭


https://quizizz.com/print/quiz/584ce46e8a8e823a09ffafad 1/6

Name :Class :Date :

1.

2.

3.

Quizizz8th 学校 & 课程school&subjects

这是______课。

a) 美术 b) 美国

c) 体育 d) 化学

我上_____课。

a) 教室 b) 数学

c) 化学 d) 物理

I like chemistry.

a) 我喜欢物理 b) 我喜欢数学

c) 我喜欢化学 d) 我喜欢地理



4.

5.

6.

这是______课。

a) 历史 b) 化学

c) 生物 d) 汉语

这是______课。

a) 法文 b) 英文

c) 汉语 d) 日语

这是_____课。

a) 足球 b) 体育

c) 物理 d) 生物



7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

我最喜欢学校的数学课和英____课

a) 语 b) 学

c) 理 d) 物

他是非常好的地理老师。

a) He often teaches us

Geography.

b) He is a very good

Geography teacher

c) He often teaches us

physics

d) He is a very good Physics

teacher.

我上课每天八点二十分早上

Which order is correct:

a) 我早上每天上课八点二十

分。

b) 我每天早上八点二十分上课

c) 我上课每天早上八点二十

分。

d) 我八点二十分早上每天上课

厕所

a) gym b) classroom

c) sport ground d) restroom

图书馆

a) playground b) library

c) cafeteria d) restroom

教室

a) classroom b) library

c) lamp d) auditorium

上课

a) classroom b) attend to class

c) dismiss class d) attend to school

Choose the correct sentence structure.

a) 我们在上课教室。 b) 上课在我们教室。

c) 我们在教室上课。 d) 我们上课在教室。



15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

Choose the correct sentence structure.

a) 我和哥哥在操场踢足球。 b) 我和哥哥踢足球在操场。

c) 我和在哥哥操场踢足球。 d) 我操场和哥哥在踢足球。

你在餐厅干什么？

a) 上课 b) 吃饭

c) 洗手 d) 打篮球

which item does not belong to school supply?

a) 黑板 b) 粉笔

c) 书架 d) 温度

answer:这是体育课吗？

a) 是，这是体育课。 b) 对，是语文教室。

c) 不是，是体育课。 d) 是，这是音乐课。

_______里有很多书。

a) 办公室 b) 操场

c) 体育馆 d) 图书馆

我喜欢踢足球，_____喜欢游泳。

a) 可是 b) 也

c) 和 d) 都

你喜欢在哪里打网球？

a) 餐厅 b) 体育馆

c) 教室 d) 钟表

“电脑和钟表”means:

a) computer and book shelf b) chalks and penciles

c) computer and clock d) clock and text book

Which of the following class is not "外语” in our school？

a) Latin b) 英语

c) 中文 d) 法语



24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

我每天有中文课、英文课、音乐课、体育课、美术课和数学课。我最喜欢上美术课.

Which subject is my favorite?

a) 中文课 b) 音乐课

c) 美术课 d) 体育课

我每天有中文课、英文课、音乐课、体育课、美术课和数学课。我最喜欢上美术课.

How many classes do I take every day?

a) 三 b) 四

c) 五 d) 六

我的学校叫BasisDC, 我的学校不大。我的学校没有运动场。

Which the following answer is NOT correct?

a) BasisDC不大。 b) 我的学校有操场。

c) 我的学校没有运动场。 d) 我的学校叫BasisDC

我的学校有音乐教室、美术教室、体育馆和图书馆。

我最喜欢看书，常常去_______。

a) 音乐室 b) 美术室

c) 图书馆 d) 体育馆

A: 今天有化学课吗？

B: 没有，今天是星期二,不是星期三。

Which day has Chemistry?

a) Monday to Friday b) Wednesday

c) Tuesday d) Tuesday and wednesday

教室里有一个黑板，两个书架和一个钟。

Which item is Not mentioned?

a) clock b) blackboard

c) bookshelf d) computer



30.

31.

32.

33.

教室里有八张桌子，二十把椅子。

a) There are 8 tables,20

chairs in the classroom.

b) There are 20 tables, 8

chairs in the classroom.

c) There are 8 windows, 2

whiteboards in the

classroom.

d) There are 8 computers,20

students in the classroom.

教室有门，可是没有窗户。

There is no_______ in the classroom.

a) computers b) windows

c) lights d) doors

A:李老师在哪里？

B:她在办公室里。

Where is Ms. Li?

a) library b) classroom

c) office d) cafeteria

A：洗手间在哪里？

B：洗手间在体育馆的外面。

Where is the restroom?

a) inside the cafeteria. b) outside the cafeteria.

c) outside the gym. d) inside the gym.


https://quizizz.com/print/quiz/58745a464748f5200b1efa95 1/5

Name :Class :Date :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Quizizz8th Sports & Activities运动/活动

踢足球

a) play football b) play baseball

c) play soccer d) play basketball

打篮球



打羽毛球

a) play badminton b) play pingpang


打乒乓球

a) play badminton b) play pingpang


打棒球



游泳

a) fishing b) swim

c) mountain climbing d) run， jogging

我喜欢游泳。

a) I like to swim. b) I like to ride bike.

c) I like to fishing. d) I like jogging.



8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

Play Tennis

a) 打篮球 b) 打乒乓球

c) 骑自行车 d) 打网球

我最喜欢______(sports)。

a) 音乐 b) 游戏

c) 电脑 d) 运动

Which one is not a sport?

a) 踢足球 b) 看书

c) 打排球 d) 爬山

A：我星期天跟妹妹一起看电影。

B：我跟你们一起去，行吗？

A: 当然可以。

What are they going to do on Sunday?

a) mountain climbing b) watching a movie

c) riding a bike. d) stay at home



A: 当然可以。

Who will go with A & B?

a) mountain climbing b) watching a movie

c) riding a bike. d) stay at home



A: 当然可以。

Who will go with A & B?

a) A's older sister b) B's younger brother

c) A' s younger sister d) A friend of A and B



14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

A: 我星期六打算去钓鱼。

B: 我可以跟你去吗？

A: 行啊！

Which sentence is correct?

a) They want to ride bikes on

Saturday.

b) B doesn't want to go with A.

c) B will go with A. d) A They played together last

week.

你最喜欢干什么？

“干” means ＿＿＿＿＿

a) play b) read

c) ride d) do

我的爸爸每天打太极拳。

a) My dad plays Taichi every

day.

b) My dad loves to play Taichi.

c) My dad can play Taichi. d) My dad likes to play martial

art.

A:谁喜欢学功夫？

B:我的弟弟喜欢。

A:他每天都学吗？

B:不，每个星期二学功夫。

What sport does B's younger brother learn?

a) Taichi b) Kongfu

c) jogging d) Dance

我很喜欢骑自行车，可是我的姐姐不喜欢。

"可是" is _______.

a) maybe b) can

c) but d) also



19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

我今天下午打算去朋友家，行吗？

”行吗？“ means___________.

a) to get permission, may ? b) of course

c) when d) together

我哥哥明天_____爬山吗？

a) 行 b) 可以

c) 可能 d) 可是

1.每天 2. 五点 3. 我 4. 早上 5. 游泳

Which sentence order is correct?

a) 34215 b) 34125

c) 35142 d) 31425

A: 你有事吗？

B:我今晚七点半跟他们一起看电影.

Which sentence is Not correct?

a) B will watch a movie

tonight.

b) The movie will start after

7:30pm.

c) A and B will go together. d) B has a plan for tonight.

1. 打算 2. 你 3.干什么 4.明天

Which sentence order is correct?

a) 2413 b) 2341

c) 4321 d) 2431

这是我的学校。我的学校不大也不小。

我的学校大吗？

a) 很大 b) 很小

c) 不大不小 d) 不知道

我喜欢跑步，也喜欢打球。

What sports do I like?

a) swim, play balls. b) run / jogging, play balls

c) kongfu, run/jogging d) mountain climbing , swim



26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

我的舅舅是运动员，他最喜欢打球和游泳。

What sports does my uncle like the most?

a) play balls , run b) climb, ride a bike

c) fish, swim d) play balls, swim

我的舅舅是运动员，他最喜欢打球和游泳。

My uncle is _______.

a) a worker b) a salesman

c) an athlete d) a waiter

我的妹妹在BasisDC上学。她喜欢打篮球和排球，她每天下课都打篮球。

Which is INCORRECT answer.

a) My younger sister likes

sports.

b) My younger sister plays

basket ball every day.

c) My younger sister plays

volleyball every day.

d) My younger sister goes to

BasisDC.

我的哥哥喜欢打太极，他不喜欢钓鱼。

What does NOT my older brother like to do?

a) mountain climbing b) swimming

c) Taichi d) fishing

我的姐姐每天骑自行车上学。

How does my sister go to school every day?

a) Walk b) run

c) ride a bike d) take a ride

often

a) 不常 b) 常常

c) 非常 d) 最近

我们都喜欢运动。

“都” means______

a) the most b) also

c) all d) but


https://quizizz.com/print/quiz/5872a7badaeb0fff3b29353b 1/7

Name :Class :Date :

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Quizizz8th 天气&季节 weather&season

晴天

a) fine/sunny b) cloudy

c) rain d) snow

下雨

a) rain b) snow

c) sunny d) windy

下雪

a) snow b) rain

c) windy d) cloudy

阴天

a) overcast b) sunny

c) windy d) cold

不冷不热means_______.

a) hot and cold b) not hot and not cold

c) it's cold. d) It's hot.

刮风

a) windy b) cloudy

c) rain d) snow

多云

a) cloudy b) overcast

c) windy d) sunny



8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

温度

a) temperature b) weather

c) cool d) degrees

可能

a) possible b) can

c) may d) but

昨天很凉爽。

a) It was hot yesterday. b) It was warm yesterday.

c) It was cold yesterday. d) It was cool yesterday.

昨天很暖和。

a) It was hot yesterday. b) It was warm yesterday.

c) It was cold yesterday. d) It was cool yesterday.

今天很热，温度是______度。

a) 六十 b) 九十八

c) 十六 d) 四十六

今天温度是三度。

what 's the weather today?

a) It's cold b) It's warm

c) It's cool d) It's hot

外面阴天，明天可能下雪。

Which sentence is correct.

a) It's raining now. b) It 's not snowing now.

c) It's a sunny day. d) It maybe rain this morning.

Match pinyin to Chinese: nuǎn huo

a) 凉快 b) 刮风

c) 暖和 d) 下雨



16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

Match pinyin to Chinese: liánɡ shuǎnɡ

a) 凉爽 b) 刮风

c) 暖和 d) 下雨

今天的温度很_______(high)

a) 好 b) 高

c) 冷 d) 热

A:明天的天气几度？

B:天气预报是六十五度。

你觉得明天的天气怎么样

a) 很好 b) 很冷

c) 很热 d) all of the above

Which question is correct?

a) 明天天气什么？ b) 后天天气怎么？

c) 今天天气怎么样？ d) 昨天天气什么时候？

今天的天气怎么样？

a) 刮风 b) 下雪

c) 下雨 d) 阴天

'' It will rain tomorrow" means_______.

a) 明天下雪 b) 明天下雨

c) 春天晴天 d) 冬天阴天



22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

天气

a) Sunday b) Weather

c) overcast d) Temperature


a) 下雨外面 b) 外面下雨，带雨伞吧。

c) 外面刮风，没有雨。 d) 可能下雨外面，带雨伞。

北京冬天_______下雪。

a) 最近 b) 常常

c) 非常 d) 觉得

我的哥哥______很忙。

a) 最近 b) 最

c) 非常 d) 觉得

我的妹妹________喜欢春天。

a) 最好 b) 常常

c) 非常 d) 觉得

我觉得秋天最好。

Which season I think is the best?

a) Spring b) Summer

c) Autumn d) Winter



28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

Which order is correct？

1. 天气 2. 也 3. 不热 4. 不冷 5. 今天的

a) 15423 b) 42351

c) 52134 d) 51423

Which order is correct？

1. 喜欢 2.最 3.我爸爸 4.秋天 5.DC的

a) 31245 b) 32154

c) 52134 d) 51423

季节jì jié

a) season b) temperature

c) moon d) weather

巴黎(Paris)的春天常常下雨，最低温度是9度。法国人喜欢去咖啡馆喝咖啡。


a) Spring in Paris is very hot. b) French don't like drinking

coffee.

c) Spring in Paris often rain. d) Spring in Paris often snow.

巴黎(Paris)的秋天不冷不热，是最好的季节。

巴黎的冬天不经常下雪,我最不喜欢巴黎的冬天。

Which sentence is not correct?

a) Autumn in Paris is the best

season.

b) I don't like Winter in Paris.

c) Autumn in Paris is not cold

not hot.

d) Winter in Paris often

snows.

这是什么季节？

a) 春天 b) 夏天

c) 冬天 d) 秋天



34.

35.

36.

37.

今天很热，你要穿______

a) T恤 b) 大衣

c) 外套 d) 雨衣

外面很冷，你要穿_______.

a) T恤 b) 短裤

c) 裙子 d) 大衣

十二_____衣服

a) 条 b) 个

c) 件 d) 双

一_____裙子

a) 条 b) 个

c) 只 d) 张



38. 这是什么？

a) 裙子 b) 牛仔裤

c) 衬衫 d) 短裤

1

Spanish Study Guide 8th Grade Precomprehensive Exam-

This is a guide of the content and concepts we have covered this year. Refer to the Guided Practice section of your

workbook for grammar notes and please go to our website:

http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.gotoWebCode&wcprefix=jck&wcsuffix=0001

CAPÍTULO 6A: En mi dormitorio

Vocabulario (p.272-273): 1. Talk about your bedroom 2. Describe bedroom items and electronic equipment 3. Make comparisons Gramática: Making comparisons (p.278) The superlative (p.280) Poder and Dormir **These are stem-changing verbs. Puedo Podemos Puedes Puede Pueden *You use poder to say what you can or cannot do: --¿Puedes ir a la fiesta conmigo? --No, no puedo ir. Dormir = to sleep Duermo Dormimos Duermes Duerme Duermen ⇒ REPASO DEL CAPÍTULO- VOCABULARIO Y GRAMÁTICA: p. 294 ⇒ TEST PREPARATION: www.phschool.com web code: jcd-0607

CAPÍTULO 6B: ¿Cómo es tu casa? Vocabulario (p.272-273): 1. Identify rooms in a house 2. Name household chores 3. Tell where you live Gramática: Poner = to put; to set (the table)

(Follows the pattern of –er verbs except for the irregular yo form: pongo Hacer = to do; to make (Follows the pattern of –er verbs except for the irregular yo form: hago) Dar = to give; Dar de comer = to feed

(Follows the pattern of –ar verbs except for the irregular yo form: doy) d. The

following are irregular informal commands: ser/sé decir/di ir/ve poner/pon salir/sal tener/ten venir/ven hacer/haz

2

Deber: Debes / No debes + infinitive Use to tell someone what he/she should or should not do. ⇒ REPASO DEL CAPÍTULO- VOCABULARIO Y GRAMÁTICA: p. 318 ⇒ TEST PREPARATION: www.phschool.com web code: jcd-0616

CAPÍTULO 7A: ¿Cuánto cuesta? Vocabulario (p.322-325): 1. Talk about shopping and clothing 2. Talking about prices 3. Numbers 100 to 1000 Gramática:

-changing verbs: pensar, querer and preferir. Examples: pensar-yo pienso, nosotros pensamos; querer-tú quieres, nosotras queremos. ⇒ REPASO DEL CAPÍTULO- VOCABULARIO Y GRAMÁTICA: p. 342 ⇒ TEST PREPARATION: www.phschool.com web code: jcd-0706

CAPÍTULO 7B: ¡Qué regalo! Gramática

–ar verbs (p.354; p.356) Some –ar verbs have unique spelling changes only in the "yo" form. The reason for the spelling changes is to preserve the sound of the infinitive. These verbs include:

jugar/yo jugué (accent on the e). Also buscar, jugar and pagar

nos, los, las) ⇒ REPASO DEL CAPÍTULO- VOCABULARIO Y GRAMÁTICA: p. 370 ⇒ TEST PREPARATION: www.phschool.com web code: jcd-0717

CAPÍTULO 8A: De vacaciones Vocabulario (p.374-375) 1. Talk about things to do on vacation 2. Describe places to visit while on vacation 3. Talk about events in the past Gramática:

–ir verbs except for the irregular yo form: salgo)

–er and –ir verbs (p.383) The preterite of Ver (p.383) This verb follows of pattern of –er verbs in the preterite but does not

have accent marks in any of its forms.

The personal a (p.387)

3

⇒ REPASO DEL CAPÍTULO- VOCABULARIO Y GRAMÁTICA: p. 396 ⇒ TEST

PREPARATION:www.phschool.com web code: jcd-0807

Gramática Indirect object pronouns:

ME- to/for me NOS-to/ for

us

TE- to/for you

LE- to for

you(polite) To/for him/her

LES- to/ for

them or y’all

- refer to your conjugation table

SPANISH – Grade 8 Pre-Comprehensive Exam Information

January12th, 2017.

Dear 8th Grade Parents,

In order to evaluate the different skills our students are acquiring through their learning

of a foreign language, we have structured our Spanish Pre-comprehensive Test to have

three different portions: listening, oral and written. The schedule and the percentage

they will represent on the student’s grade are as follow:

PreComprehensive

Examination (type)

DATE Individual Percentage

Value

PERCENTAGE OF

TRI-2 GRADE

Common (written)

February. 3rd,

2017

50%

30% Native – Written 70%

50% Native - Oral 20%

Native - Listening 10%

We will start our review week on 1/25. For this purpose, we will provide students with a

study guide that will require them to work both, in the classroom and at home. We will

also be listing other resources in the study guide for students to practice conjugation and

vocabulary.

Please help us by reminding your student about the importance of attending all classes

as well as completing all required assignments.

Muchas gracias y feliz año

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Spanish Language Department

BASIS DC Please sign and return the section below to indicate that you have read this letter

SPANISH 8th GRADE / PRE-COMPREHENSIVE EXAM INFORMATION

STUDENT NAME (print please):__________________________________________________

STUDENT SIGNATURE: ________________________________________________________

PARENT SIGNATURE: __________________________________________________________

Microeconomic Review Outline

Mr. Klein, BASIS DC, Economics 8, 2016-17

This outline summarizes the basic concepts from the year’s topics. It is not intended to be used alone,

or self-sufficient. Instead, it should be used to organize your studying, and identify areas of focus.

There are many ways people use outlines like this. Some ideas: 1))Use highlighters to prioritize what you need to study. Use

one color for things you really need to relearn, and another color for things you just need to review. 2) Go through tests and

quizzes, and put a tally next to each concept you missed. Review the tallies to see where to focus your studying 3) circle the

bullet points you need to ask questions about. 4)make flashcard with the bolded vocab words. There’s any number of

strategies you can use. 5)Rewrite or retype the outline to include only the material you still haven’t mastered.

Try any one or more of these, or create your own.

Principles of Economic Thinking

Scarcity

o Sometimes called “fundamental economic problem”

o Unlimited wants, but limited resources

o Everyone can’t have everything they want

Factors of production

o Land, labor, capital

o Determine how many goods and services a country is able to produce

Opportunity cost

o The cost of something is what you give up to get it

o The value of the next-best alternative

Marginal analysis (Marginal cost, marginal benefit)

o The cost or benefit of producing/consuming one additional unit

o Calculate by subtracting the total utility from the total utility from the previous good

Consumer choice

o Smart, but selfish.

o Consumers will buy a good as long as Marginal Benefit > Marginal Cost

o Diminishing Marginal Utility: less additional utility from each additional unit.

Positive vs. normative

o Positive statements: how the world is. Often facts.

o Normative statements: how the world should be. Often opinions.

Production Possibility curve (PPC)

o illustrates how much society is able to produce

o shows the opportunity cost of producing more of one good: you must produce less of the other

o inside: inefficient; on the frontier: efficient; outside: impossible

o Shift in the curve illustrates increase or decrease in productive capacity

Economic systems

o Command, Market, Traditional, mixed economies.

o Economic questions: what to produce, how to produce it, who gets it

Microeconomics: Supply and Demand

Demand

o Law of demand: as prices increase, consumers buy less

o Demand: how willing and able a consumer is to buy a good at every possible price

o Determinants of demand: 1) income, 2) tastes, 3) price of related goods (substitutes,

complements), 4) expectations 5) number of buyers

o Change in demand (shift in the curve; determinant of demand changes) vs.

change in quantity demanded (movement along the curve; only price changes)

Supply

o Law of supply: as prices increase, producers are willing to sell/make more

o Supply: the amount of a good producers are willing and able to sell at every possible price

o Determinants of supply: 1)price of resources, 2) Technology & productivity, 3) expectations,

4) number of suppliers, 5)price of related goods

Elasticity

o Elasticity of demand: how much quantity demanded changes in response to a change in price

o Elastic: large change in quantity in response to a change in price

o Inelastic: little change in quantity in response to a change in price

o Determinants: 1) substitutes/competition 2) necessity vs. luxury, 3) proportion of budget,

4) time to adjust

o – 𝑒 =%∆ 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦

%∆ 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 e>1: elastic; e<1: inelastic

o Graphically: perfectly inelastic: vertical; perfectly elastic: horizontal

Equilibrium

o Where quantity supplied = quantity demand

o Markets will naturally move towards this point

o Shortage: quantity demanded > quantity supplied

o Surplus: quantity demanded < quantity supplied

Consumer & Producer Surplus

o Consumer Surplus: the difference between what a consumer is willing to pay, and what they

actually pay

o Producer surplus: the difference between what a producer is willing to sell a good for, and what

they actually sell it for

o Represent Graphically

o Deadweight loss: the loss of consumer and producer surplus due to an inefficient level of

production. Can be due to price controls, taxes, or monopolies

Price controls

o Price ceilings: maximum price; goes on bottom; create shortage

o Price floors: minimum price; goes on top; create surplus

o Both will always decrease quantity, create deadweight loss

Microeconomics: Market Structures

Cost of production

o Variable costs (vary with quantity) vs. fixed costs (do not vary with quantity)

o Economies of scale: as you produce more, each additional good is more efficient to produce

o Total cost at quantity of zero is fixed cost

o ATC = total cost ÷ quantity AFC = fixed cost ÷ quantity AVC = Variable cost ÷ quantity

Perfect competition

o Characteristics: 1)many small firms 2)identical goods, 3) free entry and exit, 4)perfect information

o Graphically: ATC, AVC, MC, MR curves

o Profit-maximizing quantity: where MC=MR

o Profit (ATC below MR) vs. loss (ATC above MR)

o Firms will exit in long run when making a loss; other firms will enter if there’s profit

o Long run: neither profit, nor loss as other firms enter/exit

o Will shut down temporarily when AVC is below MR (at quantity where MC=MR)

o Price Taker: firm’s production decision does not affect market price. Whatever the market price

is is what they sell at. If they raise prices, everyone goes to competitors. This is why MR is flat.

o Perfect competition is efficient.

Monopoly

o Characteristics: Only one firm (and it’s a big firm); barriers to entry. Often benefits from

economies of scale

o Graphically: ATC, MC, Demand, MR curves

o Produces at quantity where MC=MR, charges based on what demand for this quantity is

o Profit: ATC below demand where MC=MR; loss: ATC above demand where MC=MR

o Unlike perfect competition, can make profit or loss in long-run

o Barriers to entry: things that prevent other firms from entering the market. 1) natural barriers to

entry (economies of scale) 2)actions by firms 3) Government barriers

o Market power: the ability to influence market prices by changing quantity produced

o Price maker: the ability to set prices based on quantity produced

o Compared to perfect competition: inefficient, creates DWL, higher prices, lower quantity

o Government may break up into smaller firms, regulate prices

Microeconomics: Market Failure and the Government

Externalities

o Externality: an effect of a decision on someone who didn’t make the decision

o Negative should be corrected by a tax, positive by a subsidy

Taxes

o Create DWL

o Graphically: decrease in supply

o Subsidies: opposite of a tax; increase in supply

o Classified as progressive, proportional, or regressive based on how they affect different incomes

Public goods

o Excludable vs. non-excludable and rival vs. non-rival

o Public goods: both non-rival and non-excludable

Role of the government

o Impose taxes, regulate trade, implements fiscal/monetary policy, enforces contracts,

often provides public goods

o Economists often favor limited government intervention.

8th Grade Economics

2016 PreComp Review

Name: _________________________________

Microeconomics

Scarcity

1. To say that “there is a scarcity of gold” means that:

a) Gold prices will plummet

b) There is not enough gold to satisfy people’s demand

c) There are a very few substitutes for gold

d) Gold is relatively less expensive than other metals

e) The demand for gold is changing

2. Goods are scarce when:

a) Their price is too high

b) Their price is too low

c) The amount people want is more than the amount available at a zero price

d) They are necessities

e) Their price is controlled

3. Economics is best described as

a) The study of how scarce material wants are allocated between unlimited resources

b) The study of how scarce labor can be replaced by unlimited capital

c) The study of how people choose the best way to satisfy their unlimited material

wants with a scarce supply of resources

d) The study of how capitalism is superior to any other economic system

e) The study of how unlimited material wants can best be satisfied by allocating

limitless amounts of productive resources

PPC

4. When constructing production possibility curves for an economy, which of the following

is assumed to be constant?

a) The quantity of resources

b) The government budget

c) The quantity of goods produced

d) The price level

e) The money supply

Production Possibilities Schedule

Good A Good B

Choice 1 100 0

Choice 2 90 20

Choice 3 70 40

Choice 4 40 60

Choice 5 0 80

Use the table above for questions 5-6

5. Identify the correct statement.

a) This economy can produce 100 units of A and 20 units of B

b) The opportunity cost of producing more of A decreases as A increases

c) The opportunity cost of producing more of B decreases as B increases

d) This economy can produce 70 units of A and 40 units of B

e) If this economy fully and efficiently employs all its resources, it can produce 100

units of A and 80 units of B

6. According to the production possibilities schedule in the table above, which of the

following statements is true?

a) Moving from choice 2 to choice 3, the opportunity cost of 20 more B is 20 units

of A

b) There are increasing opportunity costs associated with getting more B

c) Moving from choice 3 to choice 4, the opportunity cost of 20 more B is 30 units

of A

d) Moving from choice 1 to choice 2, the opportunity cost of 20 more B is 10 units

of A

e) All of these statements are true

7. A point inside a nation’s production possibilities curve can represent:

a) A recession

b) An increase in population size

c) Economic growth

d) A technological advancement

e) An improvement in living standards

8. Given a production possibilities curve for defense goods and nondefense goods, which of

the following is not true?

a) A production point outside the curve may be attained if new resources are

discovered.

b) A production point outside the curve may be attained by acquiring a new

technology.

c) A production point outside the curve may be attained by shifting resources to

defense goods.

d) A production point outside the curve may be attained by acquiring both a new

technology and greater resources.

e) A production point outside the curve cannot be attained with the current level of

resources and technology.

9. Which of the following will result in an outward shift of the production possibilities

curve?

a) A decrease in the quantity of resources

b) An improvement in the quality of resources

c) A fall in education standards

d) A unsustainable growth in population

e) An increase in unemployment rate

Opportunity costs

10. In economics, the concept of opportunity cost is:

a) Negated by ensuring that the government has a role in a capitalist society

b) Defined to be the highest-valued alternative that must be forgone when a choice is

made

c) Best illustrated by knowing why consumers choose one good over another

d) Quantifiable only if you know the real dollar prices of the goods and services you

are giving up to consume something

e) The methodology that government economists use to determine the total amount

of the national debt

11. Which of the following is related to the concept of trade-off used in economics?

a) The tuition you pay to attend college

b) Paying a high price for a movie ticket on the first day of screening

c) Not having enough information available to make a rational decision

d) Giving up one good or activity in order to obtain some other good or activity

e) Having your cake and eating it too

12. Which of the following is an example of opportunity cost?

a) The Chinese food that you gave up when you chose to eat Italian food

b) The tuition that you pay so that you are able to attend college

c) For a professor of economics, the pleasure that he or she derives from teaching

economics

d) Sweets given up by a person who would never eat them even if he or she could

e) The price paid for a ticket when you decide to go to the movies

13. Nicky makes $25,000 a year as a sales clerk. He then decides to quit his job to enter an

MBA program full-time (assume Nicky doesn’t work in the summer or hold any part-

time jobs). His tuition, books, living expenses, and fees total $15,000 a year. Given this

information, the annual total cost of Nicky's MBA studies is:

a) $10,000

b) $30,000

c) $40,000

d) $15,000

e) $25,000

Utility

14. When attempting to explain why a consumer purchases a Ford automobile instead of a

Honda automobile or a Compaq computer instead of an IBM computer, an economist

would assert:

a) That the consumer is making a decision based on what gives them maximum

utility

b) That everyone knows Hondas are superior to Fords; the consumer cannot possibly

be maximizing his utility

c) That everyone knows IBM computers are superior to Compaq computers; the

consumer may be maximizing his utility at the margin, but is not maximizing total

utility

d) That there is no standard explanation for consumer choices because consumers

have varied tastes and preferences

e) That since rationality is bounded by lack of information, a consumer purchases

goods based on convenience than on utility maximization

15. The additional satisfaction that a consumer receives from one more unit of a good or

service is known as _____.

a) Marginal utility

b) Total utility

c) Disutility

d) Profit

e) The law of diminishing marginal utility

16. Suppose two people go out for coffee and donuts at the local donut store. The first donut

you eat tastes incredibly good. The second one also tastes pretty good. The third donut

seems just okay. With the fourth donut you are turning somewhat green. The fifth donut

makes you sick. Your friend, an economist, describes your experience as the principle of:

a) Utility maximization

b) Irrationality in consumer behavior

c) Instant gratification

d) Differing tastes and preferences

e) Diminishing marginal utility

17. Which of the following statements about marginal utility is correct?

a) When marginal utility is negative, an increase in the quantity will increase total

utility

b) When marginal utility is decreasing, an increase in quantity will decrease total

utility

c) When marginal utility is positive, an increase in quantity will decrease total utility

d) When marginal utility is zero, an increase in quantity will leave total utility

unchanged

e) When total utility is increasing, marginal utility will be negative

18. Suppose that there are five bottles of lemonade, each of which gives the consumer the

same level of utility per day. According to the law of diminishing marginal utility, how

can one receive the highest utility?

a) Consume all five bottles in the next hour

b) Consume all five bottles today

c) Consume all five bottles in one day next week

d) Consume two bottles today and three tomorrow

e) Consume one bottle each day for the next five days

Demand

19. Consider a demand curve for peaches. Which of the following movements will be

observed if the price of peaches decline at a point in time?

a) The demand curve will rotate inward at the given price level

b) The will be a movement up along the demand curve

c) The demand curve will rotate outward at the given price level

d) There will be a movement down along the demand curve

e) There will be no change in the demand curve

20. The change in the quantity demanded of any good is always caused by:

a) A change in consumers’ preferences for that good

b) A change in the general income levels of the consumers who buy that good

c) An increase or decrease in the population

d) A change in the price of that good

e) A change in the price of substitute goods

21. A decrease in the price of butter would most likely decrease the demand for

a) Coffee beans

b) Margarine

c) Jelly

d) Milk

e) Syrup

22. Which of the following would lead to a rightward shift in the demand curve for golf

balls?

a) An increase in the price of golf clubs

b) A decrease in the popularity of golf

c) An increase in the number of golfers

d) A decrease in the price of golf balls

e) An increase in the golf club membership fee

Elasticity of Demand

23. Margarine and butter can both be used as a spread on toast. This means that they are:

a) Independent goods

b) Complements in consumption

c) Substitutes in consumption

d) Giffen goods

e) Inferior goods

24. Which of the following would cause the demand for a good to be relatively inelastic?

a) The good has a large number of close substitutes

b) The good is a necessity

c) Expenditures on the good represent a large share of consumer income

d) The price of the good is in the upper left section of a linear demand curve

e) There is ample time to adjust to price changes

25. If the price elasticity of demand is equal to 4, a 1 percent increase in price will cause the

quantity demanded to _____ by _____ percent.

a) Increase; 0.25

b) Decrease; 0.25

c) Increase; 4

d) Decrease; 25

e) Decrease; 4

26. Suppose 50 loaves of bread are demanded at a particular price. If that price rises by 2

percent, the quantity demanded decreases to 49.5 loaves of bread. This implies:

a) Demand is elastic

b) Demand is unit-elastic

c) The price elasticity of demand is equal to 2

d) Demand is inelastic

e) Consumers are very responsive to a price change

27. If the demand for cream cheese produced by a dairy is perfectly elastic, then what will be

the shape of the demand curve faced by the dairy?

a) The demand curve will be vertical

b) The demand curve will be horizontal

c) The demand curve will be upward sloping

d) The demand curve will be downward sloping

e) The demand curve will be concave

Supply

28. Last year a firm made 1,000 units of its product available at a price of $5 per unit. This

year the firm will still make 1,000 units available, but only if the price is $7 per unit.

What is most likely to have happened?

a) Supply has increased

b) Supply has decreased

c) Demand has decreased

d) Demand has increased

e) Quantity supplied has increased

29. Which of the following would lead to an increase in the equilibrium price of product X?

a) An increase in consumer incomes if product X is an inferior good

b) Increase in the price of machinery used to produce product X

c) Technological advance in the production of good X

d) Decrease in the price of good Y which is a substitute for good X

e) Expectation by consumers that the price of good X is going to fall

30. A rightward shift of a market supply curve might be caused by:

a) The entry of new firms in the industry

b) An increase in the wages of labor employed in the industry

c) An increase in the price of the final product

d) A decrease in the income of consumers

e) An increase in the price of a substitute good

31. If the demand curve for mangoes increases and the supply decreases:

a) Equilibrium price will decrease, but equilibrium quantity will be ambiguous

b) Equilibrium price will increase and equilibrium quantity will increase

c) Demand will decrease and supply will increase

d) Equilibrium price will increase, and equilibrium quantity will be ambiguous

e) Both equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity will decrease

Elasticity of Supply

32. When the supply elasticity of a product is 2.5, a 10 percent decrease in price will _____

the quantity supplied of the product by _____ percent.

a) Increase; 25

b) Decrease; 25

c) Increase; 2.5

d) Decrease; 2.5

e) Decrease; 4

33. Supply curves applicable to shorter periods of time tend to:

a) Be represented by horizontal lines parallel to the quantity axis

b) Be perfectly elastic

c) Be more inelastic than supply curves that apply to longer periods of time

d) Be more elastic than supply curves that apply to longer periods of time

e) Have a price elasticity of supply that is approximately equal to 1

Equilibrium

Figure 1

34. Based on Figure 1, which of the following conditions would most likely move the point

of equilibrium from A to B?

a) An increase in the income of a coffee buyer

b) A decrease in the price of coffee

c) A drought in Colombia, a major coffee producer, that affects the coffee harvest

d) A decrease in the price of non-dairy creamers that are consumed along with

coffee

e) An increase in the price of tea, assumed to be a substitute for coffee

35. When will a shortage occur in a market?

a) When the actual price is lower than the equilibrium price

b) When quantity supplied is greater than the equilibrium quantity

c) When the quantity that consumers are willing and able to purchase decreases

d) When the quantity available at zero price is insufficient to meet demand

e) When a price floor is set in the market

36. Assume that at the current market price of $4 per unit of a good, you are willing and able

to buy 20 units. Last year at a price of $4 per unit, you would have purchased 30 units.

What is most likely to have happened over the last year?

a) Demand has increased

b) Demand has decreased

c) Supply has increased

d) Supply has decreased

e) Quantity supplied has decreased

Table 1

Quantity Demanded Price per Unit ($) Quantity Supplied

10 5 50

20 4 40

30 3 30

40 2 20

50 1 10

37. Refer to Table 1. If government imposes a price ceiling of $2:

a) The price will be above equilibrium

b) The price will fall to $1 because producers will be forced to incur losses

c) Demand will increase

d) A surplus will result equal to 20 units

e) A shortage will result equal to 20 units

38. Refer to Table 1. If government imposes a price floor of $2:

a) The price floor will not have an effect

b) The price will fall to $1 because producers will be forced to incur losses

c) Demand will increase

d) A surplus will result equal to 20 units

e) A shortage will result equal to 20 units

39. If both supply and demand for a good increase, which of the following will definitely

happen?

a) Equilibrium price will remain the same

b) Equilibrium price will increase

c) Equilibrium price will decrease

d) Equilibrium quantity will increase

e) Equilibrium quantity will decrease

40. In a market where the price is restricted by price floors or price ceilings,

a) all sellers will be able to sell everything they produce

b) surpluses and shortages will exist

c) all buyers will get what they want

d) disequilibrium will automatically correct itself

e) surpluses and shortages will put pressure on the price to move to its equilibrium

Production Costs

41. The law of diminishing returns applies:

a) In the long run because all inputs are variable

b) In the short run because some inputs remain fixed

c) In both the short run and the long run

d) To fixed inputs in the long run

e) To fixed inputs in the short run

42. If the total cost of producing 2 pounds of cheese is $6 and the total cost of producing 4

pounds of cheese is $8, then:

a) Total cost is declining

b) Average total cost is declining

c) Average total cost is increasing

d) Average total cost is constant

e) Total cost is constant

43. Suppose that the total fixed cost of producing five sailboats is $4,000, total variable cost

is $4,000, and the total cost of producing six sailboats is $10,000. The marginal cost of

the sixth sailboat is:

a) $2,000

b) $4,000

c) $8,000

d) $10,000

e) $6,000

44. When average total cost is minimum, it is:

a) equal to average variable cost

b) greater than marginal cost

c) equal to average fixed cost

d) equal to marginal cost

e) less than marginal cost

45. Short run refers to a period of time during which:

a) all the factors are constant

b) all the factors are variable

c) the producer can shift from one plant size to another

d) some factors are fixed while some others are variable

e) the producer cannot change the level of output

46. Suppose that for 20 bicycles, the total fixed cost is $100 and total variable cost is $300.

Then the average fixed cost and average variable cost are:

a) $5 and $10 respectively

b) $5 and $15 respectively

c) $10 and $15 respectively

d) $15 and $10 respectively

e) $10 and $5 respectively

47. If a firm doubles its resources and generates an output level which is more than double, it

is said to be experiencing:

a) economic fluctuations

b) recession

c) diseconomies of scale

d) increasing marginal returns to a factor

e) economies of scale

48. A firm gets less efficient as it gets bigger, if it is experiencing:

a) economies of scale

b) constant returns to scale

c) increasing returns to factors

d) diseconomies of scale

e) a period of post war recovery

Perfect Competition

49. Under perfect competition, at the profit maximizing level of output:

a) Price is greater than marginal revenue

b) Price is equal to marginal revenue

c) Marginal revenue is equal to zero

d) The marginal revenue curve is downward sloping

e) The average revenue curve is upward sloping

50. A perfectly competitive firm’s pricing decision depends on:

a) Whether the firm wants to maximize profits

b) Whether the firm wants to maximize sales revenue

c) The firm’s costs

d) Whether it wants to compete with other firms in the market

e) The market supply and demand

51. Suppose a perfectly competitive firm's total revenue equals $210 and its output is 70 units

when the firm's marginal-cost curve intersects its marginal-revenue curve. Since the firm

is a profit-maximizing firm, what is marginal revenue equal to?

a) $15

b) $3

c) $30

d) $7

e) $70

52. For a perfectly competitive firm in the short run, which of the following statements is

true?

a) A price above minimum average variable cost, but below average total cost will

produce an economic profit

b) A price below minimum average variable cost will cause the firm to shut down

c) Marginal cost is parallel to the axis showing quantity of output

d) Price is always greater than marginal revenue

e) Every firm contributes a significant amount to the total market output

53. If an individual firm in a market is a price taker, then:

a) it faces a horizontal demand curve

b) it is operating in a monopolistically competitive market

c) it sells its product at the market price that is solely determined by the buyers

d) it faces a positively sloped marginal revenue curve

e) it faces significant barriers to exit from the market

54. The perfectly competitive producer’s demand curve is:

a) downward sloping but more elastic than the market-demand curve

b) the market-demand curve

c) perfectly elastic

d) perfectly inelastic

e) vertical

The figure below shows the revenue and cost curves for a perfectly competitive firm use it to

answer questions 55-57

55. The firm maximizes its profit at an output level of _____ units.

a) R

b) S

c) T

d) U

e) V

56. In the graph above, average fixed cost at the profit-maximizing output is equal to ______.

a) UH

b) UG

c) GH

d) UN

e) HN

57. In the graph above, the firm's profit is equal to the area:

a) OIWR

b) JKEF

c) OKET

d) LMNG

e) OJF

Monopoly

58. Which of the following is an assumption of the monopoly model?

a) There exists a large number of buyers and sellers.

b) There are no close substitutes of the good.

c) The firm faces a horizontal demand curve.

d) There is free entry and exit of firms.

e) The firm is a price taker.

59. In many cities the market for cab services is monopolized. This monopoly arises because:

a) of economies of scale

b) of government restriction of entry

c) there is a limited space on the streets for taxis

d) it protects the consumers from unscrupulous drivers

e) of high fixed costs of entering the business

60. Grocery store coupons, mail-in rebates, senior discounts, and in-state versus out-of-state

tuition fees are all examples of:

a) government intervention

b) price neutrality

c) arbitrage pricing

d) price discrimination

e) illegal business practice

61. Economists have argued that there may be inefficiencies in industries that are

monopolies. Which of the following are some of the reasons cited for this inefficiency?

I. Prices are set above marginal cost.

II. They maximize profit by producing less than the socially optimal quantity.

III. There are positive economic profits in the long run.

a) I and II only

b) II only

c) III only

d) II and III only

e) I, II, and III only

Market Failures and the Role Government

62. A market failure occurs when:

a) The market outcome is viewed as unfair by a majority of consumers

b) A market fails to provide the good at a zero price

c) Quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied

d) The market outcome is not the socially efficient outcome

e) Prices are determined by the interaction of the forces of demand and supply and

not through central planning

63. In the case of public goods:

a) the free rider problem does not arise

b) one person’s consumption of the good reduces the consumption of the good by

others

c) the goods are non-excludable and non-rival

d) individuals can be easily excluded from consuming the good once it is provided

e) the quantity produced by a private market would be too large from society’s

viewpoint, because private firms could not force payment for the goods

64. When economic activity imposes costs on others not directly involved in the transaction:

a) A negative externality exists

b) A positive externality exists

c) Then the market, will produce too little of the good

d) The tragedy of commons problem arises

e) A free rider problem arises.

65. Which of the following is an example of a positive externality?

a) Smoking a cigarette

b) Driving a less fuel efficient vehicle

c) Setting up a chemicals factory in a residential area

d) Overuse of chemical fertilizers

e) Beekeepers keeping bees for honey which also happen to pollenate nearby plants

66. When social costs of producing or consuming a good exceed private costs:

a) a positive externality exists

b) an inefficiently high quantity of a good will be produced and consumed

c) the direct consumers of the good will bear the external costs

d) the individuals involved in the production of the good do not bear the private

costs

e) the quantity of the good produced will be less than the socially efficient level

67. Market provision of a public good will lead to

a) The efficient quantity

b) The efficient price

c) An inefficiently high quantity of the good

d) An inefficiently low quantity of the good

e) None of the good being provided

Marginal Analysis

68. Johnny the Skeleton decides to go to the movies to see the latest superhero movie. The

most probable reason Johnny the Skeleton decides to see the latest superhero movie is

because:

a) The marginal benefit of the movie exceeds the marginal cost

b) The marginal benefit is less than the marginal cost

c) The additional satisfaction he receives does not surpass the movie ticket cost

d) He can’t do anything else ever

e) The amount of compensation he receives benefits the world

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