POTENTIAL OF LANDFILL GAS TO ELECTRICITY IN NIGERIA

BY

OLUBUNMI OGUNSOLA, PhD

TEMEC

WOODBRIDGE, VA, USA

TEMEC

Outline of Talk • About TEMEC and CPE •Solid Waste Management & Energy Picture • Brief Description of CPE/TEMEC LFGE Pre- Feasibility Study • Some Observations and Results from the Study • Conclusions/Remarks • Acknowledgment

TEMEC

TEMEC AT A GLANCE

Founded in 1997 in Alaska

Incorporated in 2002 in Virginia

Minority woman-owned and small business

Multidisciplinary staff with several years of experience

Services

Energy and Minerals Technology

Materials and Chemical Processing

Environmental Engineering TEMEC

OVERVIEW OF TEMEC CAPABILITIES

- TEMEC OFFERS SERVICES IN:

• Energy Science and Technology

• Environmental Science and Engineering

• Minerals/Materials Science and Engineering

• Chemical Processing

• Data Analysis

• Process Economic Analysis and Simulation

TEMEC

About CPE • CPE is an NGO founded in 2007. • Established exclusively for charitable, educational, and scientific purposes. • Primary mission is to improve socio-economic standard of Nigerian people and protect the environment they live in through appropriate educational, scientific research, and charitable programs

• Services Include: o RESEARCH o COMMUNITY & PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT o EDUCATIONAL TRAINING o OUTREACH

CONTACT INFORMATION E-Mail: cpe_2007@yahoo.com

Website: www.centreforpeopleandenvironment.org

TEMEC

Impact of Solid Waste and Dumpsite

• Landfills are the third largest anthropogenic (man-made) emission source • It accounts for about 13-20% of global methane emissions or over 223 MMTCE) • About 2.23 MMTCE of which are generated in Nigeria dumpsites • Per capital rate of MSW production in Nigeria is 0.2-0.5kg/day • This is equivalent to about 49 million kg/day (17.9 million tons/year) • No effective or efficient waste management in place • Wastes are dumped in Dumpsite and mostly on roadsides • No Engineered (sanitation) Landfills

TEMEC

Electricity Situation in Nigeria

• Only about 40 percent of Nigerian populace has access to grid

electricity supply

• It is generally unreliable • Demand exceeds supply big time •Difference met by portable generators resulting in health and environmental problems • Installed capacity = 6GW (2008) •The country is lacking in policies to harness resources and develop and/or improve the electricity infrastructure • Future plan 40GW in 2020 • LFG is currently not used for generating electricity • LFG has a role in distributed generation and commercial sector, estate, hospitals, schools, bakeries, etc TEMEC

TEMEC

The TEMEC/CPE LFGE Pre-Feasibility Study

TEMEC

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

Identify appropriate dumpsites/landfills suitable for an integrated project

Quantify and characterize waste materials from the selected dump sites/landfills

Estimate the LFG that could be generated from the selected

dumpsites/landfills and the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions potential of implementing a LFG-to-Electricity project at each of the selected sites.

Assess the economic viability of the development of a LFG recovery and utilization project at each of the selected study sites in Nigeria.

TEMEC

LANDFILLS STUDIED MPAPE, Abuja

AFOFUNRA, Ibadan

AJAKANGA, Ibadan

AWOTAN, Ibadan

TEMEC

Photographs of Afofunra (Aba-Eku) Dumpsite Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

TEMEC

Photographs of Awotan (Apete) Dumpsite Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

TEMEC

Photographs of Mpape Dumpsite A:Covered Waste B: Leachates TEMEC

Photographs of Ajakanga Dumpsite Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

TEMEC

Composition of the Solid Wastes at the Landfills Studied Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant

Number: XA83367801, 2010

Parameter Afofunra Mpape Ajakanga Awotan

% Paper & Textiles 19.22 34.02 23.1 21.99

% Garden Waste

25.62 7 26.7 15.64

% Food 27.05 53.5 21.8 36.67

% Wood Population Expected to be Served

28.11 265,571

1.9 N/A

28.3 486,559

25.70 315,898

TEMEC

PARAMETERS USED IN ESTIMATION Methane Correction Factor: 0.4

Average Temp at the Landfill: 28 oC

Fraction of Methane in the Landfill: 0.5

Methane Density: 0.717 kg/m3

Waste Generation Per Capital: 0.45 kg/day

TEMEC

Estimated Ultimate Analysis of the Waste at The Dumpsites Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

Landfill Carbon

(%)

Hydrogen (%)

Oxygen (%)

Nitrogen (%)

Sulfur (%)

Ash (%)

Awotan 50.14 6.38 36.89 1.93 0.26 4.40

Ajakanga 50.24 6.76 36.54 1.95 0.24 4.27

Afofunra 49.96 6.32 37.31 1.96 0.25 4.20

Mpape 49.07 6.37 36.7 2.26 0.30 4.20

TEMEC

ASSUMPTIONS MADE The Afofunra, Mpape, Ajakanga, and Awotan sites were opened in 1997, 1988,

1996, and 1998, respectively.

LFG-to-electricity project was assumed to begin at the sites about 16 years after the sites were opened.

Turbine was assumed to be the choice of technology for the electricity generation plant.

Landfill gas was assumed to be selling at the price of $5/million Btu.

A methane generation rate constant of 0.03 year-1 was assumed for all sites.

Landfill gas collection efficiency of 50 and 63 percent were assumed for all sites. This assumption was based on typical achievable collection efficiency ranges between 50-75 % of total LFG generation (Aboyade, 2004; World Bank, 2004b).

TEMEC

ASSUMPTIONS MADE CONTD Loan lifetime of 10 years was assumed in all cases. Interest rate was assumed to be 8 percent. Marginal tax rate was assumed to be 35 percent, while a

discount rate of 10 percent was used in all cases. Twenty percent of the loan was assumed to be the down

payment in all cases. Varying electricity sales price was used to obtain the minimum

electricity sales price that a project at each site becomes economically viable.

All electricity generated by the project is assumed to be sold

off-site at varying tariff rates. TEMEC

AFOFUNRA LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

TEMEC

AJAKANGA LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

TEMEC

AWOTAN LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS Source:: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

TEMEC

MPAPE LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS Source:: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

Summary of Economic Analysis Results for Afofunra Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

Electricity Cost ($/KWh)

Economic Parameters 0.20 0.21 0.24

Collection Efficiency (%) 63 63 50

Average Project Size (KWh/yr) 624,671 624,671 499,736

Average Project Size (KW) 71 71 57

Total Installed Capital Cost ($) 650,878 765,308 601,872

Annual Operating Cost ($) 42,058 42,655 39,209

Internal Rate of Return (%) 9 10 10

Net Present Value at Year of Construction ($) (22,392) 6,338 104

Net Present Value Payback (Years after Operations

Begins)

None 15 15

TEMEC

Summary of Economic Analysis Results for Ajakanga Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

Electricity Cost ($/KWh) Economic Parameters

0.14 0.15 0.17

Collection Efficiency (%) 63 63 50

Average Project Size (KWh/yr) 1,106,974 1,106,974 878,551

Average Project Size (KW) 126 126 100

Total Installed Capital Cost ($) 819,254 819,254 734,122,

Annual Operating Cost ($) 52,189 53,246 47,526

Internal Rate of Return (%) 8 11 11

Net Present Value ($) (36,108) 14,990 17,261

Net Present Value Payback (Years after Operations

Begins)

None 15 15

TEMEC

Comparison of the Economic Viability of the LF at Best Economic Conditions Source: LFG Recovery and Utilization, Final Project Report Prepared for EPA by TEMEC and CPE Under Grant Number: XA83367801, 2010

Landfill Economic Data

Afofunra Mpape Ajakanga Awotan

Average Project Size (KWh/yr) 624,671 842,050 1,106,974 723,205

Average Project Size (KW) 71 96 126 83

Total Installed Capital Cost ($) 765,308 734,895 819,254 689,133

Annual Operating Cost ($) 42,655 48,728 53,246 45,811

Internal Rate of Return (%) 10 11 11 12

Net Present Value ($) 6,338 21,826 14,990 32,644

Net Present Value Payback (Years after Operations

Begins)

15 15 15 14

Minimum Electricity Costs ($/KWh) 0.21 0.18 0.15 0.20

TEMEC

CONCLUSIONS The total expected in-place waste at the sites was found to be

adequate to generate LFG to sustain a LFGE project

A LFGE project at each of the sites of study was found to be economically viable under the various parameters considered and at a minimum electricity cost of about $0.2/KWh.

The installed capital cost of an average plant size of about 120KW is estimated to be in the $650,000 - $820,000 range with a payback period of about 15 years.

Each plant is capable of providing electricity for about 40 households, assuming about 3KW/household

TEMEC

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The information used in this presentation was from a project sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under Cooperative Agreement Number XA-83397601-0 to Centre for People and Environment (CPE).

TEMEC