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Powering the internet of things by MK
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Transcript of Powering the internet of things by MK
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FUTUREINTERNET OF THINGS
POWERING THE
M A R K W O N G
OF THE
3 0 t h M A R 2 0 1 6I o T A s i a 2 0 1 6
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IoT is…
Sensors Controller Communication
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20,797,000,000Smart connected devices by 20201
1Gartner, November 2015
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“Audio-Visual HeadsetAugmented Reality (AR), event recorders, communication headsets
Mobile DeviceCentral Gateway to all smart devices and wearables
Smart-apparelWearable body/cardiac metrics, comfort-regulation, fatigue-detection
Smart-watchesSecondary GUI interface, short-cut access
Peripheral devicesPower cords, chargers and energy banks, laptops, tablets, entertainment devices etc.
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OUR POWER CONSUMPTION IS RISINGThe way we consume power is more complex than before
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TODAY’SCHALLENGESAs smart-devices becomes more pervasive, so will the problems
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90’s 00’s 10’s
1Paradiso, Energy scavenging for mobile and wireless electronics, Pervasive Computing, IEEE, 2005
Storage1,000
100
10
Computing Power
Wireless Communication
Battery EnergyDensity
CURRENT TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS
Snail’s Law
Moore’s Law
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ENERGY STORAGE DENSITIES
Energy Density (Wh/kg)
101100 102 103
Longer usage / lighter101
102
103
104
105
SCPeak Power (W/kg)
SLANiCd
NiMH Li-Co
Li-Mn Li-Air
Fuel Cell
GasolineAlcoholsAl-Air
104
Rapid release
Emerging technologies
Established technologies
Fuel-based technologies
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ENERGY STORAGE DENSITIES
Nickel Metal Hydride
LithiumChemistries
Metal-Air Chemistries Gasoline
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C O N N E C T I V I T Y A C T U A T I O N
S E N S O R SP O W E R
I N T E R F A C E S P E R I P H E R A L S
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A SMART DEVICE
M I C R OC O N T R O L L E R
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C O N N E C T I V I T Y A C T U A T I O N
S E N S O R SM I C R O
C O N T R O L L E RP O W E R
I N T E R F A C E S P E R I P H E R A L S
TYPICAL CONSUMPTION OF A SMART DEVICE
LoRaWiFi HaLow
14mA
50mA
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APPLICATION TRADE-OFFS
More challenging to store energy than it is to pack transistors
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COMPLEXITY IN DESIGN FORM FACTORS
Image: Athos smart apparel Image: Amazon fulfilment centers
Unusual shapes
Massive deployment
Inconvenient locations
Image: WJE's DAT Team
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ENERGY HARVESTINGAugmented power solutions for the next-generation IoT smart device
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REMEMBER THIS?
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Energy Harvester
Photovoltaic Radio - FrequencyThermoelectric Kinetic
SOURCES OF HARVESTABLE ENERGY
Storage
PMIC / PMU / Load
device
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Photovoltaic Radio - FrequencyThermoelectric Kinetic
SOURCES OF HARVESTABLE ENERGY
Thermoelectric Photovoltaic Kinetic RF
High duty cycle (~100%)
Low duty cycle <50% Dependent High duty cycle
(~100%)
Low energy density Low energy density High energy density Low energy density
DC DC AC Half-wave AC
Temperature-dependent impedance
Low impedence Very high impedence High impedence
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SOLAR ENERGY
Image: Skylock
Image: Chanel’s Eco-Couture
Single-junction Photovoltaic Panels
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KINETIC ENERGY
Image: AMPY Move linear kinetic generator
Image: Solepower insole power generator
Piezoelectric generator
Kinetic eccentric mass generator
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THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY
Image: Seiko Thermic TEG watch
Image: Powerpot thermogenerator
Thermoelectric generator (TEG)
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RADIO-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
Image: Hatem Zeine, CEO of Ossia demonstrating the COTA power system
Image: Nikola Labs iPhone RF-harvesting casing
Rectennas
Image: WattUp wireless energy charging
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AUGMENTATION OF LEGACY BATTERIES
Controller I/OPower EH
Lifetime
Battery life
100%
0%
Perpetual operation
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ENERGY STORAGE
Lithium-Ion battery (Li-Ion)
Thin-Film Battery (TFB), LiPON
Super capacitor (SC, EDLC)
Solid-State Energy Storage
Cycle Life ~500 > 1,000 Millions 5000
Self-discharge 10% / week <2% / year >10% / minute Very Low
Energy Capacity (mAh) 1-10,000 0.1 - 10 0.01 – 1.5 0.012 – 0.05
Charge Time Hours Few minutes Seconds 30 – 50 minutes
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ENERGY HARVESTER SOLUTIONS
STMicro SPV1050
Maxim MAX17710
Linear LTC3330
Analog ADP5090
Spansion MB39C811
Texas Instruments
BQ25570
Power Levels ~1mW ~10mW ~100mW 16µW-
200mW ~200mW ~200mW
Sources or and or and or
Energy storage Various Supercap MECs Various Supercap Various
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49%51%
EH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
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EH
EH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
ENERGY CAPACITY
SMART DEVICE
Power Requirement
s
Application and
environment
Systematic design
considerations
Size constraints
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AUGMENTATION OF LEGACY BATTERIES
Remaining Power
Time
Primary power source Batteries with no EH
Battery depleted, device ceases operation
“Perpetual” operation Eharvest ≥ Econsume
“Decaying” operation Eharvest < Econsume
Device lifetime extended
Device “revives”
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EMERGENT DESIGN TRENDSFOR FUTURE SMART DEVICES
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FLEXIBLE & STRETCHABLE CIRCUITRY
Image: IMEC ultra-thin chip package (UTCP)
Image: 2011 University of Illinois/Northwestern flexible epidermal sensor
Image: Bluespark’s Temptraq bluetooth Temperature sensor
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ULTRA-THIN BATTERIES
Image: Bluespark UT, 1.5V. 12 mAh
Image: Infinite Power SolutionsThinergy MEC 4.1V, 0.7mAh
Image: Prologium Lithium-Ceramic, 26mAh, 3.75V FLCB 255-290Wh/Kg
Image: Sekisui Chemical film-type lithium-ion battery
Image: Front Edge NanoEnergy1-5 mAh, 50microns thick
Image: Stmicroelectronics EnFilm™ micro-battery, 3.9V, 0.7mAh
Image: Powerstream battery 0.5mm thick, 3.6V, 45mAh
Image: Cymbet Enerchip 12µAh - 50µAh
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HYBRID ARCHITECTURE
Battery
SC
Peak Output Assist
EH/PMIC Load 1
SCBattery
Load 2Load 3Load 4
Battery Load Reduction
SC
Energy Smoothing
Battery+SCBattery only Harvested energy
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FUTURETECHNOLOGIESAugmented power solutions for the next-generation smart device
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Rectenna (RF) / kinetic-EH AAA battery
Semi-flexible TEG 0.6mm-thickness, RoHS compliant 1.25V, 34.5mA,
4.5mW at 10K ΔT ~1-3 W/cm2
MICRO-OPTIMIZED EH RESEARCH AT ARTIC
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EH-AUGMENTED CONSUMER BATTERIES
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1. Huang, P., et al. (2016). "On-chip and freestanding elastic carbon films for micro-supercapacitors." Science 351(6274): 691-695.2. Lei Li et al. (2015) High-Performance Pseudocapacitive Microsupercapacitors from Laser-Induced Graphene, Advanced Materials3. Zhang et al. (2013) doi:10.1038/ncomms4026 – “A high-energy-density sugar biobattery based on a synthetic enzymatic pathway”
4. Xu, Sheng (02/2013). "Stretchable batteries with self-similar serpentine interconnects and integrated wireless recharging systems". Nature communications (2041-1723), 4 , p. 1543.5. IBM creates a breathing, high-density, lithium-air battery http://www.extremetech.com/computing/126745-ibm-creates-breathing-high-density-light-weight-lithium-air-battery
6. Kwon, Y. H., S.-W. Woo, et al. (2012). "Cable-Type Flexible Lithium Ion Battery Based on Hollow Multi-Helix Electrodes." Advanced Materials: 1-6.
BATTERY INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES IN ACADEMIA
Enzymatic sugar-based biobattery3
Lithium-Air battery5
Increasing Energy Density
Silicon-based micro-supercapacitors1
laser-induced graphene (LIG) micro-supercapacitors2
Increasing Power Density /
Charge Cycles
Stretchable lithium battery4
Novel Form Factors
Cable-type flexible lithium-ion batteries6
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NEW POWER SOURCES
Kraftwerk Portable Pocket Fuel Cell Power Generator1
Fujitsu Laboratories Hybrid EH for from Heat and Light
(photovoltaic + thermoelectric)2
1. https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/ezelleron/kraftwerk-highly-innovative-portable-power-plant2. http://www.fujitsu.com/global/about/resources/news/press-releases/2010/1209-01.html
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“Thank you
Image: Deviantart - artist FMHQBattousai (2011)