Pre Civil War 2008
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Transcript of Pre Civil War 2008
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California Gold Rush, 1849
California Gold Rush, 1849
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GOLD!! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848
GOLD!! At Sutter’s Mill, 1848
John A. SutterJohn A. Sutter John A. SutterJohn A. Sutter
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Routes to the Gold
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• In 1848 James
Marshall noticed small flakes at Sutter’s Mill.
• Most miners were young, unmarried, and unsuccessful.
• Most never got rich in California.
• A more reliable way to earn money was to supply miners.
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GOLD
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One of the most intense debates in U.S. History—specifically over slavery
•John C. CalhounU.S. should have two Presidents--North and South
•Daniel WebsterDaniel WebsterSecession is impractical & impossibleHow would we split the land? military?Compromise at all cost
•Henry Clay
with John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster and Stephen
Douglas.
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Senator from
Illinois
Three major points
1. CaliforniaFree State
2. Utah and New MexicoPopular Sovereignty
3. Fugitive SlaveLaw of 1850
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ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND
Denounced by Abolitionists
Abolitionists refuse to enforce
the law
Underground Railroad becomes
more active
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America in the 1850s
Neither was to obtain exclusive control over any canal across the Central American Isthmus
All such communications by canal or railway were to be neutral
The Clayton-Bulwer TreatyUSA and Great Britain, 1850
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End of the Whigs
In its 26-year existence, the Whigs elected two of its candidates to the presidency—Harrison and Taylor—both died in office.
Four months after succeeding Harrison, President John Tyler was expelled from the Party
Millard Fillmore, Taylor's VP, was the last Whig to hold the office.
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The Opening of Japan
• For over 200 years, no foreigner was allowed to enter Japan at all.
• Even shipwrecked sailors were forced to remain in Japan so that no information could leak out.
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Japan adhered to a strict feudal system
In 1853, Perry arrived at Edo Bay (Tokyo), demanding that Japan open its borders to foreign commerce
The Opening of Japan
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Ostend Manifesto1854, BelgiumDocument urging the US
to take Cuba by force if Spain refused to sell
South feared that Cuba might become an independent black republic
Vigorously denounced by opponents as a plot to extend slavery
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Gadsden Purchase —1853
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Stephen DouglasInterest in a Transcontinental Railroad
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South Opposes
Proposed Kansas/Nebraska areas be open to slavery in return for North RR
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Popular Sovereignty People in a territory vote on whether they want slavery to
exist or not in their state.
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Bleeding Kansas
• North and South mobilize to influence elections
• Two govt’s form in Topeka and Shawnee
• Both are fraudulent
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•Election for delegates to territorial convention:1400 eligible voters/ 6000 votes cast
Over
200
killed
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John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr?
Mural in the Kansas Capitol
building
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•Violent abolitionist
•Involved in the Bleeding Kansas
•Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas
•Would later try to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South.
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Lecompton Constitution 1857
Pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution in KN Territory
Allowed for slaves already in Kansas to remain there
Bill ultimately failedVote boycotted by free-
soilersKansas later admitted as
free state
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• An aggressive abolitionist, Charles Sumner attacked slavery, denounced the Kan/Neb Act and verbally attacked a Senator from South Carolina, who was absent.
• Two days later he was attacked in the Senate by Preston Brooks--Butler's nephew
• It took Sumner more than three years to recover
“The Crime Against Kansas” 1856“The Crime Against Kansas” 1856
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852
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Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852
Sold 300,000 copies in the first year
2 million in a decade
Sold 300,000 copies in the first year
2 million in a decade
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•Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois and Minnesota •His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri--Missouri still recognized him as a slave•He sued for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time
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•Supreme Court hands down the
Dred Scott decision
•Slaves cannot sue for their freedom; they are property•They have no legal right under the Constitution•Supreme Court legalized slavery in effect by saying that Congress could not stop a slave owner from moving his slaves to a new territory•Missouri Compromise and other compromises were unconstitutional
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Panic of 1857
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• British remove funds from US banks• Fall of grain prices spread misery• RR failures; US system overbuilt • Land speculation collapsed with RR’s• Confidence fell when 30k lbs of gold was lost in
shipment from CA to east• Govt ability to back its paper with specie
questioned; slow recovery in US • South hurt less than the other regions; many
concluded that the superiority of their economic system was vindicated
Panic of 1857
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All but one of NY' s 58 banks suspended activity until Dec
US economy had accelerated inflation following CA gold discoveries
Panic put nearly half of Wall Street's brokers out of business
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REPUBLICAN PARTY
Formed to stop the expansion of slavery
Free Soil Party against the expansion of slavery
Democrats opposed the expansion of slavery
Abolitionists
Know Nothing Party against immigration
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Lincoln-Douglas Debates: Lincoln along with Steven Douglas became the leading spokespersons for the presidential election in 1860.
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•US Senate race in Illinois•Debates followed because both were interested in running for President in 1860.•Slavery was the issue•Lincoln stated: •A house divided against itself cannot stand. •Against the expansion of slavery
Douglas believed in pop. sovereignty
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Freeport Doctrine
• Lincoln was not so much anti-slavery as he was for not extending or expanding slavery.
• The most famous of these seven debates was in Freeport, Ill
• Douglas stated slavery could be barred from territories if their legislatures refused to enact regulations necessary to make slavery work.
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•Attacked a U.S. Ammunition
depot in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in Oct.
of 1859 to capture
weapons and begin a slave
revolt.
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•Unsuccessful and captured by military under the leadership of Robert E. Lee•Put on trial for treason.
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•Sentenced to Death
•North thought of John Brown as an abolitionist martyr.
•Southerners were terrified of Brown; feared others would be willing to die to end slavery.
•South’s outcome: To leave the US and start their own country.
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1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart
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• Once Lincoln is elected as president, South Carolina secedes from the U.S. along with several other Southern States
• They will form the Confederate States of America--CSA
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Sumter one of two remaining federal strongholds in South Day after inauguration, Lincoln was notified fort supplies would soon run out; forced to surrender. Notified S. Carolina of an expedition to provision the garrisonShip carrying supplies sailed from NY; seen by SC as an act of aggression
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April 12: Fort Sumter bombarded by more than 70 Confederate canons. No loss of life during bombardment; fort heavily damaged
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"My paramount object is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy slavery... If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that." Abraham Lincoln 1862