POTENTIAL FOR REGIONAL PROGRAMMES OF ACTIVITIES IN THE CARIBBEANAnn GordonCCCCCBelize

POTENTIAL FOR REGIONAL PROGRAMMES OF ACTIVITIES (POA) IN THE CARIBBEAN

Outline of PresentationSetting Context

Definition of Programmatic CDMRational of Programmatic CDM Advantages of PoA

Towards a Programmatic CDM ApproachOpportunities in the CaribbeanProject TypesExamples of potential projectsConclusion

DEFINITION AND RATIONALEA voluntary coordinated action by a private or public entity, Private or public entity coordinates and implements any policy/measure or stated goal, (example, incentive schemes and voluntary programs). It leads to GHG emission reductions or increases net GHG removals by sinksare additional to any that would occur in the absence of the PoA, via unlimited number of CDM program activities (CPAs).

CHARACTERISTICS OF POAManaging/Coordinating Entity

Provides framework and incentives for others to achieve the emission reductions Public or private entityCommunicates with the Executive Board on all mattersEnsure double counting does not occur

Duration28 or 60 years for afforestaion and reforestation programmes

CHARACTERISTICS OF POA• Physical boundary of a PoA can extend beyond the

boundary of a single host country• Each country submits a letter of approval• Letter of Approval states a PoA, and • Each CPA contributes to sustainable development

• Additionality• To be demonstrated a PoA level or CPA level • PoA would not be implemented• Mandatory policy/regulation would not be enforced• PoA leads to greater level of enforcement

CDM PROGRAM ACTIVITY (CPA)

‘A single, or a set of interrelated measure(s), to reduce GHG emissions applied in either a single or many locations of the same type, within an area that is defined in the baseline methodology”.

•Replacement of any or all incandescent light bulbs in each location

Examples of CPA

ADVANTAGE Allows unlimited number of identical project activities to be registered within a single Programme Project Design Document A range of different initiatives and programmes can be combined so that there is only one programme design document (PDD)Individual participants do not need design and submit documentationLowers transaction costs- save time, money, and effort

Global Ranking Country CO2 Emissions (thousands of metric tons)

Global Percentage (%)

69 Trinidad and Tobago 37,037 0.13

75 Cuba 27,055 0.09

82 Dominican Republic 20,759 0.07

86 Jamaica 13,964 0.05

135 Suriname 2,439 0.01

138 Haiti 2,398 0.01

143 Bahamas 2,149 0.01

151 Guyana 1,507 0.01

154 Barbados 1,346 <0.01

177 Antigua & Barbuda 436 <0.01

178 Belize 425 <0.01

182 St. Lucia 381 <0.01

186 St. Kitts & Nevis 249 <0.01

187 Grenada 242 <0.01

190 St. Vincent & Grenadines 202 <0.01

200 Dominica 121 <0.01

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) of the US Department of Energy

Number of countries with fewer than 10 registered projects

% Number of countries with zero project

% Number of registered projects

%

Africa 51 39% 35 44% 30 22%

Latin America and Caribbean

24 19% 13 16% 36 27%

Asia and Pacific

46 35% 28 35% 56 41%

Eastern Europe

9 7% 4 5% 13 10%

Total 130 100% 80 100% 135 100%

Source: UNFCCC Secretariat

Source: UNFCCC, Overview of CMP Decisions related to Regional Distribution Forum for the Latin America and Caribbean Santo Domingo, 11-12 October 2010- Lucy Waruingi, Regional Distribution and DNA Support, SDM, UNFCCC

TOWARDS A PROGRAMMATIC APPROACH

Level of emissions is very low, difficulty for region to attract interest

Capacity for large single project is still lagging behind

Bundling of projects as Programmatic CDM Projects both within a country and among 2 or more countries is one way to enhance attractiveness for CDM Projects

AREAS, SECTORS AND ACTIVITIES-PROGRAMMATIC CDM APPROACH

Rural ElectrificationDemand side managementTourismMunicipal electrificationSanitary LandfillsReforestation

OPPORTUNITIES IN THE CARIBBEANRural Electrification

Belize, Guyana and Suriname◦ communities have no access to power grid →→ no electricity in households

Case Study: Belize- San Benito Poite Solar Power Project◦ Government led programme to:◦ support installation of solar panels and storage

batteries- homes, municipal centre◦ Produces many social benefits especially to women

and children

RURAL ELECTRIFICATIONCarbon dioxide emissions reduced:

61.9 metric tons of carbon dioxide avoided if diesel generator had been installed instead996 metric tons of carbon dioxide avoided if grid was extended to village24.27 metric tons carbon dioxide emission avoided by not cutting a path through forests for power lines

Activity can be replicated to other villages

RURAL ELECTIFICATION

Guyana and Suriname in South AmericaSolar photovoltaic systems are presently used primarily in hinterland regions where grid power is not available and buildings are far apartSolar Photovoltaic used in health centres,

communities and homes for lighting, small appliance loads, water pumping and productive cottage industries

RURAL ELECTRIFICATIONGuyana:Use of micro-hydro facilities◦ Total hydropower potential of approximately 7,000 MW

67 potential sites identified

Several small islands or cays in Belize and Bahamas:◦ Stand alone conventional electrical energy is impractical or

very expensive to operate. These communities can also benefit from solar power.

These small projects could be bundled together under a Programme of Activities to generate enough credits to become financial viable

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

BelizeReplacement of Incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs8, 724 metric tons of carbon dioxide avoided annuallyActivity can be replicated in every community in every country in the CaribbeanAttractive for island states where energy is generated using imported petroleum

MUNICIPAL ELECTRIFICATIONTrinidad

Contemplating upgrade municipal street lighting:1) by replacing existing fixtures with more efficient lighting 2) Supplying electrical energy through use of stand alone solar panels

◦ Intervention would be undertaken in systematic manner through routine maintenance programme

Activity could produce significant reduction in GHG emissions and can readily be duplicated in every country in the Caribbean

Region often affected by tropical cyclones which typically destroy the electrical grid. This would also provide opportunities to replace municipal lighting with solar street lights.

MUNICIPAL ELECTRIFICATIONBahamas, Belize, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago

Tourism:Project to ◦ 1)promote carbon neutral destination◦ 2) provide protocol for tourism sector to quantify greenhouse

gas emissions◦ 3)information allows individual operators to consider

mitigation options available to them

Activities could be bundled together under a Programme of Action and promoted in carbon market

SANITARY LANDFILLSVery few in the Caribbean- mainly municipal dumpsites

Methane generated occasionally ignites and burns for several days exacerbating cardiovascular conditions

Methane is also a potent greenhouse gas

Feasibility study for the design and installation of a land fill gas collection, control and flaring facility, through the CDM in theproposed mile 24 regional sanitary landfill in Belize.

Estimated that such landfill generate 60,081 metric tons of methane over the lifetime

Activity could be replicated in several countries and bundled asProgrammatic CDM

AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATIONBelize, Guyana and SurinameLarge forests with deforested areas due to:◦ illegal encroachment◦ illegal logging◦ establish rudimentary farms through slash and burn

In Haiti, severe deforestation because biomass is harvested for energy

These four countries and a limited few in the Caribbean could benefit by a Programmatic CDM approach in afforestation/reforestation

CONCLUSION

Activities with most potential for development of Programmatic CDM activities:◦ Rural electrification◦ Demand side management◦ Municipal electrification

Potential for replication and could be subject of activities for several years attracting more participants as the result of the interventions are promoted across the region