Lesson 1 Introduction and Overview of Trauma Care and PHTLS.
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Airway Anatomy
• Upper airway– Nasal passage– Turbinates– Oral cavity– Epiglottis– Vocal cord– Esophagus
Anatomy of the Glottis
• Posterior tongue• Epiglottis• Vocal cords
– True– False
• Esophagus• Prehospital care providers
who perform endotracheal intubation must know this anatomy
Courtesy of James P. Thomas, M.D., www.voicedoctor.net
Pediatric Airway Considerations
• Larger head and tongue– Greater potential for airway obstruction– Special attention to proper positioning
• Epiglottis– Proportionally larger– Floppier than adult
• Trachea– Shorter and conical shape– Greater potential for main
bronchus intubation
Airway Assessment (1 of 5)
• If the trauma patient is talking normally, the airway is open– Further assessment is still required
• Assessment of the airway requires the provider to:– Look– Listen– Feel
Airway Assessment (2 of 5)
• Look for findings that may indicate airway obstruction or injury or may lead to pulmonary aspiration
• Examples may include:– Blood and secretions– Fractured teeth– Foreign bodies
Airway Assessment (3 of 5)
• Examples may include (cont’d):– Vomitus– Hematomas/contusions
(e.g., tongue, neck)– Gross subcutaneous
emphysema
Photograph provided courtesy of J.C. Pitteloud M.D., Switzerland
Airway Assessment (4 of 5)
• Listen for abnormal sounds indicating airway compromise
• Examples include: – Snoring– Stridor (inspiratory) – Gurgling (expiratory)– Hoarseness
Airway Assessment (5 of 5)
• Feel for abnormal masses and signs of airway injury
• Examples include:– Hematomas– Subcutaneous emphysema in the neck
• Additional consideration– Measure oxygen saturation
Airway Obstruction (1 of 2)
• Causes of airway obstruction– Tongue
• Most common cause• Falls back, obstructing
the airway with decreased mental status
• Snoring — clinical finding
Airway Obstruction (2 of 2)
• Causes of airway obstruction (cont’d)– Foreign body– Blood– Vomit– Teeth
Airway Trauma (1 of 2)
• Blunt injuries – Examples of findings may include:
• Swelling and edema • Fractured larynx• Subcutaneous emphysema• Hematoma
Airway Trauma (2 of 2)
• Penetrating injuries– Examples of findings may include (cont’d):
• Bleeding into the airway• Subcutaneous emphysema• Hematoma
Inhalation Injuries of the Airway
• Examples of causes– Dry– Steam– Chemical
• Signs and symptoms of airway burns– Swelling/edema– Stridor
Airway and Spine Stabilization
• Maintain cervical spine stabilization as indicated by mechanism of injury
• Especially important when assessing and performing airway maneuvers
Airway Management (1 of 3)
• The goal in managing the trauma patient’s airway is to maintain a patent airway that allows for adequate breathing, ventilation, and oxygenation
• Management progresses from essential to complex procedures and adjuncts
Airway Management (2 of 3)
• Prehospital care providers should be knowledgeable and skilled in multiple methods of ensuring a patent airway
• Providing a patent airway entails anticipating difficulties and planning for alternate methods of airway control
Airway Management (3 of 3)
• Essential skills and interventions are applied first
• Complex skills and interventions are performed only if needed
• The choice of technique to manage the airway depends upon:– Knowledge and skills of the provider– Situation at the scene– Severity of the patient– Resources available
Methods and Categories ofAirway Management (1 of 2)
• Manual– Trauma jaw thrust– Chin lift
• Simple– Oropharyngeal
airway (OPA)– Nasopharyngeal
airway (NPA)
Methods and Categories ofAirway Management (2 of 2)
• Complex– Supraglottic airways– Endotracheal intubation– Rapid sequence intubation (RSI)– Percutaneous
airway– Surgical airway
Courtesy of Ambu, Inc.
Trauma Jaw Thrust or ChinLift (1 of 2)
• Always the first airway maneuvers for the trauma patient
• Performed while maintaining manual cervical stabilization
Trauma Jaw Thrust or ChinLift (2 of 2)
• Both techniques lift the mandible, elevating the tongue away from the posterior pharynx, opening the airway
• Can be used for conscious or unconscious patients
OPA and NPA (1 of 2)
• Both airway adjuncts mechanically elevate the tongue off the poster pharynx to maintain an open airway
• Both airways require measurement (length) and sizing (diameter) prior to insertion.
OPA and NPA (2 of 2)
• Improperly sized or improperly inserted airways can cause obstruction by pushing the tongue against the posterior pharynx
• OPA insertion requires an absent gag reflex– Insertion technique is based on age of patient
• NPA insertion requires the use of a water-soluble lubricant
Supraglottic Airways (1 of 2)
• Blind insertion technique• Less complex technique than
endotracheal intubation– Less initial training – Easier to maintain proficiency
• Requires an absent gag reflex
Courtesy of Ambu, Inc.
Supraglottic Airways (2 of 2)
• Supraglottic airways occlude the pharynx to limit regurgitation but do not prevent aspiration
• Some supraglottic airways are available in pediatric sizes
• Examples of supraglottic airways include the laryngeal mask airway (LMA), Combitube, and King LT airway
Endotracheal Intubation (1 of 6)
• Complex technique • Requires:
– Significant initial training
– Multiple pieces of equipment
– Substantial ongoing training to maintain proficiency
Courtesy of AMBU
Endotracheal Intubation (2 of 6)
• Placement options– Oral
• Pharmacologically assisted intubation • Rapid-sequence intubation (RSI)• Nonpharmacologic
– Nasal
Endotracheal Intubation (3 of 6)
• Assess need for intubation based on:– Inability to maintain a patent airway– Decreased LOC– Upper airway burns– Signs of impending airway obstruction
• Endotracheal intubation may also be considered when alternate methods of airway management are deemed inadequate or inappropriate based on the situation and severity of injuries
Endotracheal Intubation (4 of 6)
• Before attempting intubation:– Anticipate potential difficulties
• Trauma-related– Disrupted/displaced anatomy
• Pre-existing conditions– Small mouth/mandible – Short neck– Obesity
Endotracheal Intubation (5 of 6)
• Before attempting intubation (cont’d):– Prepare an alternate (backup) plan for airway
management in the event of unsuccessful endotracheal tube placement
– Have all necessary equipment immediately at hand
Endotracheal Intubation (6 of 6)
• Important considerations– Essential airway skills are often sufficient to
provide a patent airway– If intubation is required:
• Preoxygenate to maximize oxygen saturation• Reoxygenate patient in between intubation
attempts• Monitor oxygen saturation (e.g., pulse oximetry)
throughout the procedure– Following intubation, verify proper tube
placement
Surgical Airways (1 of 3)
• Complex technique • Requires:
– Significant initial training– Multiple pieces of equipment – Substantial ongoing training to
maintain proficiency
Courtesy of Peter T. Pons, MD, FACEP.
Courtesy of Peter T. Pons, MD, FACEP.
Surgical Airways (2 of 3)
• Potential for:– Multiple complications– Damage to nearby anatomic structures
Surgical Airways (3 of 3)
• May be considered for:– Massive facial trauma that prevents
endotracheal intubation– Upper airway obstruction unrelieved by other
techniques – Failed intubation and alternative airway
methods are unavailable or unsuccessful
Confirmation of TubePlacement (1 of 2)
• Should include at least one physiological and one mechanical method
• Physiological– Breath sounds– Chest rise– Change in skin color– Pulse rate
• Continually monitored and reassessed
Confirmation of TubePlacement (2 of 2)
• Mechanical– End tidal CO2
• Colorimetric• Capnometry• Wave form
capnography– Pulse oximetry
• Continually monitored and reassessed Courtesy Masimo
Summary
• Goal is to secure and maintain a patent airway• Assess airway by looking, listening, and feeling• Maintain manual stabilization of the head and
spine as indicated• Apply essential airway maneuvers first• Utilize complex airway techniques only when
required• Anticipate difficulties and plan and prepare for
alternate methods of airway control