Hole’s Human Anatomyand Physiology 12th Edition

Chapter 1Introduction to Human A&P

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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy vs Physiology-define each term- why combine into a single course?

Explain: “Structure follows Function”

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Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

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Fig. 1.3

Levels of Organization

1-5

Fig. 1.19

Characteristics of Life Organ Systems•Movement

•Responsiveness

•Growth

•Reproduction

•Respiration

•Digestion

•Absorption

•Assimilation

•Circulation

•Excretion

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Which organ system(s) contribute to each of the characteristics listed on the left?

Organ Systems Are Inter -related

Respiratorysystem

Cardiovascularsystem

Digestivesystem

Blood

Internalenvironment

Externalenvironment

Organic waste,excess salts, water

Unabsorbedmatter

Nutrients,salts, water

Cell Extracellularfluid

O2 in

Urinarysystem

CO2 out

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Fig. 1.5

Requirements of Organisms Water: most abundant substance in body

metabolism transport regulates body temperature

Foodenergybuilding blocks

Oxygen - ~20% of airreleases energy from nutrients

Heat helps control rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure atmospheric pressure – breathinghydrostatic pressure – blood flow 1-8

Homeostasis

External environment – keeps changingInternal environment - remains stable. How?

Body has “Homeostatic Mechanisms”

Imagine one day is very cold out, while the next day is very hot.

What effect does that have on your body temperature?

Homeostasic Mechanisms

– monitor internal environment- corrects changes

3 Components of Homeostatic Mechanisms:•receptors

• function?•control center

•tells what a particular value should be•effectors

• function?

Types of Regulation negative feedback

most common! ex. maintaining body temperature;

release of most hormones, etc.

positive feedback blood clotting labor

Control CenterHypothalamus

Thermo-receptors

Example of Homeostasis – Control of Body Temperature

What temperature does your body try to maintain?

What changes occur when your body temperature is:- too high? - too low?

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Body Cavities

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Frontal sinuses

Orbital cavities

Nasal cavity

Oral cavity

Cranial cavity

Sphenoidal sinus

Middle ear cavity

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Fig. 1.10

Body Membranes serous membranes

lines organ surfaces in thoracic and abdominal cavities

thin, watery secretions reduces friction

mucous membrane lines hollow organs that lead to exterior of body

(ex. GI, respiratory, genito-urinary) thick secretions protective

4 Serous MembranesThoracic Membranes

• (1 & 2) pleura = one around each lung• (3) pericardium

•Each serous membrane composed of 2 layers:•visceral layer – directly covers an organ•parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall

•small cavity between layers is filled with serous fluid•http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/ala.do?isbn=0072829532&alaid=ala_728113&showSelfStudyTree=true

Abdominopelvic Membranes• (4) peritoneum

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Fig. 1.20aSuperior

Inferior

Medial

Lateral

Midline

Right Left

Proximal

Distal

Proximal

Distal

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Anterior(Ventral)

Posterior(Dorsal)

Righthypochondriacregion

Rightlumbarregion

Rightiliacregion

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Hypogastricregion

Lefthypochondriacregion

Leftlumbarregion

Leftiliacregion

(a)

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Right upperquadrant (RUQ)

Left upperquadrant (LUQ)

Right lowerquadrant (RLQ)

Left lowerquadrant (LLQ)